Ngli Ke Toan

1. Identify the activities and users associated with accounting.
Accounting is an information system that identifies, records, and communicates the economic events of an organization to in
The major users and uses of accounting are as follows.
(a) Management uses accounting information to plan, organize, and run the business.
(b) Investors (owners) decide whether to buy, hold, or sell their financial interests on the basis of accounting data.
(c) Creditors (suppliers and bankers) evaluate the risks of granting credit or lending money on the basis of accounting informa
Other groups that use accounting information are taxing authorities, regulatory agencies, customers, and labor unions.
2. Explain the building blocks of accounting: ethics, principles, and assumptions.

Ethics are the standards of conduct by which actions are judged as right or wrong. Effective financial reporting depends on sou
Accounting is based on standards such as International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).
IFRS generally uses one of two measurement principles.
The monetary unit assumption requires that companies include in the accounting records only transaction data that can be e
The economic entity assumption requires that the activities of each economic entity be kept separate from the activities of it
3. State the accounting equation

Assets = Liabilities + Share Capital—Ordinary + Revenues − Expenses − Dividends
5. Describe the five financial statements and how they are prepared.
An income statement presents the revenues and expenses, and resulting net income or net loss, for a specific period of time.
A retained earnings statement summarizes the changes in retained earnings for a specific period of time.
A statement of financial position reports the assets, liabilities, and equity at a specific date.
A statement of cash flows summarizes information about the cash inflows (receipts) and outflows (payments) for a specific pe
A comprehensive income statement adds or subtracts any items of other comprehensive income to net income to arrive at co
6. Explain the career opportunities in accounting.

Accounting offers many different jobs in fields such as public and private accounting, governmental, and forensic accounting.
events of an organization to interested users.
f accounting data.
e basis of accounting information.
mers, and labor unions.
ncial reporting depends on sound ethical behavior.
transaction data that can be expressed in terms of money.

parate from the activities of its owner(s) and other economic entities.
for a specific period of time.
ws (payments) for a specific period of time.

e to net income to arrive at comprehensive income.
ntal, and forensic accounting.

1. Describe how accounts, debits, and credits are used to record business transactions.
An account is a record of increases and decreases in specific asset, liability, and equity items.
The terms debit and credit are synonymous with left and right.
Assets, dividends, and expenses are increased by debits and decreased by credits.
Liabilities, share capital—ordinary and revenues are increased by credits and decreased by debits.
2. Indicate how a journal is used in the recording process.

The basic steps in the recording process are
(a) analyze each transaction for its effects on the accounts,
(b) enter the transaction information in a journal,
(c) transfer the journal information to the appropriate accounts in the ledger.
3 Explain how a ledger and posting help in the recording process.

The ledger is the entire group of accounts maintained by a company.
The ledger provides the balance in each of the accounts as well as keeps track of changes in these balances.
Posting is the transfer of journal entries to the ledger accounts.
This phase of the recording process accumulates the effects of journalized transactions in the individual account
1. (LO 2) Presented below is information related to Provence Real Estate Agency (amount in thousands).
Oct. 1 Henri Bos begins business as a real estate agent with a cash investment of €30,000 in exchange for ordinary shares.
2 Paid rent, €700, on office space
3 Purchases office equipment for €2,800, on account
6 Sells a house and lot for Amit Das; bills Amit Das €4,400 for realty services performed.
27 Pays €1,100 on the balance related to the transaction of October 3.
30 Receives bill for October utilities, €130 (not paid at this time).
1 Cash 30000
Ordinary share 30000
2 Office rent 700
Cash 700
3 Equipment 2800
Account payable 2800
6 Account receivable 4400
Service revenue 4400
27 Account payable 1100
Cash 1100
30 Utilities expense 130
Account payable 130
1. Transactions for Potter Designs for the month of May are presented below. Identify the
accounts to be debited and credited for each transaction.
May 1 Shareholders invested £22,000 in the business.
6 Paid office rent of £900.
12 Performed consulting services and billed client £4,400.
18 Purchased equipment on account for £1,200.
1-May Cash 22000

Share Capital - Ordinary 22000
6 Office rent 900
Cash 900
12 Account receivable 4400
18 Equipment 1200
se balances. Account payable 1200
dividual account
(LO 1, 2, 3, 4) A group of student-investors in Hong Kong opened Campus Laundromat Ltd. on Septembe
hange for ordinary shares. During the first month of operations, the following transactions occurred.
Sept. 1 Shareholders invested HK$20,000 cash in the business in exchange for ordinary shares.
2 The company paid HK$1,000 cash for store rent for September
3 Purchased washers and dryers for HK$25,000, paying HK$10,000 in cash and signing a HK$15,000
4 Paid HK$1,200 for a one-year accident insurance policy.
10 Received a bill from the Daily News for online advertising of the opening of the laundromat HK$2
20 Declared and paid a cash dividend to shareholders of HK$700.
30 The company determined that cash receipts for laundry services for the month were HK$6,200.
1 Cash 20000
Ordinary shares 20000
2 Store rent 1000
Cash 1000
3 Equipment 25000
Cash 10000
Note payable 15000
4 Prepaid insurance 1200
Cash 1200
10 Advertising expense 200
Account payable 200
20 Dividend 700
Cash 700
30 Cash 6200
ow. Identify the
aundromat Ltd. on September 1, 2020.
for ordinary shares.
cash and signing a HK$15,000, 6-month, 12% note payable.
ening of the laundromat HK$200.
r the month were HK$6,200.

1 Explain the accrual basis of accounting and the reasons for adjusting entries.
Accrual-basis accounting means that companies record events that change a company’s financial statements in the periods i
Companies make adjusting entries at the end of an accounting period
Such entries ensure that companies recognize revenues in the period in which the performance obligation is satisfied and re
2. (LO 2) At the end of its first year, the trial balance of Denton Cleaners shows Equipment of £40,000 and zero balances in Acc
Depreciation for the year is estimated to be £8,000. Prepare the adjusting entry for depreciation, and indicate the statement o
31-Dec Depreciation expense 8000
Accumulated depreciation - Equipment 8000
Statement of financial position

Equipment 40000
Less: Accumulated depreciation—equipment 8000 32000
3. (LO 3) You are asked to prepare the following accrual adjusting entries at December 31.
1. Services performed but not recorded are €4,200
2. Utility expenses incurred but not paid are €660.
3. Salaries and wages earned by employees of €3,000 are unpaid
31-Dec Unearned service revenue 4200
31-Dec Utilities expense 660
Account payable 660
31-Dec S&W expense 3000
S&W payable 3000
1. (LO 2, 3) Evan Watts, D.D.S., opened a dental practice on January 1, 2020. During the first month of operations, the followin
1. Watts performed services for patients totaling $2,400. These services have not yet been recorded.
2. Utility expenses incurred but not paid prior to January 31 totaled $400.
3. Purchased dental equipment on January 1 for $80,000, paying $20,000 in cash and signing a $60,000, 3-year note payable. T
4. Purchased a one-year malpractice insurance policy on January 1 for $12,000.
5. Purchased $2,600 of dental supplies. On January 31, determined that $900 of supplies were on hand.
31-Jan Account receivable 2400 1-Jan Equipment
Service revenue 2400 Cash
31-Jan Utility expense 400 Note payable
Account payable 400 1-Jan Prepaid insurance
31-Jan Depreciation expense 500 Cash
Accumulated depreciation - E 500 1-Jan Supplies
31-Jan Interest expense 600 Cash
Interest payable 600
31-Jan Insurance expense 1000
Prepaid insurance 1000
31-Jan Supplies expense 1700
Supplies 1700
Adjusting entries
2. (LO 2, 3, 4) The income statement of Venden Movers for the month of July shows net income of £4,000 based on Service Re
Supplies Expense £1,700, and Utilities Expense £500. In reviewing the statement, you discover the following.
1. Insurance expired during July of £700 was omitted.
2. Supplies expense includes £250 of supplies that are still on hand at July 31.
3. Depreciation on equipment of £300 was omitted.
4. Accrued but unpaid wages at July 31 of £400 were not included.
5. Services performed but unrecorded totaled £650.
Venden Movers
Income Statement
For the Month Ended July 31, 2020
Revenue
Account receivable 650 9350
Expense
S&W expense 2900
Supplies expense 1450
Utilities expense 500
Insurance expense 700
Depreciation expense 300 5850
Net income 3500
(LO 2, 3) The Desai Lawn Care began operations on April 1. At April 30, the trial balance shows the following balances for selec
Prepaid Insurance 3,600
Equipment 28,000
Notes Payable 20,000
Unearned Service Revenue 4,200
Service Revenue 1,800
Analysis reveals the following additional data.
1. Prepaid insurance is the cost of a 2-year insurance policy, effective April 1
2. Depreciation on the equipment is 500 per month.
3. The note payable is dated April 1. It is a 6-month, 12% note.
4. Seven customers paid for the company’s 6-month lawn service package of 600 beginning in April. The company performed s
5. Lawn services performed for other customers but not recorded at April 30 totaled 1,500.
Adjusting entries
30-Apr Insurance expense 150
Prepaid insurance 150
30-Apr Depreciation expense 500
Accumulated depreciation - E 500
30-Apr Interest expense 200 (12%/12) is turning annual rate into monthly rate,
Interest payable 200
30-Apr Unearned service revenue 700 revenue for services performed: 600 ÷ 6 = 100; 100
Service revenue 700
30-Apr Account receivable 1500
al statements in the periods in which those events occur, rather than in the periods in which the company receives or pays cash
e obligation is satisfied and recognize expenses in the period in which they are incurred
0,000 and zero balances in Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment and Depreciation Expense.

n, and indicate the statement of financial position presentation of the equipment at December 31.
5. (LO 4) The adjusted trial balance of Harmony Decorating includes the following accounts at December 31, 2020:
Cash €12,000, Share Capital—Ordinary €22,000, Dividends €3,000, Service Revenue €41,000, Rent Expense €900
Salaries and Wages Expense €6,000, Supplies Expense €700, and Depreciation Expense €1,800.
Prepare an income statement for the year.
Harmony Decorating
Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2020
Revenue
Expense
Rent expense 900
S&W expense 6000
Supplies expense 700
Depreciation expense 1800 9400
Net income 31600
nth of operations, the following transactions occurred.
60,000, 3-year note payable. The equipment depreciates $500 per month. Interest is $600 per month
80000
20000
60000
12000
12000
2600
2600
of £4,000 based on Service Revenue £8,700, Salaries and Wages Expense £2,500
he following.
he following balances for selected accounts (amounts in thousands).
pril. The company performed services for these customers in April.
annual rate into monthly rate, the 6 month is only duration.
performed: 600 ÷ 6 = 100; 100 per month × 7 = 700)

receives or pays cash
ecember 31, 2020:

nt Expense €900
1 Prepare a worksheet.
The steps in preparing a worksheet are as follows.
(a) Prepare a trial balance on the worksheet.
(b) Enter the adjustments in the adjustments columns.
(c) Enter adjusted balances in the adjusted trial balance columns.
(d) Extend adjusted trial balance amounts to appropriate financial statement columns.
(e) Total the statement columns, compute net income (or net loss), and complete the worksheet.
3 Explain the steps in the accounting cycle and how to prepare correcting entries.
The required steps in the accounting cycle are (1) analyze business transactions, (2) journalize the transactions, (3) post to ledg
(6) prepare an adjusted trial balance, (7) prepare financial statements, (8) journalize and post closing entries, and (9) prepare a
1. (LO 2) The ledger of Xi Travel contains the following balances (amounts in thousands): Retained Earnings ¥40,000, Dividends
Salaries and Wages Expense ¥39,000, and Maintenance and Repairs Expense ¥9,000. Prepare the closing entries at December
31-Dec Service revenue 65000
Income summary 65000
31-Dec Income summary 48000
S&W expense 39000
Maintenance & Repair expense 9000
31-Dec Income summary 40000
Retained earning 40000
31-Dec Retained earning 3000
Dividend 3000
2. (LO 3) At Shields Pharmaceuticals, the following errors were discovered after the transactions had been journalized and pos
a. A cash sale to a customer for €780 was recorded as a debit to Cash €780 and a credit to Accounts Receivable €780.
b. The purchase of equipment on account for €1,730 was recorded as a debit to Equipment €1,370 and a credit to Accounts Pa
Account receivable 780
Service revenue 780
Equipment 360
Account payable 360
1. (LO 2) Hercules Company ended its fiscal year on August 31, 2020. The company’s adjusted trial balance as of the end of its
Hercules Company
Adjusted Trial Balance a. Prepare the closing entries using pag
31-Aug-20 c. Prepare a post-closing trial balance a
No. Account Titles Debit Credit
101 Cash 10900 31-Aug Service Revenue
112 Accounts Receivable 6200 Rent Revenue
157 Equipment 10600 Income summary
167 Accumulated Depr.—Equip. 5400 31-Aug Income summary
201 Accounts Payable 2800 Depreciation Expense
208 Unearned Rent Revenue 1200 Salaries and Wages Expen
311 Share Capital—Ordinary 3000 Utilities Expense
320 Retained Earnings 28700 31-Aug Retained Earnings
332 Dividends 12000 Income summary
404 Service Revenue 42400 31-Aug Retained Earnings
429 Rent Revenue 6100 Dividend
711 Depreciation Expense 2700
720 Salaries and Wages Expense 37100 Hercules Compa
732 Utilities Expense 10100 Post-Closing Trial B
89600 89600 31-Aug-20
Cash
Accounts Receivable
Equipment
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipmen
Accounts Payable
Unearned Rent Revenue
Share Capital—Ordinary
Retained Earnings
a. Prepare an income statement and a retained earnings statement for the year ended August 31, 2020.
b. Prepare a classifi ed statement of fi nancial position at August 31, 2020.
Hercules Company Hercules Company
Income Statement Retained Earnings Stateme
For the Year Ended August 31, 2020 For the Year Ended August 31
Revenues Retained earnings, September 1, 2019
Service revenue € 42,400 Less: Net loss
Rent revenue 6,100 Dividends
Total revenues € 48,500 Retained earnings, August 31, 2020
Expenses
Salaries and wages expense 37,100
Utilities expense 10,100
Depreciation expense 2,700 From Adjusted trial balance => Income
Total expenses 49,900
Net loss (€ 1,400)
Hercules Company
Statement of Financial Position
31-Aug-20
Assets
Property, plant, and equipment
Equipment € 10,600
Less: Accumulated depreciation—equipment 5,400 € 5,200
Current assets
Accounts receivable 6,200
Cash 10,900 17,100
Total assets € 22,300
Equity and Liabilities
Equity
Share capital—ordinary € 3,000
Retained earnings 15,300 € 18,300
Current liabilities
Accounts payable 2,800
Unearned rent revenue 1,200 4,000
Total equity and liabilities € 22,300
Pampered Pet Service

