Architectural Landscaping

LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
MODULE
IN
Trade Tech 302- LANDSCAPING, TOPOGRAPHIC
MAP MAKING AND READING
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
RENE A. NALA, Ph.D.-TM

Professor 2
TT 304/ArET 306 - Landscaping, Topographic Map Making and Reading FEBUARY 2021 EDITION
Leonidisa S. Litang, PhD 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MODULE 1 : LANDSCAPING . 3- 10
MODULE 2 : TOPOGRAPHIC ...11- 20
MODULE 3 : READING OF MAP ...21- 32
MODULE 4 : MAP MAKING ..33- 46
MODULE - 1
I. Title : Landscaping
II. Topics : Land Preparation

Landscape Plan and Design
Landscaping Ideas
Landscape Architecture
Landscape Design and Styles
III. Time Frame : 30 Hours/48 Hours
IV. Introduction: Landscaping is a picture representing natural scenery, to

improve or change the natural features or appearance of a park
or garden.
A landscape design plan is important to decide what style would best fit
your home and lifestyle. It combines love of people, natural systems,
design and hard work.
V. Objectives: At the end of the topic the student are expected to:
a. Differentiate landscape and Landscaping.

b. Set up landscape design and styles.
c. Make use of techniques in landscape planning.
VI. Learning Activities:
Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land
including living elements such as flora or fauna or what is commonly called gardening
the art and craft of growing plants with a goal of creating a beauty within the
landscape. (https://en.m.wikipedia.org)
Land Preparation
Land is the solid substance composing the material part of the earth, ground or soil
considered with reference to its use, value and condition.
Landscape a picture representing natural scenery, to improve or change the natural

features or appearance of, as a park or garden.
Landscape Architecture is a multi-disciplinary field, incorporating aspects of botany,

horticulture, the fine arts, architecture, industrial design, soil sciences, environmental
psychology, geography, ecology and civil engineering.
Landscape Architecture combines a love of people, natural systems, design and

hard work. Landscape Architecture, an environmental design profession and
discipline, encompasses the analysis, planning, design, management and stewardship

of the natural and built environments.
Plants The addition of ornamental, edible, native or other types of landscaping

plants.
Terrain Changing the shape of the land through grading, backfilling, mounding,
terracing, etc. Some people want a sustainable landscape design that saves water
and creates a natural habitat. Your home may be your castle, but rather than surround
it with a moat, use any of these wonderful yard landscaping ideas to add warmth, color
and texture to the place you love to live.
Landscape Plans include natural elements like flowers, trees and grass as well as
man-made elements such as lawn furniture, fountains and sheds. These plans,
designs sketches and renderings are some of a few landscaping projects, plans and
designs as well. Collection of garden landscape ideas and plans make it easy to fill
entire yard.
A landscape design is like a floor plan for an outdoor area. Like a floor plan, a
landscape design creates a visual representation of a site using scaled dimensions.
Landscaping ideas can bring practical elements, enhancing spaces for your
backyard and front yard, including landscaping design, garden ideas, flowers and
garden design.
Landscape architects, landscape contractors, landscaper and landscape designers

are the most common types of garden designers.
A landscape architect is someone who has a college degree in landscape

architecture and is registered or licensed by state. One who draws up, coordinates
and supervises the execution of plans or converting a given area of land into a unified
ornamental development.
Landscape Gardener is one who plans, executes and supervises operations for the
horticultural improvement of private or public grounds.
Landscape Design Styles. One of the most important things in landscape design is
to work with what you have. The best landscape designs are the ones that have been
carefully thought out with attention paid in details. Before planning a landscape it is
important to decide what style would best fit your home and lifestyle.
When choosing a landscape or garden style, there are a few factors you should
consider:
 What kind of conditions exist in your yard?
 Is the area very sunny or mostly shady?
 What kind of activities do you plan to use your yard for?
 Who will be using the yard?
 Do you have children or pets you should consider?
 Do you need a low-maintenance landscape or do you enjoy spending a
lot of time caring for your yard?
 Which landscape style would best complement your home?
 Which landscape style best reflects your style?
There are numerous traditional landscaping and garden styles which you can model
your own after. Or you can be creative and incorporate elements from different styles
to create a look of your own design.
a. English Garden Style. The English Garden Style utilizes many shrubs and
perennials in a design that complements the architectural style of your home. Other
decorative elements might include an arbor or bird bath.
b. Oriental Landscape. The Oriental Style uses water, rocks and evergreens with a
variety of plants to create distinctive perspectives. You might also consider adding a
traditional Japanese Jen Garden.
c. Woodland Landscape. Reflecting the natural way that fauna grows in a wood
area, the Woodland Style has a less manicured appearance than many of the other
garden styles. This would be a good choice if you do not wish to spend a lot of time on
maintenance.
d. Formal Landscape. The Formal Style follows symmetrical patterns, straight lines
and precise geometric shapes with orderly, well pruned plants. You will often find
topiary design in these landscapes. This landscaping style requires a lot of
maintenance.
e. Informal Landscape. The Informal Style uses plant beds with curved edges. Plants
are arranged in seemingly random patterns. This would be a good choice if you have
children that will be playing in the area.
f. Butterfly Gardens. Dozens of butterfly or bird species common to your area make a
welcome addition to many gardens. Certain species of plants provide a food source
and are useful for attracting these flying friends. Create areas that are open yet
protected from the wind.
g. Xeriscape Gardens. As much as 50 percent of household water is used for the

