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CHAPTER ONE
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COLUMNS
Introduction
• Columns are vertical or inclined compression members used for
transferring superstructure load to the foundation.
• Therefore, columns are members that are subjected to axial compressive
load and bending moments.
• The bending effect may be due to the lateral loads, end moments, and/or
due to eccentricity of the axial loads.
• In typical cases, columns are usually rectangular, square, or circular in
shape. Other sections such as elliptical, octagonal, etc are also possible.
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Classification of Columns
Columns can be classified on the basis of different criteria, such as:
a) Based on horizontal loads transmission
b) Based on type of reinforcement provided
c) Based on type of load applied
d) Based on the slenderness ratio
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Classification of Columns
Based on horizontal loads transmission
• Based on how the horizontal loads are transmitted from the super structure to the
foundation, concrete columns are classified as braced (non-sway) or un-braced (sway)
a) Braced columns (in non-sway frames): b) Un-braced columns (in sway frames):
lateral loads in a frame are transmitted frame action is used to resist horizontal
to the foundation through a system of loads (lateral loads due to wind or
bracing or shear walls earthquake) 4
Classification of Columns
Based on type of reinforcement
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Classification of Columns
Based on type of load
• Based on the type of load applied on the column, columns can be classif ie d as pure Axial
(concentric) column, uniaxial eccentric column and Biaxial eccentric column.
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Classification of Columns
Based on slenderness ratio
• Based on the basis of the slenderness ratio columns may be classified as short
or long (slender), i.e.:
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Column Design Process
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Actions/Loads on the Columns
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Geometric Imperfections
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Geometric Imperfections
Examples of Isolated Members
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Slenderness
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Effective length
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Effective length & k factors
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Effective length & Slenderness
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Slenderness limit
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Slenderness limit
Factor C
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Slenderness limit
Factor C
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Design Moments
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Design Moments
Nominal Curvature Method - Second order moment
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Design Moments
Moments in Slender Columns
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Design Moments
Moments in Slender Columns
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Section Design: Bending with/without Axial Load
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Biaxial Bending
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Biaxial Bending - for a rectangular column
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Details/Detailing
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Details/Detailing
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Worked Example
The suspended slabs (including the ground f loor slab) are 250 mm thick f la t
slabs at 4000 mm vertical centers. If all columns are 300 mm square between
ground and 4th f loors, design the edge (perimeter) column A2 between 1st and
2nd floors for bending about axis parallel to line 2 using the following data:-
Design Data:
Axial load: 1620 kN
Top Moment: 38.5 kNm
Bottom Moment: - 38.5 kNm
Nominal cover: 30 mm
The diameter of main bar and link bar are 20 mm
and 8 mm respectively
The material used for construction are C30/37 and
S500 grade concrete and steel respectively
Elastic modulus is the same for column and slab
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Typical Floor Plan
Worked Example
38.5 kNm
38.5 kNm
Forces in Column A2
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Solution - Effective length & Slenderness
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Solution - Slenderness limit
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Solution - Design moment
For a stocky column, Design moment
MEd = Max{M02, e0NEd}
ei = l0/400 = 2290/400 = 5.7 mm
where: NEd = 1620 kN
M02 = Max{|Mtop|,|Mbottom|} + eiNEd ei NEd = 1620 × 0.0057 = 9.3 kNm
= 38.5 + 9.3 = 47.8 kNm
Minimum moment
e0NEd
e0 = max[h/30; 20] = max[300/30; 20] = 20 mm
e0NEd = 0.02 × 1620 = 32.4 kNm
Therefore, Design moment is:
MEd = Max{M02, e0NEd} = Max{47.8, 32.4} = 47.8 kNm
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Solution - Determine As
Using design charts:
Require d2/h to determine which chart(s) to use:
d2 = Cnom + link + φ / 2 = 30 + 8 + 20/2 = 48 mm
d2/h = 48 / 300 = 0.16
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Solution - Determine As
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Solution - Determine As
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Solution - Determine As
As fyk / bh fck = 0.224 by interpolation
As = 0.224 × 3002 × 30 / 500 = 1209.60 mm2
Use 4 φ 20 (As,prov = 1260 mm2)
4 φ 20
φ 8 @ 175 mm
c/c