Statement of Financial Position
31-Aug-20
(NT$ in thousands)
Assets
Property, plant, and equipment
Equipment 60,000
Less: Accumulated depreciation—equipment 900 59,100
Current assets
Prepaid insurance 2,200
Supplies 1,000
Accounts receivable 2,800
Cash 5,400 11,400
Total assets 70,500
Equity
Share capital—ordinary 30,000
Retained earnings (2,400) 27,600 Loss of NT$1,400 + dividend
Non-current liabilities
Notes payable 35,000
Current liabilities
Notes payable 5,000
Accounts payable 2,400
Interest payable 500 7,900
Total equity and liabilities 70,500
e transactions, (3) post to ledger accounts, (4) prepare a trial balance, (5) journalize and post adjusting entries,
sing entries, and (9) prepare a post-closing trial balance.
d Earnings ¥40,000, Dividends ¥3,000, Service Revenue ¥65,000

closing entries at December 31.
had been journalized and posted. Prepare the correcting entries.

nts Receivable €780.
70 and a credit to Accounts Payable €1,370.
al balance as of the end of its fiscal year is shown as follows
e the closing entries using page J15 in a general journal

e a post-closing trial balance at August 31, 2020.
Service Revenue 42400

Rent Revenue 6100
Depreciation Expense 2700
Salaries and Wages Expense 37100
Utilities Expense 10100
Retained Earnings 1400 (49900-48500) = loss
Income summary 1400
Retained Earnings 12000
Dividend 12000
Hercules Company
Post-Closing Trial Balance
31-Aug-20
Debit Credit
10900
6200
10600
ted Depreciation—Equipment 5400
2800
Rent Revenue 1200
pital—Ordinary 3000
15300 (28700-1400-1200)
27700 27700
Hercules Company
Retained Earnings Statement
or the Year Ended August 31, 2020
earnings, September 1, 2019 € 28,700
€ 1,400
12,000 13,400
earnings, August 31, 2020 € 15,300
usted trial balance => Income statement => Retained earning statement => Statement of financial position
Pampered Pet Service
Worksheet for the Month Ended August 31, 2020
Trial balance Adjustments Adjusted Trial Income
Balance Statement
Account Titles Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr.
Cash 5,400 5,400
Accounts Receivable 2,800 2,800
Supplies 1,300 300 1,000
Prepaid Insurance 2,400 200 2,200
Equipment 60,000 60,000
Notes Payable 40,000 40000
Accounts Payable 2,400 2400
Share Capital—Ordinary 30,000 30000
Dividends 1,000 1,000
Service Revenue 4,900 4900
Salaries and Wages Expense 3,200 3,200 3,200
Utilities Expense 800 800 800
Advertising Expense 400 400 400
Totals 77,300 77,300
Insurance Expense 200 200 200

Supplies Expense 300 300 300
Depreciation Expense 900 900 900
Accumulated Depreciation - E 900 900
Interest Expense 500 500 500
Interest Payable 500 500
Totals 1900 1900 78,700 78,700 6,300
Net loss
Loss of NT$1,400 + dividends of NT$1,000 = -2,400
Income Statement of
Statement Financial Position
Cr. Dr. Cr.
5,400
2,800
1,000
2,200
60,000
40000 35,000 of the notes payable are long-term.
2400
30000
1,000
4900
900
500
4,900 72,400 73,800
1,400 1,400
1 Describe merchandising operations and inventory systems.
Because of inventory, a merchandising company has sales revenue, cost of goods sold, and gross profit. To account for invento
2 Record purchases under a perpetual inventory system.

The company debits the Inventory account for all purchases of merchandise and freight-in, and credits it for purchase discou
3 Record sales under a perpetual inventory system.

When a merchandising company sells inventory, it debits Accounts Receivable (or Cash) and credits Sales Revenue for the se
At the same time, it debits Cost of Goods Sold and credits Inventory for the cost of the inventory items sold.
Sales Returns & Allowances and Sales Discounts are debited and are contra revenue accounts.
5 Prepare financial statements for a merchandising company.

The income statement has the following components: sales, COGS, gross profit, operating expenses, other income & expens
A comprehensive income statement adds or subtracts any items of other comprehensive income to net income to arrive at ot
a. Cost of goods available for sa

Ending inventory = £270,000
b. Purchases = £125,000 – £50,0
Cost of goods sold = £125,00
c. Beginning inventory = £330,0
Cost of goods sold = £330,00
2. (LO 2) Prepare the journal entries to record the following transactions on Kowloon Group’s books using a perpetual invento
a. On March 2, Totoro Equipment sold W800,000 of merchandise to Kowloon, terms 2/10, n/30.
b. On March 6, Kowloon returned W100,000 of the merchandise purchased on March 2.
c. On March 12, Kowloon paid the balance due to Totoro.
2-Mar Inventory 800000
Account payable 800000
6-Mar Account payable 100000
Inventory 100000
12-Mar Account payable 700000
Cash 686000
Inventory 14000 (700,000 × 2%)
3. (LO 4) Cabrera Enterprise has the following account balances:

Sales Revenue €300,000, Sales Returns and Allowances €10,000, Cost of Goods Sold €174,000, and Inventory €50,000.
Prepare the entries to record the closing of these items to Income Summary
Sale revenue 300000
Sale return & allowance 10000
COGS 174000
4. (LO 5) Assume Yoan Company has the following reported amounts: Sales revenue $400,000, Sales discounts $10,000, Cost o
Compute the following: (a) net sales, (b) gross profit, (c) income from operations, and (d) gross profit rate. (Round to one decim
Net sale 390000 $400,000 – $10,000 Sale revenue - Sale disocunt
Gross profit 156000 $390,000 – $234,000 Sale revenue - Sale disocunt - COGS
Income from operations 96000 $156,000 – $60,000 Sale revenue - Sale disocunt - COGS - Op
Gross profit rate 40% $156,000 ÷ $390,000 Gross profit/Net sale
1. (LO 2, 3) On June 10, Vareen Electronics purchased £8,000 of merchandise on account from Harrah Circuits, FOB shipping po
Vareen pays the freight costs of £400 on June 11. Damaged goods totaling £300 are returned to Harrah for credit on June 12.
Both companies use a perpetual inventory system.
a. Prepare separate entries for each transaction on the books of Vareen Electronics.
b. Prepare separate entries for each transaction for Harrah Circuits. The merchandise purchased by Vareen on June 10 had cos
buyer Vareen Electronics Harrah Circuits
10-Jun Inventory 8000 10-Jun Account receivable
Account payable 8000 Sale revenue
COGS
Inventory
11-Jun Inventory 400
Cash 400
12-Jun Account payable 300 12-Jun Sale return & allowance
Inventory 300 Account receivable
Inventory
COGS
19-Jun Account payable 7700 19-Jun Cash
Cash 7469 Sale discount
Inventory 231 (7700*3%) Account receivable
2. (LO 5) In its income statement for the year ended December 31, 2020, Sun Ltd. reported the following condensed data.
Interest expense 70,000 Net sales 2,200,000
Operating expenses 725,000 Interest revenue 25,000
Cost of goods sold 1,300,000 Loss on disposal of plant assets 17,000
Sun Ltd.
Income Statement
Net sale 2,200,000
Less: COGS 1,300,000
Gross profit 900,000
Operating expense 725,000
Income from operation 175,000
Other income & expense
Interest revenue 25,000
Loss on disposal of plant asset 17,000 8,000
Interest expense 70,000
Net income 113,000
(LO 5) The adjusted trial balance columns of Falcetto SpA’s worksheet for the year ended December 31, 2020, are as follows. (
Debit Credit
Cash 14,500 Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment 18,000
Accounts Receivable 11,100 Notes Payable 25,000
Inventory 29,000 Accounts Payable 10,600
Prepaid Insurance 2,500 Share Capital—Ordinary 70,000
Equipment 95,000 Retained Earnings 11,000
Dividends 12,000 Sales Revenue 536,800
Sales Returns and Allowances 6,700 Interest Revenue 2,500
Sales Discounts 5,000 673,900
Cost of Goods Sold 363,400
Freight-Out 7,600
Advertising Expense 12,000
Salaries and Wages Expense 56,000
Utilities Expense 18,000
Rent Expense 24,000
Depreciation Expense 9,000
Insurance Expense 4,500
Interest Expense 3,600
673,900
s profit. To account for inventory, a merchandising company must choose between a perpetual and a periodic inventory system.
credits it for purchase discounts and purchase returns and allowances.
edits Sales Revenue for the selling price of the merchandise.

ry items sold.
nses, other income & expense, and interest expense.

e to net income to arrive at other comprehensive income
Cost of goods available for sale = £120,000 + £150,000 = £270,000

Ending inventory = £270,000 – £160,000 = £110,000
Purchases = £125,000 – £50,000 = £75,000
Cost of goods sold = £125,000 – £45,000 = £80,000
Beginning inventory = £330,000 – £220,000 = £110,000
Cost of goods sold = £330,000 – £61,000 = £269,000
ooks using a perpetual inventory system (amounts in thousands).
nd Inventory €50,000.
ales discounts $10,000, Cost of goods sold $234,000, and Operating expenses $60,000.
profit rate. (Round to one decimal place.)
nue - Sale disocunt
nue - Sale disocunt - COGS
nue - Sale disocunt - COGS - Operating expenses
arrah Circuits, FOB shipping point, terms 3/10, n/30.

Harrah for credit on June 12. The fair value of these goods is £70. On June 19, Vareen pays Harrah in full, less the purchase discount.
by Vareen on June 10 had cost Harrah £4,800.

Harrah Circuits seller
Sale revenue 8000
4800
Inventory 4800
Sale return & allowance 300

70
70
7469
Sale discount 231
ollowing condensed data.
mber 31, 2020, are as follows. (All amounts are in euros.)
Falcetto SpA
Income Statement
Sales:
Sale revenue 536,800
Less: Sale return & allowance 6,700
Sale discount 5,000 11,700
Net sale 525,100
COGS 363,400
Gross profit 161,700
Operating expenses
Freight-Out 7,600
Advertising Expense 12,000
Utilities Expense 18,000
Rent Expense 24,000
Insurance Expense 4,500 131,100
Income from operations 30,600
Other income and expense
Interest expense 3,600
Net income 29,500
ic inventory system.
ss the purchase discount.
2 Apply inventory cost flow methods and discuss their financial ef ects.
When prices are rising, the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method results in lower cost of goods sold and higher net income than ave
In the statement of financial position, FIFO results in an ending inventory that is closer to current value. Inventory under avera
Average-cost results in lower income taxes.
5 Apply the inventory cost flow methods to perpetual inventory records.