yard or garden. This landscape specialty includes lots of low-water plants and flowers,
as well as design ideas to reduce water evaporation.
h. Organic Gardens. As more people learn about harmful effects of many chemicals,
growing plants organically has become more popular. That means rather than
chemical fertilizers or sprays, practicing natural methods of pest control and
fertilization.
Remember, you will spend a lot more time in your yard if you have a landscape
design that you are happy with. And, if you have a yard you can enjoy on a regular
basis, its like gaining a room in your home.
Drawing Activities: (Plate Making)
Instructions: Draw in a sketch style the following 1 to 8 landscape model in

AUTOCAD, printed in a drawing paper.
1. English Garden Landscape Model 5. Formal Landscape Model

2. Oriental Landscape Model 6. Informal Landscape Model
3. Woodland Landscape Model 7. Butterfly Garden Model
4. Organic Garden Model 8. Xeriscape Garden Model
VII. Self-evaluation:
Select a Landscape Design or Garden Styles and make a drawing sketch in a

piece of drawing paper using drawing pencil. From which, make a model of your own
design into a landscape style in an illustration board, that would best complement your
choice using indigenous and recycled materials.
Landscape Model
Sketch Style
VIII. Review of Concepts:
Landscaping as the process of making a yard or other piece of land more attractive by
altering the existing design, adding ornamental features and planting of trees and
shrubs. Carry out minor repair works to the buildings façade and supervise the
landscaping of the extensive grounds.
Landscapes and features are important because they contribute significantly to our
well-being and quality of life. They provide the broader context within which we live our
lives. Living within aesthetically pleasing and culturally meaningful landscapes
enhances our sense of wellbeing. Visiting largely undeveloped landscapes enables
people to re-connect with nature, to refresh their minds and bodies and to gain a
greater appreciation of natural heritage. (www.environmentguide.org.nz)
IX. References:
www.environmentguide.org.nz
https://en.m.wikipedia.org
www.designtrends.com
www.woodlandslandscaping.com
www.Pinterest.com
www.decoist.com
www.dreamstime.com
www.tripadvisor.com
www.gardenia.net
www.conceptdraw.com
www.idealhome.com
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MODULE 2
I. Title : Topographic
II. Topics : History and Importance of Topography

Etymology Objectives and Techniques in Topographic
Forms of Topographic Data
Topographic Mapping
Digital Elevation Modelling
Topological Modelling
III. Time Frame: 31 Hours/48 Hours
IV. Introduction:
Topographic is relating to concerned with the artistic representation of a

particular locality. Topography is the art of practice of detailing on maps or charts
natural or man - made features of a place or region especially so as to show
elevations. The configuration of a surface including its relief and the position of its
detailed description of a particular places. Topographic surveying teaches the art of
measuring and representing the earths surface accurately and making a record of the
outline and measurements.
V. Objectives:
At the end of the topic the students are expected to:
a. Discover the history and importance of Topography;

b. Compare the different techniques and forms of Topographic;
c. Create a plan on Topographic Models;
Topographic is relating to the arrangement of the physical features of an area

a topographic map on the site. Topography is the study of the shape and features of
land surfaces. The topography of an area could refer to the surface shapes and
features themselves or a description. (Wikipedia)
History and Importance of Topography
Topography is the study of the shape and features of land surfaces. The topography
of an area could refer to the surface shapes and features themselves or a description
especially their depiction in maps.
Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary science and is concerned with

local detail in general, including not only relief but also natural and artificial features
1
and even local history and culture. This meaning is less common in the United States,
where topographic maps with elevation contours have made topography
synonymous with relief.
Topography is a narrow sense involves the recording of relief or terrain, the three
dimensional quality of the surface and the identification of specific landforms. This is
also known as geomorphometry. In modern usage, this involves generation of
elevation data in digital form (DEM). It is often considered to include the graphic
presentation of the landform on a map by a variety of techniques, including contour
lines, hypsometric tints and relief shading.
A Topographic Map with Contour Lines excerpt from Google
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Etymology
The term topography originated in ancient Greece and continued in ancient Rome as
the detailed description of a place. The word comes from the Greek ΤÓΤΤΟϚ (topos,
“place”) and –үƿαϕíα (-graphia, “ writing ”). In classical literature this refers to writing
about a place or places, what is now largely called ‘local history.’ In Britain and in
Europe in general, the word topography is still sometimes used in its original sense.
Detailed military surveys in Britain (beginning in the late eighteenth century) were
called Ordnance Surveys, and this term was used into the 20 th century as generic for
topographic surveys and maps. The earliest scientific surveys in France were called
Cassini maps after the family who produced them over four generations. The term
topographic surveys appears to be American in origin. The earliest detailed surveys
in the United States were made by the Topographical Bureau of the Army , formed
during the War of 1812, which became the corps of Topographical Engineers in 1878.
After the work of national mapping was assumed by the U.S Geological Survey in
1878, the term topographical remained as a general term for detailed surveys and
mapping programs, and has been adopted by most other nations as standard.
In the 20th century, the term topography started to be used to describe surface
description in other fields where mapping in a broader sense is used, particularly in
medical fields such as neurology.
Objectives
An objective of topography is to determine the position of any feature or more

generally any point in terms of both a horizontal coordinate system such as latitude,
longitude and attitude. Identifying (naming) features and recognizing typical landform
patterns are also part of the field.
A topographic study may be made for a variety of reasons: military planning and
geological exploration have been primary motivators to start survey programs but
detailed information about terrain and surface features is essential for the planning
and construction of any major civil engineering, public works or reclamation projects.
Techniques
There are a variety of approaches to studying topography. Which method(s) to use

depend on the scale and size of the area under study, its accessibility and the quality
of existing surveys.
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Direct Survey
Surveying helps determine accurately the terrestrial and three-dimensional space

position of points and the distances and angles between them using levelling
instruments such as theodolites dumpy levels and clinometers.
Work on one of the first topographic maps was begun in France by Giovanni
Domenico Cassini, the great Italian astronomer.
Even though remote sensing has greatly sped up the process of gathering information
and has allowed greater accuracy control over long distances, the direct survey still
provides the basic control points and framework for all topographic work, whether
manual or GIS-based.
In areas where there has been an extensive direct survey and mapping program (most
of Europe and the Continental U.S. for example), the compiled data forms the basis of
basic digital elevation data sets such as USGS DEW data. This data must often be
cleaned to eliminate discrepancies between surveys, but it still forms a valuable set
of information for large-scale analysis.
The original American topographic surveys (or the British Ordinance surveys)
involved not only recording of relief, but identification of landmark features and
vegetative land cover.
Remote Sensing
Remote sensing is a general term for geodata collection at a distance from the subject
area.
Passive Sensor Methodologies
Besides their role in photogrammetry, aerial and satellite imagery can be used to
identify and delineate terrain features and more general land-cover features. Certainly
they have become more and more a part of geovisualization, whether maps or GIS
systems. False-color and non-visible spectra imaging can also help determine the lie
of the land by delineating vegetation and other land-use information more clearly.
Images can be visible colours and in other spectrum.
Photogrammetry
Photogrammetry is a measurement technique for which the co-ordinates of the points

in 3D of an object are determined by the measurements made in two photographic
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images (or more) taken starting from different positions, usually from different passes
of an aerial photography flight. In this technique, the common points are identified on
each image. A line of sight (or ray) can be built from the camera location to the point
on the object. It is the intersection of its rays (triangulation) which determines the
relative three-dimensional position of the point. Known control points can be used to
give these relative positions absolute values. More sophisticated algorithms can
exploit other information on the scene known a priori (for example, symmetries in
certain cases allowing the rebuilding of three-dimensional co-ordinates starting from
one only position of the camera).
Active Sensor Methodologies
Satellite RADAR mapping is one of the major techniques of generating Digital