Under FIFO and a perpetual inventory system, companies charge to cost of goods sold the cost of the earliest goods on hand p
Under the moving-average (average-cost) method and a perpetual system, companies compute a new average cost after eac
13. (LO 5) Songbird Records has sales of £150,000 and cost of goods available for sale of £135,000. If the gross profit rate is 30
COGS = Sales (£150,000) – Gross profit (£150,000 × 30%) = £105,000.
Ending inventory = Cost of goods available for sale (£135,000) – COGS (£105,000) = £30,000
14. (LO 6) In a perpetual inventory system:

FIFO cost of goods sold is the same under both a periodic and a perpetual inventory system
a new average is computed under the average-cost method after each purchase, not sale.
1. (LO 2) In its first month of operations, Moncada Stores made three purchases of merchandise in the following sequence: (1)
Assuming there are 220 units on hand, compute the cost of the ending inventory under the (a) FIFO method and (b) average-c
a. The ending inventory under FIFO consists of (150 units at £9) + (70 units at £8) for a total allocation of £1,910 (£1,350 + £56
b. The average cost of a unit in ending inventory is £7.92 (£5,150 ÷ 650)
Ending inventory is therefore £1,742.40 (220 × £7.92)
2. (LO 3) Avisail Leisure reports net income of €80,000 in 2020. However, ending inventory was overstated €9,000. What is the
What effect, if any, will this error have on total assets as reported in the statement of financial position at December 31, 2020
The overstatement of ending inventory caused cost of goods sold to be understated €9,000 and net income to be overstated €
Total assets in the statement of fi nancial position will be overstated by the amount that ending inventory is overstated, €9,00
3. (LO 4) At December 31, 2020, the following information was available for Seng Holdings (all amounts in thousands): ending
Calculate inventory turnover and days in inventory for Seng Holdings
Inventory turnover: ¥240,000 = 6.67
(¥30,000 + ¥42,000)/2
Days in inventory: 365 = 54.7 days
6.67
1.(LO 1) Mika Sorbino, an auditor with Martinez Chartered Accountants, is performing a review of Sergei Group’s inventory ac
According to its records, the inventory balance at year-end was €650,000. However, the following information was not consid
1. Included in the company’s count were goods with a cost of €200,000 that the company is holding on consignmen
2. The physical count did not include goods purchased by Sergei with a cost of €40,000 that were shipped FOB ship
3. Included in the inventory account was €15,000 of office supplies that were stored in the warehouse and were to
4. The company received an order on December 28 that was boxed and was sitting on the loading dock awaiting pic
The shipping terms were FOB shipping point. The goods had a selling price of €40,000 and a cost of €30,000. The
5. On December 29, Sergei shipped goods with a selling price of €80,000 and a cost of €60,000 to Oman Sales FOB
Oman Sales had only ordered goods with a selling price of €10,000 and a cost of €8,000. However, a Sergei’s sale
6. Included in the count was €30,000 of goods that were parts for a machine that the company no longer made. Giv
However, management would prefer to keep them on the books at cost, “since that is what we paid for them, aft
Instructions: Prepare a schedule to determine the correct inventory amount. Provide explanations for each item above, saying
Ending inventory—as reported
1. Subtract from inventory: The goods belong to Bosnia Enterprises. Sergei is merely holding them as a consignee.
2. Add to inventory: The goods belong to Sergei when they were shipped.
3. Subtract from inventory: Office supplies are not considered inventory held for resale.
4. Add to inventory: The goods belong to Sergei until they are shipped (Jan. 1)
5. Add to inventory: Oman Sales ordered goods with a cost of €8,000. Sergei should record the corresponding sales
Sergei’s decision to ship extra “unordered” goods does not constitute a sale.
The manager’s statement that Oman could ship the goods back indicates that Sergei knows this overshipment is no
The manager acted unethically in an attempt to improve Sergei’s reported income by overshipping.
6. Subtract from inventory: IFRS requires that inventory be valued at the lower-of-cost-or-net realizable value.
Obsolete parts should be adjusted from cost to zero if they have no other use.
Correct inventory
nd higher net income than average-cost. The reverse is true when prices are falling.
t value. Inventory under average-cost is further from current value
of the earliest goods on hand prior to each sale. same as in a periodic system
e a new average cost after each purchase. the moving-average method produces different costs
00. If the gross profit rate is 30%, the estimated cost of the ending inventory under the gross profit method:
in the following sequence: (1) 200 units at £7, (2) 300 units at £8, and (3) 150 units at £9.
IFO method and (b) average-cost method. Moncada uses a periodic inventory system
cation of £1,910 (£1,350 + £560).
overstated €9,000. What is the correct net income for 2020?

osition at December 31, 2020?
net income to be overstated €9,000. The correct net income for 2020 is €71,000 (€80,000 − €9,000).
inventory is overstated, €9,000.
mounts in thousands): ending inventory ¥30,000, beginning inventory ¥42,000, cost of goods sold ¥240,000, and sales revenue ¥400,000.
of Sergei Group’s inventory account. Sergei’s did not have a good year and top management is under pressure to boost reported income.
ng information was not considered when determining that amount.
pany is holding on consignment. The goods belong to Bosnia Enterprises.
00 that were shipped FOB shipping point on December 28 and did not arrive at Sergei’s warehouse until January 3.
n the warehouse and were to be used by the company’s supervisors and managers during the coming year
n the loading dock awaiting pick-up on December 31. The shipper picked up the goods on January 1 and delivered them on January 6.
000 and a cost of €30,000. The goods were not included in the count because they were sitting on the dock.
f €60,000 to Oman Sales FOB shipping point. The goods arrived on January 3.
8,000. However, a Sergei’s sales manager had authorized the shipment and said that if Oman wanted to ship the goods back next week, it
company no longer made. Given the high-tech nature of Sergei’s products, it was unlikely that these obsolete parts had any other use.
at is what we paid for them, after all.”
ns for each item above, saying why you did or did not make an adjustment for each item.
650,000
holding them as a consignee. (200,000)
40,000
(15,000)
30,000
ecord the corresponding sales revenue of €10,000. 52,000 60-8
knows this overshipment is not a legitimate sale.

overshipping.
st-or-net realizable value. (30,000)
527,000
and sales revenue ¥400,000.
re to boost reported income.
ivered them on January 6.
the goods back next week, it could.

te parts had any other use.
DO IT! 2b Petty Cash Fund
Bateer Company established a $50 petty cash fund on July 1. On July 30, the fund had $12 cash remaining and petty cash rece
1-Jul Petty Cash 50
Cash 50
30-Jul Postage Expense 14
Supplies 10
Delivery Expense 15
Cash Over and Short 1
Cash ($50 − $12) 38
1 Define fraud and the principles of internal control.

A fraud is a dishonest act by an employee that results in personal benefit to the employee at a cost to the employer.
Three factors that contribute to fraudulent activity by employees: opportunity, financial pressure, and rationalization.
The principles of internal control are establishment of responsibility, segregation of duties, documentation procedures, physic
1. (LO 2) On May 31, Tyler Lighting’s petty cash fund of £200 is replenished when the fund contains £7 in cash and receipts for
20-Mar Postage Expense 105
Freight-Out 49
Miscellaneous Expense 40
Cash 193
Cash Over and Short 1
2. (LO 3) At August 31, Saladino Coff ee has the following bank information: cash balance per bank 5,200, outstanding checks 1
Cash balance per bank 5,200
Add: Deposits in transit 1,211
Less: Outstanding checks 1,462
Adjusted cash balance per bank 4,949
3. (LO 4) Zian Athletics has the following cash balances: Cash in Bank ¥18,762, Payroll Bank Account ¥8,000, Petty Cash ¥150, a
Zian should report Cash in Bank, Payroll Bank Account, and Petty Cash as current assets (usually combined as one C
Plant Expansion Fund Cash should be reported as a non-current asset, assuming the fund is not expected to be used
2. (LO 3) The information below relates to the Cash account in the ledger of Ong Trading (amounts in thousands).
Balance June 1—¥9,947; Cash deposited—¥37,120. Balance June 30—¥10,094; Checks written—¥36,973.
The June bank statement shows a balance of ¥9,525 on June 30 and the following memoranda.
Credits Debits
Collection of electronic funds transfer ¥884 NSF check: R. Doll ¥245
Interest earned on checking accounts ¥26 Safety deposit box rent ¥35
At June 30, deposits in transit were ¥2,581, and outstanding checks totaled ¥1,382.
a. Prepare the bank reconciliation at June 30.
b. Prepare the adjusting entries at June 30, assuming the NSF check was from a customer on account.
a. Ong Trading b. 30-Jun

Bank Reconciliation
30-Jun 30-Jun
Cash balance per bank statement 9,525
Add: Deposits in transit 2,581 30-Jun
12,106
Less: Outstanding checks 1,382 30-Jun
Adjusted cash balance per bank 10,724
Cash balance per books 10,094

Add: Electronic funds transfer received 884
Interest earned 26 910
11,004
Less: NSF check 245
Safety deposit box rent 35 280
10,724
remaining and petty cash receipts for postage $14, offi ce supplies $10, and delivery expense $15.
ost to the employer.

e, and rationalization.
mentation procedures, physical controls, independent internal verification, and human resource controls
ins £7 in cash and receipts for postage £105, freight-out £49, and miscellaneous expense £40.
nk 5,200, outstanding checks 1,462, deposits in transit 1,211, and a bank debit memo 110.
unt ¥8,000, Petty Cash ¥150, and Plant Expansion Fund Cash ¥30,000 to be used 2 years from now (amounts in thousands).
ts (usually combined as one Cash amount).
und is not expected to be used during the next year.
nts in thousands).
Cash 884
Accounts Receivable 884
Cash 26
Interest Revenue 26
Bank Charge Expense 35
Cash 35
Accounts Receivable (R. Doll) 245 an NSF check becomes an accounts receivable to the deposito
Cash 245
s in thousands).
unts receivable to the depositor.
DO IT! 1 Recognizing Accounts Receivable
On May 1, Wilton sold merchandise on account to Bates for £50,000, terms 3/15, net 45. On May 4, Bates returns merchandis
1-May Accounts Receivable 50,000
Sales Revenue 50,000
4-May Sales Returns and Allowances 2,000
Accounts Receivable 2,000
16-May Cash (£48,000 − £1,440) 46,560
Sales Discounts (£48,000 × .03) 1,440
DO IT! 2a Bad Debt Expense

Brule Group has been in business for 5 years. The unadjusted trial balance at the end of the current year shows Accounts Rece
Brule estimates bad debts to be 10% of accounts receivable.
Bad Debt Expense [(10% × $30,000) + $2,000] 5,000
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 5,000
DO IT! 2b Factoring
Kell Wholesalers needs to raise €120,000 in cash to safely cover next Friday’s employee payroll. Kell has reached its debt ceilin
Kell’s present balance of outstanding receivables totals €750,000. Kell decides to factor €125,000 of its receivables on Septem
Assuming that Kell factors €125,000 of its accounts receivable at a 1% service charge
7-Sep Cash 123,750
Service Charge Expense (1% × €125,000) 1,250
1 Explain how companies recognize accounts receivable.

Companies record accounts receivable when they perform a service on account or at the point of sale of merchandise on acco
Accounts receivable are reduced by sales returns and allowances.
Cash discounts reduce the amount received on accounts receivable.
When interest is charged on a past due receivable, the company adds this interest to the accounts receivable balance and reco
2 Describe how companies value accounts receivable and record their disposition.
There are two methods of accounting for uncollectible accounts: the allowance method and the direct write-off method
Companies use the percentage-of-receivables basis to estimate uncollectible accounts using the allowance method
When a company collects an account receivable, it credits Accounts Receivable
When a company sells (factors) an account receivable, a service charge expense reduces the amount received.
3 Explain how companies recognize, value, and dispose of notes receivable.

The formula for computing interest is Face value × Interest rate × Time.
Companies record notes receivable at face value
In some cases, it is necessary to accrue interest prior to maturity. In this case, companies debit Interest Receivable and credit
4 Describe the statement presentation and analysis of receivables.

Managers and investors evaluate accounts receivable for liquidity by computing a turnover ratio and an average collection per
1. (LO 1) Record the following transactions on the books of Gwok Toys (amounts in thousands).
a. On August 1, Gwok sold merchandise on account to Miguel Imports for NT$15,500, terms 1/10, n/30.
b. On August 8, Miguel returned merchandise worth NT$3,100 to Gwok.
c. On August 11, Miguel paid for the merchandise.
a. Accounts Receivable 15,500
b. Sales Returns and Allowances 3,100
c. Cash (NT$12,400 − NT$124) 12,276
Sales Discounts (NT$12,400 × 1%) 124
Accounts Receivable (NT$15,500 − NT$3,100) 12,400
2. (LO 2) Sanchez Vineyards uses the percentage-of-receivables basis in 2020 to record bad debt expense. It estimates that 3%
Sales revenues are €900,000 for 2020, and sales returns and allowances are €50,000. At December 31, 2020, the balance in ac
Prepare the adjusting entry to record bad debt expense in 2020.
Bad Debt Expense [(€139,000 × 3%) − €3,000] 1,170
3. (LO 3) On January 20, 2020, Carlos Co. sold merchandise on account to Carson Co. for $20,000, n/30.
On February 19, Carson Co. gave Carlos Co. an 8% promissory note in settlement of this account.
Jan. 20 Accounts Receivable 20,000
Feb. 19 Notes Receivable 20,000
1. (LO 2) The ledger of Nuro Metalworks at the end of the current year shows Accounts Receivable £180,000, Sales Revenue £
Instructions
a. If Nuro uses the direct write-off method to account for uncollectible accounts, journalize the adjusting entry at December 3
b. If Allowance for Doubtful Accounts has a credit balance of £4,300 in the trial balance, journalize the adjusting entry at Dece
c. If Allowance for Doubtful Accounts has a debit balance of £410 in the trial balance, journalize the adjusting entry at Decemb
a. Dec. 31 Bad Debt Expense 2,900
b. Dec. 31 Bad Debt Expense 13,700 (£180,000 × 10%) − £4,300
c. Dec. 31 Bad Debt Expense 11,210 (£180,000 × 6%) + £410
2. (LO 3) Sargeant Supply has the following transactions related to notes receivable during the last 2 months of 2020.
Nov. 1 Loaned CHF20,000 cash to Mary Hawkins on a 1-year, 12% note.
Dec. 11 Sold goods to Eminem, Inc., receiving a CHF9,000, 90-day, 8% note
16 Received a CHF8,000, 6-month, 9% note in exchange for Rick DeLong’s outstanding accounts receivable.
31 Accrued interest revenue on all notes receivable. Calculation of interest revenue:
a. Journalize the transactions for Sargeant Supply Hawkins’ note:
Nov. 1 Notes Receivable 20,000 Eminem’s note:
Cash 20,000 DeLong’s note:
Dec. 11 Notes Receivable 9,000 Total accrued interest
Sales Revenue 9,000
16 Notes Receivable 8,000
31 Interest Receivable 470
Interest Revenue 470
b. Record the collection of the Hawkins note at its maturity in 2021.
Nov. 1 Cash 22,400
Interest Receivable 400
Interest Revenue 2,000 20,000 × 12% × 10/12
Notes Receivable 20,000
(LO 1, 2, 3) The following selected transactions relate to Dylan Confectioners (amounts in thousands).
Mar. 1 Sold W20,000 of merchandise to Hé Ltd., terms 2/10, n/30.
11 Received payment in full from Hé for balance due on existing accounts receivable.
12 Accepted Juno Company’s W20,000, 6-month, 12% note for balance due.
13 Made Dylan credit card sales for W13,200.
15 Made Visa credit card sales totaling W6,700. A 3% service fee is charged by Visa
Apr. 11 Sold accounts receivable of W8,000 to Harcot Factor. Harcot assesses a service charge of 2% of the amount of recei
13 Received collections of W8,200 on Dylan credit card sales and added finance charges of 1.5% to the remaining bala
May. 10 Wrote off as uncollectible W16,000 of accounts receivable. Dylan uses the percentage-of-receivables basis to estim
June. 30 Accounts receivable total W2,000,000. The bad debt percentage is 1% of accounts receivable. At June 30, the balan
July. 16 One of the accounts receivable written off in May was from Juli Chan, who pays the amount due, W4,000, in full.
Instructions Prepare the journal entries for the transactions. (Ignore entries for cost of goods sold.)
Mar. 1 Accounts Receivable 20,000
11 Cash 19,600
Sales Discounts 400 (2% × W20,000)
12 Notes Receivable 20,000
13 Accounts Receivable 13,200
15 Cash 6,499
Service Charge Expense 201 (3% × W6,700)
Sales Revenue 6,700
Apr. 11 Cash 7,840
Service Charge Expense 160 (2% × W8,000)
13 Cash 8,200
Accounts Receivable 75 (W13,200 − W8,200) × 1.5%
Interest Revenue 75
May. 10 Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 16,000
June. 30 Bad Debt Expense 16,500 (W2,000,000 × 1%) − W3,500
July. 16 Accounts Receivable 4,000
Cash 4,000
y 4, Bates returns merchandise with a sales price of £2,000. On May 16, Wilton receives payment from Bates for the balance due.
ent year shows Accounts Receivable $30,000, Sales Revenue $180,000, and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts with a debit balance of $2,00
Kell has reached its debt ceiling.

0 of its receivables on September 7, 2020, to alleviate this cash crunch.
of sale of merchandise on account
nts receivable balance and recognizes it as interest revenue.
e direct write-off method

e allowance method
ount received.
nterest Receivable and credit Interest Revenue.
and an average collection period.

expense. It estimates that 3% of accounts receivable will become uncollectible.
ber 31, 2020, the balance in accounts receivable is €139,000, and the allowance for doubtful accounts has a credit balance of €3,000.
ble £180,000, Sales Revenue £1,800,000, and Sales Returns and Allowances £60,000.
adjusting entry at December 31, assuming Nuro determines that £2,900 of the accounts receivable is uncollectible.
ze the adjusting entry at December 31, assuming bad debts are expected to be 10% of accounts receivable.
the adjusting entry at December 31, assuming bad debts are expected to be 6% of accounts receivable.
(£180,000 × 10%) − £4,300
(£180,000 × 6%) + £410
st 2 months of 2020.
ccounts receivable.
n of interest revenue:
20,000 × 12% × 2/12 = 400
9,000 × 8% × 20/360 = 40
8,000 × 9% × 15/360 = 30
Total accrued interest 470
e of 2% of the amount of receivables sold.
of 1.5% to the remaining balances.
e-of-receivables basis to estimate bad debts.
ceivable. At June 30, the balance in the allowance account is a credit balance of W3,500 before adjustment.
mount due, W4,000, in full.
s for the balance due.
s with a debit balance of $2,000.

credit balance of €3,000.
DO IT! 2b Revised Depreciation
Chambers Landscaping purchased a piece of equipment for £36,000. It estimated a 6-year life and £6,000 residual value. Thus
At the end of year three (before the depreciation adjustment), it estimated the new total life to be 10 years and the new resid
Original depreciation expense = [(£36,000 − £6,000) ÷ 6] = £5,000 Book value after 2 years of depreciati
Accumulated depreciation after 2 years = 2 × £5,000 = £10,000 Less: New residual value
Book value = £36,000 − £10,000 = £26,000 Depreciable cost
Remaining useful life (10 − 2)
Revised annual depreciation (£24,000
DO IT! 3 Plant Asset Disposal

Overland Trucking decided to sell an old truck that cost £30,000 and has accumulated depreciation of £16,000.
(a) What entry would Overland Trucking make to record the sale of the truck for £17,000 cash?
(b) What entry would Overland Trucking make to record the sale of the truck for £10,000 cash?
a. Sale of truck for cash at a gain:
Cash 17,000
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment 16,000
Equipment 30,000
Gain on Disposal of Plant Assets 3,000 £17,000 − (£30,000 − £16,000)
b. Sale of truck for cash at a loss:
Cash 10,000
Loss on Disposal of Plant Assets 4,000 £10,000 − (£30,000 − £16,000)
Equipment 30,000
Exchange of Plant Assets

Loss Treatment
Equipment (new) 43,000 Fair value of used trucks
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment (old) 22,000 Cash paid
Loss on Disposal of Plant Assets 16,000 Cost of semi-truck
Equipment (old) 64,000
Cash 17,000
Gain Treatment
Equipment (new) 22,000 Fair value of old delivery equipment
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment (old) 28,000 Cash paid
Gain on Disposal of Plant Assets 7,000 Cost of new delivery equipment
Equipment (old) 40,000
Cash 3,000
1. (LO 2) Fulmer Express acquires a delivery truck at a cost of NT$50,000. The truck is expected to have a residual value of NT$
Compute annual depreciation expense for the first and second years using (a) the straight-line method and (b) the double-dec
a. Depreciable cost is NT$45,000 (NT$50,000 − NT$5,000). With a 5-year useful life, annual depreciation is therefore N
Under the straight-line method, depreciation is the same each year. Thus, depreciation is NT$9,000 for both the fir
b. The declining balance rate is 40% (1/5 × 2), and this rate is applied to book value at the beginning of the year. The c
Book Value × Rate = Depreciation
Year 1 NT$50,000 40% $20,000
Year 2 30,000 40% 12,000
(NT$50,000 − NT$20,000)
2. (LO 3) Giolito Farming sells equipment on August 31, 2020, for €20,000 cash. The equipment originally cost €60,000 and as o
Prepare the journal entries to (a) update depreciation to August 31, 2020, and (b) record the sale of the equipment.
a. Depreciation Expense 6,000
b. Cash 20,000
Equipment 60,000
Gain on Disposal of Plant Assets 4,000
3. (LO 4) Snow Restaurants acquires a limited-life franchise for ¥200,000 on January 2, 2020 (amounts in thousands). Its estima
(a) Prepare the journal entry to record amortization expense for the fi rst year. (b) Show how this franchise is reported on the
a. Amortization Expense (¥200,000 ÷ 10) 20,000
Franchises 20,000
b. Intangible assets:
Franchises ¥180,000
1. (LO 2) Winston Printing purchased a new machine on October 1, 2020, at a cost of £120,000. The company estimated that t
The machine is expected to be used for 12,000 working hours during its 4-year life.
Instructions: Compute the depreciation expense under the following methods for the year indicated.
a. Straight-line for 2020. £120,000 – £12,000 = £27,000 per year
4
2020 depreciation = £27,000 × 3/12 = £6,750
b. Units-of-activity for 2020, assuming machine usage was 1,700 hours. £120,000 – £12,000 =
12,000
2020 depreciation = 1,700 hours × £9 = £15,300
c. Declining-balance method:
2020 depreciation = £120,000 × 50% × 3/12 = £15,000
Book value January 1, 2021 = £120,000 – £15,000 = £105,000
2021 depreciation = £105,000 × 50% = £52,500
2. (LO 4) Sun Moon Chemical, organized in 2020, has the following transactions related to intangible assets.
1/2/2020 Purchased patent (8-year life) 560,000
4/1/2020 Goodwill purchased (indefinite life) 360,000
7/1/2020 10-year franchise; expiration date 7/1/2030 440,000
9/1/2020 Research and development costs 185,000
Instructions: Prepare the necessary entries to record these intangibles. All costs incurred were for cash.
Make the adjusting entries as of December 31, 2020, recording any necessary amortization and refl ectin
Assume all development costs were incurred prior to technological feasibility.
1/2/2020 Patents 560,000
Cash 560,000
4/1/2020 Goodwill 360,000
Cash 360,000
7/1/2020 Franchises 440,000
Cash 440,000
9/1/2020 Research and Development Expense 185,000
Cash 185,000
12/31/2020 Amortization Expense 92,000 (NT$560,000 ÷ 8) + [(NT$440,000 ÷ 10
Patents 70,000
Franchises 22,000
1. (LO 2) DuPage Manufacturing purchases a factory machine at a cost of €18,000 on January 1, 2020. DuPage expects the ma
During its useful life, the machine is expected to be used 160,000 hours. Actual annual hourly use was 2020, 40,000; 2021, 60,
Instructions: Prepare depreciation schedules for the following methods: (a) straight-line, (b) units-of-activity, and (c) declining-
Straight-Line Method
a. Computation Annual End of Year
Depreciable Depreciation = Depreciation Accumulated
×
Year Cost Rate Expense Depreciation
2020 16,000 25% 4,000 4,000
2021 16,000 25% 4,000 8,000
2022 16,000 25% 4,000 12,000
2023 16,000 25% 4,000 16,000
(€18,000 − €2,000)
Units-of-Activity Method
b. Computation Annual End of Year
Units of Depreciable = Depreciation Accumulated
×
Year Activity Cost/Unit Expense Depreciation
2020 40,000 0.1 4,000 4,000
2021 60,000 0.1 6,000 10,000
2022 35,000 0.1 3,500 13,500
2023 25,000 0.1 2,500 16,000
(€18,000 − €2,000) ÷ 160,000
Declining-Balance Method
b. Computation
Book Value = Annual End of Year
Beginning of × Depreciation Depreciation Accumulated
Year Year Rate Expense Depreciation
2020 18,000 50% 9,000 9,000
2021 9,000 50% 4,500 13,500
2022 4,500 50% 2,250 15,750
2023 2,250 50% 250 16,000
¼×2
Adjusted to €250 because ending book value should not be less than expected residual value.
2. (LO 3) On January 1, 2020, Hong Kong International Airport Limousine purchased a limo at an acquisition cost of HK$280,00
The vehicle has been depreciated by the straight-line method using a 4-year service life and a HK$40,000 residual value. The c
Instructions: Prepare the journal entry or entries to record the disposal of the limousine assuming that it was:
a. Retired and scrapped on January 1, 2024.
1/1/2024 Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment 240,000
Loss on Disposal of Plant Assets 40,000
Equipment 280,000
b. Sold for HK$50,000 on July 1, 2023.

7/1/2023 Depreciation Expense 30,000 [(HK$280,000 − HK$40,000
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment 30,000 (To record depreciation to
Cash 50,000
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment 210,000 [(HK$280,000 − HK$40,000
Equipment 280,000
£6,000 residual value. Thus, straight-line depreciation was £5,000 per year [(£36,000 − £6,000) ÷ 6].
10 years and the new residual value to be £2,000.
e after 2 years of depreciation £26,000

residual value 2,000
£24,000
g useful life (10 − 2) 8 years
nnual depreciation (£24,000 ÷ 8) £ 3,000
of £16,000. Development costs incurred after technological feasibility has been achieved are capitalized to Development Costs
(£30,000 − £16,000)
(£30,000 − £16,000)
of used trucks € 26,000 Book value of used trucks € 42,000 (€64,000 − €22,000)
17,000 Less: Fair value of used trucks 26,000
€ 43,000 Loss on disposal of plant assets € 16,000
of old delivery equipment € 19,000 Fair value of old delivery equipment € 19,000
3,000 Less: Book value of old delivery equipment 12,000
w delivery equipment € 22,000 Gain on disposal of plant assets € 7,000
have a residual value of NT$5,000 at the end of its 5-year useful life.
hod and (b) the double-declining-balance method
l depreciation is therefore NT$9,000 (NT$45,000 ÷ 5)
is NT$9,000 for both the first and second years.
beginning of the year. The computations are:
ginally cost €60,000 and as of January 1, 2020, had accumulated depreciation of €38,000. Depreciation for the fi rst 8 months of 2020 is €6
f the equipment.
Cost of equipment € 60,000
Less: Accumulated depreciation 44,000 (€38,000 + €6,000)
Book value at date of disposal 16,000
Proceeds from sale 20,000
Gain on disposal € 4,000
nts in thousands). Its estimated useful life is 10 years.

ranchise is reported on the statement of financial position at the end of the fi rst year.
e company estimated that the machine will have a residual value of £12,000.
£9 per hour
1,700 hours × £9 = £15,300
were for cash.

y amortization and refl ecting all balances accurately as of that date.
00 ÷ 8) + [(NT$440,000 ÷ 10) × 1/2]
20. DuPage expects the machine to have a residual value of €2,000 at the end of its 4-year useful life.
was 2020, 40,000; 2021, 60,000; 2022, 35,000; and 2023, 25,000.
of-activity, and (c) declining-balance using double the straight-line rate.
End of Year
Accumulated Book
Depreciation Value
4,000 14,000 €18,000 − €4,000
8,000 10,000
12,000 6,000
16,000 2,000
End of Year
Accumulated Book
Depreciation Value
14,000
8,000
4,500
2,000
End of Year
Accumulated Book
Depreciation Value
9,000 9,000
13,500 4,500
15,750 2,250
16,000 2,000
quisition cost of HK$280,000.