Elevation Models (see below). Similar techniques are applied in bathymetric surveys
using sonar to determine the terrain of the ocean floor. In recent years, LIDAR (Light
Detection And Ranging), a remote sensing technique that uses a laser instead of radio
waves, has increasingly been employed for complex mapping needs such as charting
canopies and monitoring glaciers.
Forms of Topographic Data
Terrain is commonly modelled either using vector (triangulated irregular network or

TIN) or gridded (Raster Image) mathematical models. In the most applications in
environmental sciences, land surface is represented and modelled using gridded
models. In civil engineering and entertainment businesses, the most representations
of land surface employ some variant of TIN models. In geostatistic, land surface is
commonly modelled as a combination of the two signals the smooth (spatially
correlated) and the rough (noise) signal.
In practice, surveyors first sample heights in an area, then use these to produce a
Digital Land Surface Model in the form of a TIN. The DLSM can then be used to
visualize terrain, drape remote sensing images, quantify ecological properties of a
surface or extract land surface objects. Note that the contour data or any other
sampled elevation datasets are not a DLSM. A DLSM implies that elevation is
available continuously at each location in the study area, i.e. that the map represents
a complete surface. Digital Land Surface Models should not be confused with Digital
Surface Models, which can be surfaces of the canopy, buildings and similar objects.
For example, in the case of surface models produces using the lidar technology, one
can have several surfaces starting from the top of the canopy to the actual solid
earth. The difference between the two surface models can then be used to derive
volumetric measures (height of trees etc.).
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Raw Survey Data
Topographic survey information is historically based upon the notes of surveyors.

They may derive naming and cultural information from other local sources (for
example, boundary delineation may be derived from local cadastral mapping). While
of historical interest, these field notes inherently include errors and contradictions that
later stages in map production resolve.
Remote Sensing Data
As with field notes, remote sensing data (aerial and satellite photography, for
example), is raw and uninterpreted. It may contain holes (due to cloud cover for
example) or inconsistences (due to the timing of specific image captures). Most
modern topographic mapping include a large component of remotely sensed data in
its compilation process.
Topographic Mapping
In its contemporary definition, topographic mapping shows relief. In the United States,
USGS topographic maps show relief using contour lines. The USGS calls maps based
on topographic surveys, but without contours, planimetric maps.
These maps show not only the contours, but also any significant streams or other
bodies of water, forest cover, built-up areas or individual buildings (depending on
scale), and other features and points of interest.
While not officially topographic maps, the national surveys of other nations share
many of the same features, and so they are often called topographic maps.
Existing topographic survey maps, because of their comprehensive and encyclopedic

coverage, form the basis for much derived topographic work. Digital Elevation Models,
for example, have often been created not from new remote sensing data but from
existing paper topographic maps. Many government and private publishers use the
artwork (especially the contour lines) from existing topographic map sheets as the
basis for their own specialized or updated topographic maps.
Topographic mapping should not be confused with geologic mapping. The latter is
concerned with underlying structures and processes to the surface, rather than with
identifiable surface features.
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A Map Using Elevation Modelling
Digital Elevation Modeling
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3D Rendering of DEM used for the Topography
The digital elevation models (DEM) is a raster-based digital dataset of the topography
(hypsometry and/or bathymetry) of all or part of the Earth (or a telluric planet). The
pixels of the dataset are each assigned an elevation value and a header portion of the
dataset defines the area of coverage, the units each pixels covers, and the units of
elevation (and the zero-point). DEMs may be derived from existing paper maps and
survey data, or they may be generated from new satellite or other remotely sensed
radar or sonar data.
Topological Modelling
3D Model of Earth without Water
A geographic information system (GIS) can recognize and analyze the spatial
relationships that exist within digitally stored spatial data. These topological
relationships allow complex spatial modelling and analysis to be performed.
Topological relationships between geometric entities traditionally include adjacency
(what adjoins what), containment (what encloses what), and proximity (how close
something is to something else).
 reconstitute a sight in synthesized images of the ground,

 determine a trajectory of overflight of the ground,
 calculate surfaces or volumes,
 trace topographic profiles,
Topography in Other Fields
Topography has been applied to different science fields. In neuroscience, the

neuroimaging discipline uses techniques such as EEG topography for brain mapping
in opthalmology, corneal topography is used as a technique for mapping the surface
curvature of the cornea. In tissue engineering, atomic force microscopy is used to map
nanotopography.
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In human anatomy, topography is superficial human anatomy.
In mathematics the concept of topography is used to indicate the patients or general