40,000 residual value. The company’s fi scal year ends on December 31.
[(HK$280,000 − HK$40,000) ÷ 4] × ½.
(To record depreciation to date of disposal)
[(HK$280,000 − HK$40,000) ÷ 4] × 3 = HK$180,000 HK$180,000 + HK$30,000

ized to Development Costs, which is considered an intangible asset.
(€64,000 − €22,000)
fi rst 8 months of 2020 is €6,000.
DO IT! 1 Current Liabilities
You and several classmates are studying for the next accounting examination. They ask you to answer the following questions
1. If cash is borrowed on a HK$50,000, 6-month, 12% note on September 1, how much interest expense would be incurred by
HK$50,000 × 12% × 4/12 = HK$2,000
2. How is the sales tax amount determined when the cash register total includes sales taxes?
First, divide the total cash register receipts by 100% plus the sales tax percentage to find the sales revenue amount
Second, subtract the sales revenue amount from the total cash register receipts to determine the sales taxes.
3. If HK$15,000 is collected in advance on November 1 for 3 months’ rent, what amount of rent revenue is recognized by Dece
HK$15,000 × 2/3 = HK$10,000
4. Gross earnings for the month by employees is HK$80,000. All earnings are subject to an 8% Social Security tax and income t
HK$80,000 – (8% × HK$80,000) – HK$15,600 = HK$58,000
5. (LO 1) Becky Sherrick Company has total proceeds from sales of $4,515. If the proceeds include sales taxes of 5%, the amou
Dividing the total proceeds ($4,515) by one plus the sales tax rate (1.05) will result in the amount of sales to be credited to the
6. (LO 1) Sensible Insurance Company collected a premium of $18,000 for a 1-year insurance policy on April 1. What amount s
The monthly premium is $1,500 or $18,000 divided by 12. Because Sensible has recognized 9 months of insurancerevenue (Ap
The amount that should report as Unearned Service Revenue is therefore $4,500 (3 months × $1,500)
1. (LO 1) Pond Discounts does not segregate sales and value-added taxes at the time of sale. The register total for March 16 is
Compute value-added taxes payable, and make the entry to record the company’s sale for March 16.
Value-added taxes payable:
Sales = ¥18,800 = (¥19,928 ÷ 1.06)
Value-added taxes payable = ¥1,128 = (¥18,800 × 6%)
Mar. 16 Cash 19,928
Value-Added Taxes Payable 1,128
2. (LO 1) Ben Borke’s regular hourly wage rate is $20, and he receives an hourly rate of $30 for work in excess of 40 hours. Dur
Ben’s income tax withholding is $123, he has no voluntary deductions, and the Social Security tax rate is 7.65%. Compute Ben’
Gross earnings:
Regular pay (40 × $20) $800.00
Overtime pay (6 × $30) 180 $980.00
Less: Social Security taxes payable ($980 × 7.65%) $74.97

Income taxes payable 123 197.97
Net pay $782.03
3. (LO 2) On October 1, Oswald Electronics introduces a new product that includes a one-year warranty on parts. By year-end,
Management believes that 6% of the units will be defective and that the average warranty costs will be €120 per unit. Prepare
No warranties have been honored as of December 31.
Dec. 31 Warranty Expense 21,600
Warranty Liability 21,600 (3,000 × 6%) × €120
1. (LO 1) On June 1, Song Group borrows ¥150,000 from First Bank on a 6-month, ¥150,000, 8% note (amounts in thousands).
a. Prepare the entry on June 1
1-Jun Cash 150,000
30-Jun Interest Expense 1,000
Interest Payable 1,000 (¥150,000 × 8% × 1/12)
1-Dec Notes Payable 150,000
Interest Payable 6,000 (¥150,000 × 8% × 6/12)
Cash 156,000
2. (LO 1) During the month of September, Lake Corporation’s employees earned wages of $60,000. Withholdings related to th
Prepare the September 30 journal entries for (a) salaries and wages expense and salaries and wages payable, (b) payment of s
a. Sept. 30Salaries and Wages Expense 60,000
Social Security Taxes Payable 4,590
Income Taxes Payable 6,500
Union Dues Payable 2,000
Salaries and Wages Payable 46,910
b. Sept. 30Salaries and Wages Payable 46,910
Cash 46,910
c. Sept. 30 Payroll Tax Expense 4,590
(LO 1, 2) Boha Group had the following selected transactions (amounts in thousands).
Feb. 1 Signs a ¥50,000, 6-month, 9%-interest-bearing note payable to CitiBank and receives ¥50,000 in cash.
10 Cash register sales total ¥43,200, which includes an 8% value-added tax.
28 The payroll for the month consists of salaries and wages of ¥50,000. All wages are subject to 8% Social Se
28 The company develops the following adjustment data
1. Interest expense of ¥375 has been incurred on the note.
2. Employer payroll taxes include 8% Social Security taxes.
3. Some sales were made under warranty. Of the units sold under warranty, 350 are expected to become
Instructions
a. Journalize the February transactions
Feb. 1 Cash 50,000
10 Cash 43,200
Sales Revenue 40,000 (¥43,200 ÷ 1.08)
Value-Added Taxes Payable 3,200 (¥40,000 × 8%)
28 Salaries and Wages Expense 50,000
Social Security Taxes Payable 4,000 (8% × ¥50,000)
Income Taxes Payable 8,900
Salaries and Wages Payable 37,100
b. Journalize the adjusting entries at February 28.

Feb. 28 Interest Expense 375
Interest Payable 375
28 Payroll Tax Expense 4,000
28 Warranty Expense 14,000 (350 × ¥40)
Warranty Liability 14,000
nswer the following questions (amounts in thousands).
expense would be incurred by December 31?
find the sales revenue amount.

etermine the sales taxes.
revenue is recognized by December 31?
ocial Security tax and income taxes withheld of HK$15,600. What is the amount of net pay?
e sales taxes of 5%, the amount to be credited to Sales Revenue is:

t of sales to be credited to the Sales Revenue account of $4,300 ($4,515 ÷ 1.05).
icy on April 1. What amount should Sensible report as a current liability for Unearned Service Revenue at December 31?
onths of insurancerevenue (April 1–December 31), 3 months’ insurance premium is still unearned.
e register total for March 16 is ¥19,928 (amounts in thousands). All sales are subject to a 6% valueadded tax.
work in excess of 40 hours. During a January pay period, Ben works 46 hours.
x rate is 7.65%. Compute Ben’s gross earnings and net pay for the pay period.
arranty on parts. By year-end, 3,000 units are sold.

will be €120 per unit. Prepare the adjusting entry at December 31 to accrue the estimated warranty cost.
note (amounts in thousands).

00. Withholdings related to these wages were $4,590 for Social Security, $6,500 for income tax, and $2,000 for union dues.
ages payable, (b) payment of salaries and wages, and (c) the company’s payroll tax expense.
d receives ¥50,000 in cash.
ges are subject to 8% Social Security taxes. A total of ¥8,900 income taxes are withheld. The salaries are paid on March 1.
y, 350 are expected to become defective. Repair costs are estimated to be ¥40 per unit.
(Issued 6-month, 9%-interest-bearing note to CitiBank)
(To record sales revenue and value-added taxes payable)
(To record February salaries)
(To record accrued interest for February)
(To record employer’s payroll taxes on February payroll)
(To record estimated warranty liability)

ecember 31?
for union dues.
d on March 1.
DO IT! 2b Bond Redemption
R & B Ltd. issued £500,000, 10-year bonds at a discount. Prior to maturity, when the carrying value of the bonds is £496,000, t
There is a gain on redemption: The cash paid, £490,000 (£500,000 × 98%), is less than the carrying value of £496,000. The entr
Bonds Payable 496,000 (To record redemption of bonds
Gain on Bond Redemption 6,000
Cash 490,000
The installment payment schedule

(A) (B) (C) (D) Mongkok Technology Ltd. issues a HK$500,000, 8%, 20
Cash Interest Reduction Principal The terms provide for annual installment payments of
Payment Expense of Balance
Interest Principal Dec. 31, 2020 Cash
Period (D) × 8% (A) − (B) (D) − (C) Mortgage Payable
500,000
1 50,926 40000 10,926 489,074 Dec. 31, 2021 Interest Expense
2 50,926 39125.92 11,800 477,274 Mortgage Payable
3 50,926 38181.91 12,744 464,530 Cash
4 50,926 37162.39 13,764 450,766
5 50,926 36061.3 14,865 435,902
6 50,926 34872.12 16,054 419,848
7 50,926 33587.81 17,338 402,509
8 50,926 32200.76 18,725 383,784
9 50,926 30702.74 20,223 363,561
10 50,926 29084.88 21,841 341,720
11 50,926 27337.59 23,588 318,131
12 50,926 25450.51 25,475 292,656
13 50,926 23412.47 27,514 265,142
14 50,926 21211.39 29,715 235,428
15 50,926 18834.22 32,092 203,336
16 50,926 16266.88 34,659 168,677
17 50,926 13494.15 37,432 131,245
18 50,926 10499.6 40,426 90,819
19 50,926 7265.491 43,661 47,158
20 50,926 3772.65 47,153 5
DO IT! 3 Long-Term Notes

Cole Research issues a W250,000,000, 6%, 20-year mortgage note to obtain needed financing for a new lab. The terms call for
Prepare the entries to record the mortgage loan and the first installment payment.
Cash 250,000,000
Mortgage Payable 250,000,000
Interest Expense 15,000,000 *Interest expense = W250,000,0

Mortgage Payable 6,796,000
Cash 21,796,000
2 Explain how to account for bond transactions.
When companies issue bonds, they debit Cash for the cash proceeds and credit Bonds Payable for the face value of the bonds
When bondholders redeem bonds at maturity, the issuing company credits Cash and debits Bonds Payable for the face value o
When bonds are redeemed before maturity, the issuing company (a) eliminates the carrying value of the bonds at the redemp
3 Explain how to account for other non-current liabilities.

A typical non-current liability is mortgage notes payable. The terms of the loan generally require the borrower to make equal i
Each payment consists of (1) interest on the unpaid balance of the loan and (2) a reduction of loan principal.
The interest decreases each period, while the portion applied to the loan principal increases.
6. (LO 3) Andrews Ltd. issues a €497,000, 10%, 3-year mortgage note on January 1. The note will be paid in three annual instal
What is the amount of interest expense that should be recognized by Andrews in the second year?
497000
200000 49700 150300 346700
200000 34670 165330 181370
200000 18137 181863 -493
1. (LO 2) Kahnle Industries issued 3,000, 7%, 5-year, €1,000 bonds dated January 1, 2020, at 100. Interest is paid each January
(a) Prepare the journal entry to record the sale of these bonds on January 1, 2020. (b) Prepare the adjusting journal entry on D
a. 2020 Jan. 1 Cash 3,000,000 (3,000 × €1,000)
Bonds payable 3,000,000
b. 2020 Dec. 31 Interest Expense 210,000 (€3,000,000 × 7%)
Interest payable 210,000
c. 2021 Jan. 1 Interest Payable 210,000 (€3,000,000 × 7%)
Cash 210,000
2. (LO 3) Tyler-Danish Inc. issues a $600,000, 10%, 10-year mortgage note on December 31, 2020, to obtain financing for a new
Prepare the entry to record the mortgage loan on December 31, 2020, and the fi rst installment payment on December 31, 20
(A) (B) (C)
Semiannual Interest Period Cash payment Interest Expense Reduction of principal
Issue Date (D) * 10% (A) - (B)
1 97,647 60000 37,647

2 97,647 56235.3 41,412
3 97,647 52094.13 45,553
4 97,647 47538.843 50,108
5 97,647 42528.0273 55,119
6 97,647 37016.13003 60,631
7 97,647 30953.043033 66,694
8 97,647 24283.6473363 73,363
9 97,647 16947.31206993 80,700
10 97,647 8877.343276923 88,770
2020 Dec. 31 Cash 600,000

Mortgage Payable 600,000
2021 Dec. 31 Interest Expense 60,000
Cash 97,647
1. (LO 2) Global Airlines Ltd. issued NT$900,000 of 8%, 10-year bonds on January 1, 2020, at face value. Interest is payable ann
Instructions Prepare the journal entries to record the following events.
a. The issuance of the bonds. 1-Jan-20
Cash 900,000
Bonds Payable 900,000
b. The accrual of interest on December 31. 31-Dec-20
Interest Expense 72,000 (NT$900,000 × 8%)
Interest Payable 72,000
c. The payment of interest on January 1, 2021. 1-Jan-21
Interest Payable
Cash
d. The redemption of bonds at maturity, assuming interest for the last interest period has been paid and recorded.
Bonds Payable 900,000
Cash 900,000
2. (LO 3) Trawler SA borrowed €500,000 on December 31, 2020, by issuing a €500,000, 7% mortgage note payable. The terms
a. Prepare the journal entries to record the mortgage loan and the fi rst two installment payments.
31-Dec-20 Cash 500,000
31-Dec-21 Interest Expense 35,000 (€500,000 × 7%)
Cash 80,000
31-Dec-22 Interest Expense 31,850 [(€500,000 − €45,000) × 7%]
Cash 80,000
b. Indicate the amount of mortgage note payable to be reported as a current liability and as a non-current liability at Decembe
Current: €48,150
Non-current: €406,850 (€500,000 − €45,000 − €48,150)
(LO 2, 3) Lee Software Ltd. has successfully developed a new spreadsheet program. To produce and market the program, the c
1. Lee issued NT$1 million, 10%, 10-year bonds at face value. Interest is payable annually on January 1.
2. Lee also issued a NT$400,000, 6%, 15-year mortgage payable. The terms provide for annual installment payments of NT$41
Instructions
a. For the 10-year, 10% bonds:
1. Journalize the issuance of the bonds on January 1, 2020.
Cash 1,000,000
Bonds Payable 1,000,000
2. Prepare the journal entries for interest expense in 2020.
Interest Expense 100,000 (NT$1,000,000 × 10%)
Interest Payable 100,000
3. Prepare the entry for the redemption of the bonds at 101 on January 1, 2023, after paying the interest due on th
Bonds Payable 1,000,000
Loss on Bond Redemption 10,000 (To record redemption of bonds at 101)
Cash 1,010,000
b. For the mortgage payable:
1. Prepare the entry for the issuance of the note on January 1, 2020.
Cash 400,000
2. Prepare a payment schedule for the first four installment payments
Issue Cash Interest Reduction Principal
date Payment Expense Principal Balance
1 400,000
2 41,185 24,000 17,185 382,815
3 41,185 22,969 18,216 364,599
4 41,185 21,876 19,309 345,290
5 41,185 20,717 20,468 324,822
3. Indicate the current and non-current amounts for the mortgage payable at December 31, 2020
Current liability: NT$18,216
Non-current liability: NT$364,599
value of the bonds is £496,000, the company redeems the bonds at 98. Prepare the entry to record the redemption of the bonds.
rrying value of £496,000. The entry is:
(To record redemption of bonds at 98)
Ltd. issues a HK$500,000, 8%, 20-year mortgage note on December 31, 2020, to obtain needed fi nancing for a new research laboratory.
r annual installment payments of HK$50,926.
500,000 (To record mortgage loan)

Interest Expense 40,000 (To record annual payment on mortgage)

50,926
g for a new lab. The terms call for annual payments of W21,796,000 each.
The installment payment schedule

(A) (B) (C) (D)
Cash Interest Reduction Principal
*Interest expense = W250,000,000 × 6%. Payment Expense of Balance
Interest Principal
Period (D) × 8% (A) − (B)
(D) − (C)
250,000,000
1 21,796,000 15000000 6,796,000 243,204,000
2 21,796,000 19456320 2,339,680 240,864,320
3 21,796,000 19269146 2,526,854 238,337,466
4 21,796,000 19066997 2,729,003 235,608,463
5 21,796,000 18848677 2,947,323 232,661,140
le for the face value of the bonds.

Bonds Payable for the face value of the bonds.
value of the bonds at the redemption date, (b) records the cash paid, and (c) recognizes the gain or loss on redemption.
uire the borrower to make equal installment payments.

f loan principal.
will be paid in three annual installments of €200,000, each payable at the end of the year
100. Interest is paid each January 1.

e the adjusting journal entry on December 31, 2020, to record interest expense. (c) Prepare the journal entry on January 1, 2021, to recor
2020, to obtain financing for a new building. The terms provide for annual installment payments of $97,647.
ent payment on December 31, 2021.
(D)
of principal Principal balance
(D) - (C)
600,000
37,647 562,353
41,412 520,941
45,553 475,388
50,108 425,280
55,119 370,161
60,631 309,530
66,694 242,836
73,363 169,473
80,700 88,773
88,770 4
face value. Interest is payable annually on January 1.
en paid and recorded. 1-Jan-30
ortgage note payable. The terms call for annual installment payments of €80,000 on December 31.
Cash payment Interest Expense Reduction of principal

20 7%
21 80,000 35,000 45,000
22 80,000 31,850 48,150
0 − €45,000) × 7%]
a non-current liability at December 31, 2021.
ce and market the program, the company needs additional financing. On January 1, 2020, Lee borrowed money as follows.
al installment payments of NT$41,185 on December 31.

fter paying the interest due on this date.
n of bonds at 101) (NT$1,010,000 − NT$1,000,000)
ember 31, 2020

redemption of the bonds.
ng for a new research laboratory.

on redemption.
entry on January 1, 2021, to record interest paid.

Principal balance
$500,000
$455,000
$406,850
money as follows.
DO IT! 1b Corporate Capital
At the end of its fi rst year of operation, Doral AG has €750,000 of ordinary shares and net income of €122,000. Prepare (a) the
a. Income Summary 122,000
Retained Earnings 122,000
(To close Income Summary and transfer net income to Retained Earnings)
b. Equity
Share capital—ordinary € 750,000
Retained earnings 122,000
Total equity € 872,000
Hydro-Slide SA issues 1,000 shares of €1 par value ordinary shares at par for cash. The entry to record this transaction is:
Cash 1,000
Share Capital—Ordinary 1,000
(To record issuance of 1,000 €1 par ordinary shares at par)
Hydro-Slide issues an additional 1,000 shares of the €1 par value ordinary shares for cash at €5 per share. The amount receive
Cash 5,000
Share Premium—Ordinary 4,000
(To record issuance of 1,000 €1 par ordinary shares)
For example, assume that instead of €1 par value shares, Hydro-Slide SA has €5 stated value no-par shares and the company is
Cash 40,000
(To record issuance of 5,000 €5 stated value no-par shares)
What happens when no-par shares do not have a stated value? In that case, the corporation credits the entire proceeds to Sha
Cash 40,000
(To record issuance of 5,000 no-par shares)
Attorneys have helped Jordan Company incorporate. They have billed the company €5,000 for their services. They agree to ac
At the time of the exchange, there is no established market price for the shares. In this case, the fair value of the consideration
Organization Expense 5,000
(To record issuance of 4,000 €1 par value shares to attorneys)
Athletic Research AG is an existing publicly held corporation. Its €5 par value shares are actively traded at €8 per share. The co
The most clearly evident value in this non-cash transaction is the market price of the consideration given, €80,000. The compa
Land 80,000
(To record issuance of 10,000 €5 par value shares for land)
DO IT! 2a Issuance of Shares

Hefei Ltd. begins operations on March 1 by issuing 1,000,000 of ¥10 par value ordinary shares for cash at ¥12 per share.
On March 15, it issues 50,000 ordinary shares to attorneys in settlement of their bill of ¥600,000 for organization costs.
On March 28, Hefei issues 15,000 shares of ¥100 par value preference shares for cash at ¥250 per share.
Journalize the issuance of the shares, assuming the shares are not publicly traded.
Mar. 1 Cash 12,000,000
Share Capital—Ordinary 10,000,000
Share Premium—Ordinary 2,000,000
(To record issuance of 1,000,000 shares at ¥12 per share)
Mar. 15 Organization Expense 600,000
(To record issuance of 50,000 shares for attorneys’ fees)
Mar. 28 Cash 3,750,000
Share Capital—Preference 1,500,000 (15,000 × ¥100)
Share Premium—Preference 2,250,000
(To record issuance of 15,000 shares at ¥250 per share)
On February 1, 2020, Mead acquires 4,000 of its shares at HK$80 per share. The entry is:
Feb. 1 Treasury Shares 320,000
Cash 320,000
(To record purchase of 4,000 treasury shares at HK$80 per share)
on July 1, Mead, Ltd. sells for HK$100 per share 1,000 of the 4,000 treasury shares previously acquired at HK$80 per share. Th
1-Jul Cash 100,000
Treasury Shares 80,000
Share Premium—Treasury 20,000
(To record sale of 1,000 treasury shares above cost)
if Mead sells an additional 800 treasury shares on October 1 at HK$70 per share, it makes the following entry
Oct. 1 Cash (800 × HK$70) 56,000
(To record sale of 800 treasury shares below cost)
When a company fully depletes the credit balance in Share Premium— Treasury, it debits to Retained Earnings any additional
Mead sells its remaining 2,200 shares at HK$70 per share on December 1
Dec. 1 Cash (2,200 × HK$70) 154,000
(To record sale of 2,200 treasury shares at HK$70 per share)
DO IT! 2b Treasury Shares

Salvador SA purchases 3,000 shares of its R$50 par value ordinary shares for R$180,000 cash on July 1. It will hold the shares i
On November 1, the corporation sells 1,000 treasury shares for cash at R$70 per share. Journalize the treasury share transacti
1-Jul Treasury Shares 180,000
Cash 180,000
(To record purchase of 3,000 treasury shares at R$60 per share)
Nov. 1 Cash 70,000
Treasury Shares 60,000 60*1000
(To record sale of 1,000 treasury shares at R$70 per share)
Preference shares have priority over ordinary shares in regard to dividends

At December 31, 2019, IBR Industries has 1,000 shares of 8%, €100 par value cumulative preference shares. It also has 50,000
The dividend per share for preference shares is €8 (€100 par value × 8%). The required annual dividend for preference shares
At December 31, 2019, the directors declare a €6,000 cash dividend. In this case, the entire dividend amount goes to preferen
Dec. 31 Cash Dividends 6,000
Dividends Payable 6,000
At December 31, 2020, IBR declares a €50,000 cash dividend.
To illustrate the accounting for small share dividends, assume that Danshui Ltd. has a balance of NT$3,000,000 in retained ear
The current fair value of its shares is NT$150 per share. The number of shares to be issued is 5,000 (10% × 50,000). Therefore,
Share Dividends 750,000
Ordinary Share Dividends Distributable 500,000
If the company issues a small share dividend (less than 20–25% of the corporation’s issued shares), the value assigned to each
If a company issues a large share dividend (greater than 20–25%), the price assigned to the dividend is the par or stated value.
Ordinary Share Dividends Distributable 500,000 (5000*100)

(To record issuance of 5,000 shares in a share dividend)
11. (LO 3) Encore Ltd. declared an £80,000 cash dividend. It currently has 3,000 shares of 7%, £100 par value cumulative prefe
It is one year in arrears on its preference shares. How much cash will Encore distribute to the ordinary shareholders?
The preference shareholders will receive a total of £42,000 in dividends (3,000 × .07 × £100 × 2 years). The ordinary sharehold
14. (LO 3) Raptor NV has retained earnings of €500,000 and total equity of €2,000,000. It has 100,000 shares of €8 par value o
If Raptor declares a 10% ordinary share dividend:
Retained earnings will decrease by €300,000 and total share capital will increase by €300,000.
1. (LO 2) On April 10, Leury SE issues 3,000 shares of €5 par value ordinary shares for cash at €14 per share. Journalize the issu
10-Apr Cash (3,000 × €14) 42,000
Share Capital—Ordinary (3,000 × €5) 15,000
Share Premium—Ordinary (3,000 × €9) 27,000
2. (LO 2) On June 1, Omar Group purchases 600 shares of its £5 par value ordinary shares for the treasury at a cash price of £1
1-Jun Treasury Shares (600 × £10) 6,000
Cash 6,000
Aug. 15 Cash (400 × £13) 5,200
Treasury Shares (400 × £10) 4,000
Share Premium—Treasury (400 × £3) 1,200
3. (LO 3) Teng Electronics has 70,000 ordinary shares outstanding. It declares a ¥2 per share cash dividend on November 15 to
Prepare the entries on the appropriate dates to record the declaration and payment of the cash dividend.
Nov. 15 Cash Dividends (70,000 × ¥2/share) 140,000
Dec. 31 Dividends Payable 140,000
Cash 140,000
4. (LO 3) The equity section of Ynoa plc consists of share capital—ordinary (£5 par) £3,000,000 and retained earnings £1,000,0
a. Equity Before dividend After dividend
Share capital—ordinary, £5 par £3,000,000 £3,450,000
Share premium—ordinary — 540,000
Retained earnings 1,000,000 10,000
Total equity £4,000,000 £4,000,000
b. Outstanding shares 600,000 690,000
c. Par value per share £5.00 £5.00
1. (LO 2) Maci plc had the following transactions during the current period.
Mar. 2 Issued 5,000 shares of £5 par value ordinary shares to attorneys in payment of a bill for £35,000 for services perform
Organization Expense 35,000
Share Capital—Ordinary (5,000 × £5) 25,000
12-Jun Issued 60,000 shares of £5 par value ordinary shares for cash of £370,000.
Cash 370,000
Share Capital—Ordinary (60,000 × £5) 300,000
11-Jul Issued 1,000 shares of £100 par value preference shares for cash at £112 per share.
Cash (1,000 × £112) 112,000
Share Capital—Preference (1,000 × £100) 100,000
Share Premium—Preference (1,000 × £12) 12,000
Nov. 28 Purchased 2,000 shares of treasury shares for £70,000.
Cash 70,000
2. (LO 2) Star Industries purchased from its shareholders 5,000 shares of its own previously issued shares for €250,000. It later
Cash 250,000
Cash (2,000 × €53) 106,000