organization of features on a map or as a term referring to the pattern in which
variables (or their values) are distributed in a space.
Plate Making Activity
In a field book, carefully note down all measurements below. You can now use the
table similar to the one suggested for the activity. You should also make a sketch, on
a separate square-ruled paper and write the measurements. At the same time, check
to see that the foresights and back sights differ by 180º.
Example:
You have surveyed site ABCDEA with a closed traverse and your field notes are as
follows:
VII. Self- Evaluation:
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Get a sample photocopy of a certificate of title and try to plot in a drawing paper the
technical description stated on the sample photocopy. Plot a lot based on the
technical description.
Topography concerns the shape and character of the earths surface and maps were
among the first artifacts to record these observation (Wikipedia). Tools for planning
topographic map are a detailed record of a land area, giving geographic positions and
elevations for both natural and man-made features. They show the shape of the land
the mountains, valleys and plains by means of brown contour lines lines of equal
elevation above sea level (https://www.usgs.gov).
IX. References:
What is topography? Center for Geographic Information

Definition from WordNet Search https://www.Princeton.edu
Definition from Federal Citizen Information Center https://www.pueblo.gsa.gov
Online Etymology Dictionary https://www.etymonline.com
For example, see the website of the https://www.LondonTopographicalSociety.com
Topographical Engineers History and Personnel Archived 2014-09-26 at the
Wayback Machine
Arthur M. Woodford, 1991 - Charting the Inland Seas: A History of the U.S. Lake
Survey
Copyright 2005-2020 https://www.Geology.com All Rights Reserved.
NAMRIA National Mapping and Resource Information Authority
DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources Topographic Maps in
1:50,000 scale
0
MODULE 3
I. Title : Reading of Map
II. Topic : Map Reading and its importance

Scale Classification used in Maps
Types of Map
Parts of Map
Color used in Maps
IV. Introduction:
Reading of maps (also sometimes written as map-reading) is the act of interpreting or

understanding the geographic information portrayed on a map. By map reading, the
reader should be able to develop a mental map of the real world information by
processing the symbolized information shown on the map. To do this, the reader will
need to derive essential information presented by the map such as distance, direction,
natural and man - made features and topographical features. A representation on a
plane surface of a region as of the earths surface, figuratively, in any exact
delineation. A drawing or picture showing features of the surface of the earth is
necessary to understand fully the map drawn and presented.
V. Objectives:
At the end of the topic the student are expected to:
a. Relate and Discuss the importance of map reading;

b. Illustrate the scale used in map;
c. Recommend the color specification in map;
Reading of Map is necessary in topography, since it provides useful information

about the map to the map user. The marginal information are the peripheral
information on the edge of the map. Whenever possible the name of the largest city or
town is used. Map is the birds eye view of the surrounding area to help guide us from
one place to another. A traveller needs a map to help them find their way around more
easily.
Map Reading and its Importance
Maps are graphic representation, drawn to scale, of a portion of the earth s surface as
on a flat surface. Used to show accurate distance, location, best routes and key terrain
features to avoid lost and keep alive especially in military cadets information on the
basis of map reading.
1
Maps are classified according to the following scale:
1. SMALL SCALE - Map at scale of 1:600,000 and smaller are used for general
planning and strategic studies at higher echelons.
2. MEDIUM SCALE - Maps at scale larger than 1:600,000 but smaller than 1:75,000
are used for planning operations, including the movement of troops and supplies.
3. LARGE SCALE - Maps at scale of 1:75,000 and larger are used to meet the
tactical, technical and administrative needs of field units. The standard scale is
1:50,000
1 : 600,000
SMALL SCALE AND SMALLER
MAP
GROUND
1 : 600,000 BUT
MEDIUM SCALE SMALLER THAN
1 : 75,000
MAP
GROUND
1: 75,000
LARGE SCALE AND LARGER
MAP GROUND
Types of Map
1. PLANIMETRIC- represents only the horizontal positions to the features

represented.
2. TOPOGRAPHIC MAP - portrays terrain features, horizontal positions of the features
represented.
3. PHOTOMAP - reproduction of an aerial photographs and in which other significant
data have been added.
4. JOINT OPERATIONS GRAPHICS - designed for joint and ground operations.
5. PHOTOMOSAIC MAP - assembly of aerial photographs.
6. TERRAIN MODEL - scale model of the features being represented.
2
7. MILITARY CITY MAP - a topographic map of a city showing features of military

importance.
8. SPECIAL MAP - designed or modified to give information not covered in a standard
map.
Parts of a Map
MARGINAL INFORMATION - are the peripheral information on the edge of the map
that provides useful information about the map to the map user. SCALE NOTE. The
Scale Note is a representative fraction, which gives the ratio of map distance to the
corresponding distance on the earth surface.
SHEET NAME - The sheet name is found in two places. The center of the upper
margin and either the left or right side of the lower margin. A map is named after the
most prominent cultural or geographical features. Whenever possible the name of the
largest city/town is used.
3
SHEET NUMBER - The sheet number is found in two places: the upper right margin
and the lower right margin. It is used as a reference number for the map sheet.
4
SERIES NUMBER - Found in both the upper right margin and the lower left margin.
5
6
ADJOINING SHEETS DIAGRAM
ADJOINING SHEETS DIAGRAM

BACUAG – GIGAQUIT – CLAVER 4120 II
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BAR SCALES
GRAPHIC (BAR) SCALE IS A RULER PRINTED ON THE

MAP AND IS USED TO CONVERT DISTANCES ON THE
MAP TO ACTUAL GROUND DISTANCES.
SCALE 1 : 50,000
MILES
1000 500 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
METERS
YARDS
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LEGEND
LEGEND
LEGEND
9
Colors used in the Map
Blue - Identifies hydrography or water features such as lakes, swamps and rivers.
Brown - Identifies all relief features and elevation.
Green - Vegetation with military significance such as woods, orchards and vineyards.
Others - maybe used to show special information.
Drawing Activities:
Instructions: In a 1/4 sheet illustration board draw a detailed maps of the following
using the appropriate scale.
1. Philippine Map
2. Regional Map of Caraga
3. Provincial Map - Surigao del Norte
4. Surigao City Map
VII. Self- Evaluation:
Draw the detailed map of the following:
1. Caraga Region
2. Province of Surigao del Norte
3. Surigao City
0
1. Map of Caraga Region
2. Map of Province of Surigao del Norte
1
3. Map of Surigao City
Reading of Map is necessary in topography, since it provides useful

information about the map to the map user. The marginal information are the
peripheral information on the edge of the map. Whenever possible the name of the
largest city or town is used. Map is the birds eye view of the surrounding area to help
guide us from one place to another. A traveller needs a map to help them find their
way around more easily.
Maps are graphic representation, drawn to scale, of a portion of the
earths surface as on a flat surface. Used to show accurate distance, location, best
routes and key terrain features to avoid lost and keep alive especially in military
cadets information on the basis of map reading.
IX. References:
Definition from WordNet Search https://www.Princeton.edu

Definition from Federal Citizen Information Center https://www.pueblo.gsa.gov
Online Etymology Dictionary https://www.etymonline.com
Arthur M. Woodford, 1991 Charting the Inland Seas: A History of the U.S. Lake
Survey
Geographic Trails Illustrated Maps Archived 2006-11-16 at the Wayback Machine and
DeLorme products.
https://www.Slideshare.net
DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources Topographic Maps in
1:50,000 scale
2
MODULE 4
I. Title : Map Making
II. Topic : Contour Lines

Types of Contour Lines
Classification of Terrain Features
Characteristics of Contours
Grid Reference System
IV. Introduction:
Maps represent the real world on a much smaller scale. Map Making is the act that
results in something coming to be; the devising of plans that help you organize
information if you travel from one location to another and help you figure out where
you are and how to get where you want to go, mapmaking the making of maps and
charts. Cartography is the study and practice of making maps. Wikipedia
V. Objectives:
At the end of the topic the student are expected to:
a. Plot and Identify contour, terrain and grid;

b. Distinguish contour lines, terrain features and grid system;
c. Value features in map contouring, terrain and grid reference.
Map Making are important skills to learn in geography. Maps used symbols like lines
and different colors to show a picture of marking locations of certain features. In local
and international tourism a street map for example, will show them roads, their names
and various locations along those roads. In Map Making, there are factors to be
considered.
CONTOUR LINES
Most common method of showing relief and elevation on a standard topographic map.
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Contour Lines represents an imaginary line on the ground, above or

below sea level. All points in the contour line are of the same elevation.
TYPES OF CONTOUR LINES
INDEX CONTOUR LINES HEAVIER AND NUMBERED AT SOME

POINTS. THE NUMBER IS THE ELEVATION OF THAT LINE.
INTERMEDIATE CONTOUR LINES FALLS BETWEEN

INDEX CONTOUR LINES. THESE LINES ARE FINER AND
ELEVATION ARE NOT GIVEN.
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SUPPLEMENTARY CONTOUR LINES RESEMBLE