Treasury Shares (2,000 × €50) 100,000
Cash (2,000 × €48) 96,000

Treasury Shares (2,000 × €50) 100,000
Cash (1,000 × €43) 43,000

Share Premium—Treasury (€6,000 – €4,000) 2,000
Treasury Shares (1,000 × €50) 50,000
3. (LO 3) At December 31, 2020, Lebron Athletics distributes €50,000 of cash dividends. Its outstanding ordinary shares have a
a. Show the allocation of dividends to each class of shares, assuming that the preference share dividend is 6% and not cumula
2020
Total dividend declaration € 50,000
Total dividend declaration -6,000
Remainder to ordinary shares € 44,000
b. Show the allocation of the dividends to each class of shares, assuming the preference share dividend of 6% is cumulative an
2020
Total dividend declaration € 50,000
Total dividend declaration -18,000 (6% × €100,000 × 3)
Remainder to ordinary shares € 32,000
c. Journalize the declaration of the cash dividend at December 31, 2020, assuming the requirements in part (b).
Dec. 31 Cash Dividends 50,000
1. (LO 2, 4) Cabral SA is authorized to issue 1,000,000 R$5 par value ordinary shares. In its first year, the company has the follo
Jan. 10 Issued 400,000 ordinary shares at R$8 per share.
July. 1 Issued 100,000 ordinary shares for land. The land had an asking price of R$900,000. The shares are currently selling
Sept. 1 Purchased 10,000 ordinary shares for the treasury at R$9 per share.
Dec. 1 Sold 4,000 treasury shares at R$10 per share.
a. Journalize the transactions.
Jan. 10 Cash 3,200,000 (400000*8)
Share Capital—Ordinary 2,000,000 (400000*5)
(To record issuance of 400,000 R$5 par value shares)
July. 1 Land 825,000 (100000*8.25)
Share Capital—Ordinary 500,000 (100000*5)
(To record issuance of 100,000 R$5 par value shares for land)
Sept. 1 Treasury Shares 90,000
Cash 90,000
(To record purchase of 10,000 treasury shares at cost)
Dec. 1 Cash 40,000 (40000*10)
Treasury Shares 36,000 (40000*9)
(To record sale of 4,000 treasury shares above cost)
b. Prepare the equity section assuming the company had retained earnings of R$200,000 at December 31.
Cabral SA
Statement of Financial Position (partial)
Equity
Share capital—ordinary, R$5 par value, 1,000,000
shares authorized, 500,000 shares issued,
494,000 shares outstanding R$2,500,000
Share premium—ordinary R$1,525,000
Share premium—treasury 4,000 1,529,000
Retained earnings 200,000
Less: Treasury shares (6,000 shares) 54,000
Total equity R$4,175,000
2. (LO 3, 4) On January 1, 2020, Hayslett AG had the following equity accounts.

Share Capital—Ordinary (€10 par value, 260,000 shares issued and outstanding) € 2,600,000
Retained Earnings 3,200,000
During the year, the following transactions occurred.
1-Apr Declared a €1.50 cash dividend per share to shareholders of record on April 15, payable May 1.
1-May Paid the dividend declared in April
1-Jun Announced a 2-for-1 share split. Prior to the split, the market price per share was €24.
1-Aug Declared a 10% share dividend to shareholders of record on August 15, distributable August 31. On August 1, the m
31-Aug Issued the shares for the share dividend.
1-Dec Declared a €1.50 per share dividend to shareholders of record on December 15, payable January 5, 2021
31-Dec Determined that net income for the year was €600,000.
a. Journalize the transactions and the closing entries for net income, share dividends, and cash dividends.
1-Apr Cash Dividends 390,000 (260,000 × €1.50)
1-May Dividends Payable 390,000
Cash 390,000
1-Jun No journal entry needed for share split => €5 par value, now
1-Aug Share Dividends 520,000 (520,000 × .10 × €10)
Ordinary Share Dividends Distributable 260,000 (52,000 × €5)
31-Aug Ordinary Share Dividends Distributable 260,000
1-Dec Cash Dividends 858,000 (572,000** × €1.50)
31-Dec Income Summary 600,000
Retained Earnings 1,768,000

Share Dividends 520,000
Cash Dividends 1,248,000
b. Prepare an equity section at December 31

Hayslett AG
Statement of Financial Position (partial)
Equity
Share capital—ordinary, €5 par value, 572,000
shares issued and outstanding € 2,860,000
Share premium—ordinary 1,760,000
Retained earnings 2,032,000*
Total equity € 6,652,000
*€3,200,000 + €600,000 − €390,000 − €520,000 − €858,000
€122,000. Prepare (a) the closing entry for net income and (b) the equity section at year-end.
this transaction is:
are. The amount received above the par value, in this case €4 (€5 − €1), is credited to Share Premium—Ordinary
ares and the company issues 5,000 shares at €8 per share for cash. The entry is:
he entire proceeds to Share Capital—Ordinary.
ervices. They agree to accept 4,000 shares of €1 par value ordinary shares in payment of their bill.
alue of the consideration received, €5,000, is more clearly evident. Accordingly, Jordan makes the following entry.
d at €8 per share. The company issues 10,000 shares to acquire land recently advertised for sale at €90,000.
en, €80,000. The company records the transaction as follows.
h at ¥12 per share.
rganization costs.
d at HK$80 per share. The entry is as follows.
Earnings any additional excess of cost over selling price.
. It will hold the shares in the treasury until resold.

treasury share transactions.
hares. It also has 50,000 shares of €10 par value ordinary shares outstanding.
d for preference shares is therefore €8,000 (1,000 shares × €8).
mount goes to preference shareholders because of their dividend preference. The entry to record the declaration of the dividend is as fol
,000,000 in retained earnings. It declares a 10% share dividend on its 50,000 shares of NT$100 par value ordinary shares.
0% × 50,000). Therefore, the total amount to be debited to Share Dividends is NT$750,000 (5,000 × NT$150).
e value assigned to each share is the fair value (market price) per share.
s the par or stated value.
r value cumulative preference shares outstanding.

shareholders?
The ordinary shareholders will receive £38,000 (£80,000 − £42,000)
shares of €8 par value ordinary shares outstanding, which is currently selling for €30 per share.
hare. Journalize the issuance of the shares.
ury at a cash price of £10 per share. On August 15, it sells 400 treasury shares for cash at £13 per share. Journalize the two treasury share
end on November 15 to shareholders of record on December 15 ( ¥ in thousands). The dividend is paid on December 31.
ained earnings £1,000,000. A 15% share dividend (90,000 shares) is declared when the market price per share is £11.
,000 for services performed in helping the company to incorporate.
res for €250,000. It later resold 2,000 shares for €53 per share, then 2,000 more shares for €48 per share, and fi nally 1,000 shares for €43
g ordinary shares have a par value of €400,000, and its 6% preference shares have a par value of €100,000 at December 31, 2020.
nd is 6% and not cumulative.
d of 6% is cumulative and Lebron did not pay any dividends on the preference shares in the preceding 2 years.
e company has the following share transactions
ares are currently selling on a national exchange at R$8.25 per share.

t 31. On August 1, the market price of the shares was €10 per share.
nuary 5, 2021
**(260,000 × 2) + 52,000
ration of the dividend is as follows.
dinary shares.
rnalize the two treasury share transactions
ecember 31.
nd fi nally 1,000 shares for €43 per share.
t December 31, 2020.
DO IT! 1 Debt Investments
Waldo AG had the following transactions pertaining to debt investments
Jan. 1, 2020 Purchased 30, €1,000 Hillary AG 10% bonds for €30,000. Interest is payable annually on January 1.
Debt Investments 30,000
Cash 30,000
Dec. 31, 2020 Accrued interest on Hillary AG bonds in 2020.
Interest Receivable 3,000
Interest Revenue 3,000 (€30,000 × 10%)
Jan. 1, 2021 Received interest on Hillary AG bonds.
Cash 3,000
Jan. 1, 2021 Sold 15 Hillary AG bonds for €14,600.
Cash 14,600
Loss on Sale of Debt Investments 400
Debt Investments 15,000 (€30,000 × 15/30)
Dec. 31, 2021 Accrued interest on Hillary AG bonds in 2021.
Interest Revenue 1,500 (€15,000 × 10%)
DO IT! 2 Share Investments

1. Rho Jean Ltd. acquired 5% of the 400,000 ordinary shares of Stillwater Ltd. at a total cost of NT$60 per share on May 18, 20
On August 30, Stillwater declared and paid a NT$750,000 dividend. On December 31, Stillwater reported net income of NT$2,4
May. 18 Share Investments 1,200,000 (400,000 × 5% × NT$60)
Cash 1,200,000
(To record purchase of 20,000 shares of Stillwater)
Aug. 30 Cash 37,500 (NT$750,000 × 5%)
Dividend Revenue 37,500
(To record receipt of cash dividend)
2. Natal, Ltd. obtained significant influence over North Sails by buying 40% of North Sails’ 60,000 outstanding ordinary shares
On April 15, North Sails declared and paid a cash dividend of NT$450,000. On December 31, North Sails reported net income o
Jan. 1 Share Investments 2,880,000 (60,000 × 40% × NT$120)
Cash 2,880,000
(To record purchase of 24,000 shares of North Sails)
Apr. 15 Cash 180,000 (NT$450,000 × 40%)
Share Investments 180,000
(To record receipt of cash dividend)
Dec. 31 Share Investments 480,000 (NT$1,200,000 × 40%)
Revenue from Share Investments 480,000
(To record 40% equity in North Sails’ net income)
1. Liriano SpA purchased debt investments for €85,000 on January 1, 2020. On July 1, 2020, Liriano received cash interest of €6
Jan. 1 Debt Investments 85,000
Cash 85,000
July. 1 Cash 6,800
2. On June 1, Meng Group buys 2,000 ordinary shares of Minaya Ltd. for ¥570,000 cash. On October 15, Meng sells the share i
June. 1 Share Investments 570,000
Cash 570,000
Oct. 15 Cash 540,000
Loss on Sale of Share Investments 30,000
Share Investments 570,000
3. The cost of the trading securities of Dylan Company at December 31, 2020, is $46,000. At December 31, 2020, the fair value
(a) Prepare the adjusting entry to record the securities at fair value.
Dec. 31 Fair Value Adjustment—Trading 4,000
Unrealized Gain or Loss—Income 4,000 ($50,000 − $46,000)
(b) Show the financial statement presentation at December 31, 2020.
Statement of Financial Position Income State
Current assets Other income and expense
Short-term investments, at fair value $50,000 Unrealized gain—income
1. (LO 1) Chen Enterprises purchased 70 Feng Company 6%, 10-year, NT$10,000 bonds on January 1, 2020, for NT$700,000. Th
On January 1, 2021, after receipt of interest, Chen sold 42 of the bonds for NT$391,000.
1-Jan-20 Debt Investments 700,000
Cash 700,000
31-Dec-20 Interest Receivable 42,000 (NT$700,000 × 6%)
Interest Revenue 42,000
1-Jan-21 Cash 42,000
1-Jan-21 Cash 391,000
Loss on Sale of Debt Investments 29,000
Debt Investments 420,000 (42/70 × NT$700,000)
2. (LO 2) Cannon AG had the following transactions in 2020 pertaining to share investments.
Feb. 1 Purchased 600 of Ronin ordinary shares (2% interest) for €6,000 cash.
July 1 Received cash dividends of €1 per share on Ronin shares.
Sept. 1 Sold 300 shares of Ronin shares for €4,200.
Dec. 1 Received cash dividends of €1 per share on Ronin shares.
1-Feb-20 Share Investments 6,000 (600 × €10)
Cash 6,000
1-Jul-20 Cash 600 (600 × €1)
Dividend Revenue 600
1-Sep-20 Cash 4,200
Share Investments 3,000 (€6,000 × 300/600)
Gain on Sale of Share Investments 1,200
1-Dec-20 Cash 300 (300 × €1)
3. (LO 3) Sunshine Ltd. started business on January 1, 2020, and has the following data at December 31, 2020.
Securities Cost Fair Value The non-trading securities are held as a long-term investment.
Trading £120,000 £125,000
Non-trading 100,000 96,000
a. Prepare the adjusting entries to report each class of securities at fair value.
31-Dec-20 Fair Value Adjustment—Trading 5,000 (£125,000 − £120,000)
Unrealized Gain or Loss—Income 5,000
Unrealized Gain or Loss—Equity 4,000 (£100,000 − £96,000)

Fair Value Adjustment—Non-Trading 4,000
(LO 2, 3) In its first year of operations, DeMarco plc had the following selected transactions in share investments that are cons
June. 1 Purchased for cash 600 shares of Sanburg for £24.50 per share.
July. 1 Purchased for cash 800 shares of Cey plc at £33.75 per share.
Sept. 1 Received a £1 per share cash dividend from Cey plc.
Nov. 1 Sold 200 shares of Sanburg for cash at £26.25 per share.
Dec. 15 Received a £0.50 per share cash dividend on Sanburg shares.
At December 31, the fair values per share were Sanburg £25 and Cey £30.
a. Journalize the transactions.
June. 1 Share Investments 14,700 (600 × £24.50)
Cash 14,700
July. 1 Share Investments 27,000 (800 × £33.75)
Cash 27,000
Sept. 1 Cash 800 (800 × £1.00)
Nov. 1 Cash 5,250 (200 × £26.25)
Share Investments 4,900 (£14,700 × 200/600)
Gain on Sale of Share Investments 350
Dec. 15 Cash 200 [(600 − 200) × £0.50]
b. Prepare the adjusting entry at December 31 to report the securities at fair value
Securities Cost Fair Value Unrealized Gain (Loss)
Sanburg shares £ 9,800 £10,000 £ 200 24.5*(600-200)=9800
Cey shares 27,000 24,000 -3000 33.75*800=27000
Total £36,800 £34,000 £(2,800)
annually on January 1.
60 per share on May 18, 2020.

orted net income of NT$2,440,000 for the year.
utstanding ordinary shares at a cost of NT$120 per share on January 1, 2020.