DASHES. THEY SHOW SUDDEN CHANGES IN ELEVATION
OF AT LEAST ONE-HALF THE CONTOUR INTERVAL.
TERRAIN
Terrain is used to refer to an area of land or a type of land when you are considering
its physical features.
CLASSIFICATION OF TERRAIN FEATURES

 HILL
 RIDGE
 VALLEY
 SADDLE
 DEPRESSION
 CLIFF
 SPUR
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HILL
RIDGE
VALLEY
6
SADDLE
DEPRESSION
CLIFF
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SPUR
CHARACTERISTICS OF COUNTOURS
Contours that are far apart indicates GENTLE, and those

that are close together indicates a STEEP slope. Those that
are zero point/lines are considered VERTICAL WALL
Contours.
 Gentle Contours
 Steep Contours
 Vertical Wall Contours
8
Last Closed Contour lines indicates a Hilltop.
If the Shape of the Contour Lines on your direction are

shaped like Letter U or V, indicates the Contour
Elevation are going up.
If the Shape of the Contour Lines on your direction are

shaped like inverted Letter U or V, indicates the
Contour Elevation are going down.
9
GRID REFERENCE SYSTEM
A grid reference system is a simplified grid used for a map area to make reporting and
looking up coordinates easier.
In a grid reference system each grid line on the x axis and y axis is labelled
sequentially with a two-digit number (much like a graph). Gridlines may be 10,000,
1000, 100m apart. We estimate or measure the position of the points between two grid
lines. As with most coordinate systems we report Easting followed by Northing.
GRID LINES are identified by a specific number

which is printed in the margin directly opposite the
lines indicated.
11 12 13 14
38 38
GRID
N - S LINE
LINES
37 37
E - W LINE
36 36
35 35
GRID SQUARE - A network of square formed by NS and EW grid lines placed on the
map. The distance between grid lines depends on the scale of the map. (1 km or 1000
mtrs.)
0
GRID SQUARE (4 Digits)

1000
Area of One Grid Square is M.1,000 sq. m. or 1 sq. km.
1000 M.
1
HOW TO READ GRID SQUARES (4 DIGITS)

Read First The Vertical Line, Then The Horizontal
Line
11 12 13
38 GS: 1137
37
GS:1336
36
35
2
RECITATION (GRID SQUARE)
11 12 13 14
38 GC: 1137 GC: 1237 GC: 1337 38
37 GC: 1136 GC: 1236 37
36 GC: 1135 GC: 1335 36
35
3
GS: 1236 IS YELLOW SQUARE. THE FIRST 2 DIGITS WHICH IS

VERTICAL LINE 12 ENCOMPASSES 3 SQUARES. BUT IF LINE
36 (2ND 2 DIGITS) WHICH ALSO ENCOMPASSES 3 SQUARES
IS ADDED. THIS SHOW EXACTLY WHERE GS:1236 IS
LOCATED.
11 12 13 14
38
37 37 37
11 12 13 14
GS: 1236
36 36 36
4
THE GRID SQUARE IS DIVIDED INTO 100 EQUAL PARTS
11 12 13
38
GS: 1237
37
TT 304/ArET 306 - Landscaping,

36 Topographic Map Making and Reading FEBUARY 2021 EDITION
5
35
THE GRID SQUARE IS DIVIDED INTO 100 EQUAL PARTS
12 13 12 13
38 38
GS: 1237
37 37
6
EACH SMALL SQUARE HAS AN AREA OF 100 SQ. MTR.
12 13
38 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
37 0
100 SQ. MTR.
7
Drawing Activities:
Instructions: In a drawing paper, draw the floor plan in AUTOCAD using scale 1:100
meters.
1. SSCT Location Plan

2. Site Development Plan of SSCT
3. Landscape Plan of SSCT
4. Landscaping Model Of SSCT
VII. Self-Evaluation:
Direction: Determine the 6 digit coordinates of a given point in the map below.
RED STAR –
GC: 12 37
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 RED ARROW –
9 GC: 12 37
8
7
YELLOW CIRCLE –
6
GC: 12 37
5
YELLOW SQUARE –
4
GC: 12 37
3
2
RED CROSS –
1 GC: 12 37
37 0
RED CIRCLE –
GC: 12 37
RED STAR –
GC: 121376
12
RED ARROW –
GC: 126375
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
9
YELLOW CIRCLE –
8 GC: 124370
7
6 YELLOW SQUARE –
5 GC: 129373
4
RED CROSS –
3
GC: 122/3378
2
1 RED CIRCLE –
37 0 GC: 123/4 372/3
8
VIII. Review of Concept
In particular, it is important to understand how map making represent their model of

the world and how users interpret what maps mean. These issues reflect the social
nature of the study and practice of map making, showing that people are as important
as technology in the mapping process and the role of maps play in our society. Map
makers have yielded a lot of influence in history and continue to do so in the present.
IX. References:
Arthur M. Woodford, 1991 Charting the Inland Seas: A History of the U.S. Lake
Survey,
National Geographic Trails Illustrated Maps Archived 2006-11-16 at the Wayback

Machine and DeLorme products.
Copyright 2005-2020 https://www.Geology.com
TT 304 - Landscaping, Topographic Map Making and Reading FEBUARY EDITION


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LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Trade Tech 302- LANDSCAPING, TOPOGRAPHIC

MAP MAKING AND READING

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

RENE A. NALA, Ph.D.-TM

MODULE 2 : TOPOGRAPHIC ...11- 20

MODULE 3 : READING OF MAP ...21- 32

MODULE 4 : MAP MAKING ..33- 46

II. Topics : Land Preparation

III. Time Frame : 30 Hours/48 Hours

IV. Introduction: Landscaping is a picture representing natural scenery, to

a. Differentiate landscape and Landscaping.

VI. Learning Activities:

Landscape a picture representing natural scenery, to improve or change the natural

Landscape Architecture is a multi-disciplinary field, incorporating aspects of botany,

Landscape Architecture combines a love of people, natural systems, design and

discipline, encompasses the analysis, planning, design, management and stewardship

Plants  The addition of ornamental, edible, native or other types of landscaping

Landscape architects, landscape contractors, landscaper and landscape designers

A landscape architect is someone who has a college degree in landscape

g. Xeriscape Gardens. As much as 50 percent of household water is used for the

Drawing Activities: (Plate Making)

Instructions: Draw in a sketch style the following 1 to 8 landscape model in

1. English Garden Landscape Model 5. Formal Landscape Model

Select a Landscape Design or Garden Styles and make a drawing sketch in a

VIII. Review of Concepts:

II. Topics : History and Importance of Topography

III. Time Frame: 31 Hours/48 Hours

Topographic is relating to concerned with the artistic representation of a

At the end of the topic the students are expected to:

a. Discover the history and importance of Topography;

VI. Learning Activities:

Topographic is relating to the arrangement of the physical features of an area

History and Importance of Topography

Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary science and is concerned with

A Topographic Map with Contour Lines excerpt from Google

An objective of topography is to determine the position of any feature or more

There are a variety of approaches to studying topography. Which method(s) to use

Surveying helps determine accurately the terrestrial and three-dimensional space

Passive Sensor Methodologies

Photogrammetry is a measurement technique for which the co-ordinates of the points

Active Sensor Methodologies

Satellite RADAR mapping is one of the major techniques of generating Digital

Forms of Topographic Data

Terrain is commonly modelled either using vector (triangulated irregular network or

Raw Survey Data

Topographic survey information is historically based upon the notes of surveyors.

Remote Sensing Data

Existing topographic survey maps, because of their comprehensive and encyclopedic

A Map Using Elevation Modelling

Digital Elevation Modeling

3D Rendering of DEM used for the Topography

3D Model of Earth without Water

 reconstitute a sight in synthesized images of the ground,

Topography in Other Fields

Topography has been applied to different science fields. In neuroscience, the

In human anatomy, topography is superficial human anatomy.

In mathematics the concept of topography is used to indicate the patients or general

Plate Making Activity

VII. Self- Evaluation:

VIII. Review of Concepts:

What is topography?  Center for Geographic Information

I. Title : Reading of Map

Plants The addition of ornamental, edible, native or other types of landscaping

What is topography? Center for Geographic Information

GRAPHIC (BAR) SCALE IS A RULER PRINTED ON THE

Definition from WordNet Search https://www.Princeton.edu

Contour Lines represents an imaginary line on the ground, above or

INDEX CONTOUR LINES HEAVIER AND NUMBERED AT SOME

INTERMEDIATE CONTOUR LINES FALLS BETWEEN

SUPPLEMENTARY CONTOUR LINES RESEMBLE

NAMRIA National Mapping and Resource Information Authority