Sails reported net income of NT$1,200,000 for the year.
received cash interest of €6,800. Journalize the purchase and the receipt of interest. Assume that no interest has been accrued.
r 15, Meng sells the share investments for ¥540,000 in cash. Journalize the purchase and sale of the ordinary shares.
ber 31, 2020, the fair value of the securities is $50,000.
Income Statement
ome and expense
Unrealized gain—income $4,000
1, 2020, for NT$700,000. The bonds pay interest annually on January 1.
g-term investment.
Securities Cost Fair Value Unrealized Gain (Loss)

Trading £120,000 £125,000 £5,000
Non-trading 100,000 96,000 (4,000)
investments that are considered trading securities.
-200)=9800 25*400=10000
30*800=24000
as been accrued.
DO IT! 2a Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities
Josh’s PhotoPlus reported net income of £73,000 for 2020. Included in the income statement were depreciation expense of £7
Josh’s comparative statements of fi nancial position show the following balances.
12/31/2019 12/31/2020
Accounts receivable £17,000 £21,000
Accounts payable 6,000 2,200
Calculate net cash provided by operating activities for Josh’s PhotoPlus.
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation expense £ 7,000
Gain on disposal of plant assets -2,500
Increase in accounts receivable -4,000
Decrease in accounts payable -3,800
Net cash provided by operating activities
DO IT! 2b Indirect Method

Use the following information to prepare a statement of cash fl ows using the indirect method
Additional information (all amounts in thousands of NT$):

1. Operating expenses include depreciation expense of NT$33,000.
2. Equipment with a cost of NT$41,000 and a book value of NT$36,000 was sold for NT$34,000 cash.
3. Land was sold at its book value for cash.
4. Interest expense of NT$12,000 was paid in cash.
5. Equipment with a cost of NT$166,000 was purchased for cash.
6. Bonds of NT$10,000 were redeemed at their face value for cash.
7. Ordinary shares (NT$1 par) of NT$130,000 were issued for cash.
8. Cash dividends of NT$55,000 were declared and paid in 2020.
9. Ordinary shares of NT$30,000 were issued in exchange for land.
Dragon Ltd.
Statement of Cash Flows—Indirect Method
(NT$ in thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income 125,000
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation expense 33,000
Loss on disposal of plant assets 2,000
Increase in accounts receivable -42,000
Increase in inventory -54,000
Decrease in prepaid expenses 2,000
Decrease in accounts payable -17,000
Increase in accrued expenses payable 10,000 -66,000
Net cash provided by operating activities 59,000
Cash flows from investing activities
Sale of land 25,000
Disposal of plant assets 34,000
Purchase of equipment -166,000
Net cash used by investing activities -107,000
Cash flows from financing activities
Redemption of bonds -10,000
Sale of ordinary shares 130,000
Payment of dividends -55,000
Net cash provided by fi nancing activities 65,000
Net increase in cash 17,000
Cash at beginning of period 37,000
Cash at end of period 54,000
Note 1
Non-cash investing and fi nancing activities
Issued ordinary shares in exchange for land 30,000
DO IT! 3 Free Cash Flow

Luó Ltd. issued the following statement of cash flows for 2020.
a. Free cash flow (¥ in thousands) = ¥29,300
b. Net cash provided by operating activities f
Companies must also maintain dividends at
3 Analyze the statement of cash flows
Free cash flow indicates the amount of cash a company generated during the current year that is available for the payment of
9. (LO 2) Net income is £132,000, accounts payable increased £10,000 during the year, inventory decreased £6,000 during the
Under the indirect method, what is net cash provided by operating activities?
An increase in accounts payable (£10,000) and a decrease in inventory (£6,000) are added to net income (£132,000), while an
£132,000 + £10,000 + £6,000 − £12,000 = £136,000
11. (LO 2) The following data are available for Allen Clapp Ltd.
Net income HK$2,000,000
Dividends paid 600,000
Gain on disposal of land 100,000
Decrease in accounts receivable 200,000
Decrease in accounts payable 300,000
Net cash provided by operating activities is HK$2,200,000
Net income HK$2,000,000 + Depreciation expense HK$400,000 − Gain on disposal of land HK$100,000 + Decrease i
12. (LO 2) The following data are available for Orange Peels Ltd.
Sale of land NT$1,000,000
Sale of equipment 500,000
Issuance of ordinary shares 700,000
Purchase of equipment 300,000
Payment of cash dividends 600,000
Net cash provided by investing activities is NT$1,200,000
Sale of land NT$1,000,000 + Sale of equipment NT$500,000 − Purchase of equipment NT$300,000
13. (LO 2) The following data are available for Something Strange!
Increase in accounts payable € 40,000
Increase in bonds payable 100,000
Sale of investment 50,000
Issuance of ordinary shares 60,000
Payment of cash dividends 30,000
Net cash provided by fi nancing activities is €130,000
Increase in bonds payable €100,000 + Issuance of ordinary shares €60,000 − Payment of cash dividends €30,000
1. The following is a summary of the Cash account of Covey AG (amounts in euros)

Cash (Summary Form)
Balance, Jan. 1 8,000
Receipts from customers 364,000 Payments for goods
Dividends on share investments 6,000 Payments for operating expenses
Proceeds from sale of land 96,000 Purchase of equipment
Proceeds from issuance of bonds payable 300,000 Taxes paid
Dividends paid
Balance, Dec. 31 306,000
What amount of net cash provided (used) by investing activities should be reported in the statement of cash flows?
Cash flows from investing activities
Proceeds from sale of land € 96,000
Purchase of equipment -70,000
Net cash provided by financing activities € 26,000
2. Engel Inc. reported net income of $1.6 million in 2020. Depreciation for the year was $140,000, accounts receivable increas
The company also had a gain on disposal of plant assets of $19,000. Compute net cash provided by operating activities using t
Net income 1,600,000
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities
Gain on disposal of plant assets -19,000
Accounts receivable increase -250,000
Accounts payable increase 210,000 81,000
1,681,000
3. Goldberg plc reported net cash provided by operating activities of £410,000, net cash used by investing activities of £200,00
Dividends of £110,000 were paid. Calculate free cash fl ow.
Free cash fl ow = £410,000 – £160,000 – £110,000 = £140,000
1. (LO 2) Furst Ltd. had the following transactions.

1. Paid salaries of NT$140,000
Cash 140,000
Salaries and wages expense is not reported separately on the statement of cash fl ows.
It is part of the computation of net income in the income statement and is included in the net income amount on the stateme
2. Issued 1,000 shares of NT$10 par value ordinary shares for equipment worth NT$160,000.
Equipment 160,000
Ordinary Shares 10,000
The issuance of ordinary shares for equipment (NT$160,000) is reported as a non-cash fi nancing and investing activity in a no
3. Sold equipment (cost NT$100,000, accumulated depreciation NT$60,000) for NT$30,000.
Cash 30,000
Equipment 100,000
The cash receipt (NT$30,000) is reported in the investing section. The loss (NT$10,000) is added to net income in the operating
4. Sold land (cost NT$120,000) for NT$160,000.
Cash 160,000
Land 120,000
Gain on Disposal of Plant Assets 40,000
The cash receipt (NT$160,000) is reported in the investing section. The gain (NT$40,000) is deducted from net income in the o
5. Issued another 1,000 shares of NT$10 par ordinary shares for NT$180,000.
Cash 180,000
Ordinary Shares 10,000
The cash receipt (NT$180,000) is reported in the fi nancing section.
6. Recorded depreciation of NT$200,000.
Depreciation expense (NT$200,000) is added to net income in the operating section.
2. (LO 2, 3) Strong AG’s comparative statements of fi nancial position are presented below.
(LO 2, 4) The income statement for the year ended December 31, 2020, for Kosinski AG contains the following condensed info
nt were depreciation expense of £7,000 and a gain on disposal of plant assets of £2,500.
£73,000
-3,300
£69,700
h flow (¥ in thousands) = ¥29,300 − ¥19,000 − ¥9,000 = ¥1,300
h provided by operating activities fails to take into account that a company must invest in new plant assets just to maintain the current lev
s must also maintain dividends at current levels to satisfy investors. The measurement of free cash fl ow provides additional insight regard
hat is available for the payment of dividends or for expansion.
ntory decreased £6,000 during the year, and accounts receivable increased £12,000 during the year.
o net income (£132,000), while an increase in accounts receivable (£12,000) is subtracted from net income
al of land HK$100,000 + Decrease in accounts receivable HK$200,000 − Decrease in accounts payable HK$300,000
ment NT$300,000
ment of cash dividends €30,000
200,000
ng expenses 140,000
70,000
8,000
50,000
tatement of cash flows?
0,000, accounts receivable increased $250,000, and accounts payable increased $210,000.
ded by operating activities using the indirect method.
d by investing activities of £200,000 (including cash spent for equipment of £160,000), and net cash provided by fi nancing activities of £60
et income amount on the statement of cash fl ows (operating section).

NT$160,000.
ncing and investing activity in a note to the fi nancial statements.

ded to net income in the operating section.
deducted from net income in the operating section.
ains the following condensed information.

to maintain the current level of operations.
des additional insight regarding a company’s cash-generating ability.
by fi nancing activities of £60,000.
DO IT! 2 Ratio Analysis
The condensed fi nancial statements of John Cully Group, for the years ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, are presented below.
2020 2019
a. Current ratio:
€2,302.6 ÷ €1,497.7 = 1.5:1
€2,199.2 ÷ €1,322.0 = 1.7:1
b. Inventory turnover:
€1,617.4 ÷ [(€768.3 + €653.5) ÷ 2] = 2.3 times
€1,476.3 ÷ [(€653.5 + €599.0) ÷ 2] = 2.4 times
c. Profi t margin:
€406.1 ÷ €6,336.3 = 6.4%
€375.4 ÷ €5,790.4 = 6.5%
d. Return on assets:
€406.1 ÷ [(€3,885.8 + €3,708.1) ÷ 2] = 10.7%
€375.4 ÷ [(€3,708.1 + €3,349.9) ÷ 2] = 10.6%
e. Return on ordinary shareholders’ equity:
(€406.1 − €0) ÷ [(€1,708.6 + €1,749.0) ÷ 2] = 23.5%
(€375.4 − €0) ÷ [(€1,749.0 + €1,795.9) ÷ 2] = 21.2%
f. Debt to assets ratio:
(€1,497.7 + €679.5) ÷ €3,885.8 = 56.0%
(€1,322.0 + €637.1) ÷ €3,708.1 = 52.8%
g. Times interest earned:
(€406.1 + €291.3 + €13.9) ÷ €13.9 = 51.2 times
(€375.4 + €232.6 + €27.1) ÷ €27.1 = 23.4 times
DO IT! 3 Unusual Items

In its proposed 2020 statement of comprehensive income, AIR plc reports income before income taxes £400,000, loss on oper
The income tax rate is 30%. Prepare a correct statement of comprehensive income, beginning with “Income before income ta
14. (LO 3) Scout Ltd. has income before taxes of £400,000, loss on operation of a discontinued division of £40,000, and a £60,0
If the income tax rate is 25% on all items, the statement of comprehensive income should show income from continuing opera
Income tax expense = 25% × £400,000 = £100,000; therefore, income from continuing operations = £400,000 − £10
The loss on discontinued operations is shown net of tax, (£60,000 + £40,000) × 75% = £75,000.
1. (LO 1) Using the following data from the comparative statements of fi nancial position of Alfredo SpA, illustrate horizontal a
Increase or (Decrease)
31-Dec-20 31-Dec-19 Amount Percentage
Ordinary shares 700,000 600,000 100,000 17%
Accounts payable 300,000 200,000 100,000 50%
Total equity and liabilities 2,000,000 1,800,000 200,000 11%
2. (LO 2) Gonzalez Sports has beginning inventory of £400,000, cost of goods sold of £2,200,000, and days in inventory of 73. W
Days in inventory = 365/Inventory turnover 73 = 365/Inventory turnover
Therefore, inventory turnover = 365/73 = 5.
Inventory turnover = Cost of goods sold/Average inventory 5 = £2,200,000/Average inventory
Therefore, average inventory = £2,200,000/5 = £440,000.
Since beginning inventory is £400,000, ending inventory must be £480,000 because average inventory is £440,000 [
3. (LO 3) On September 30, Teng Group discontinued its operations in Africa. During the year, the operating gain was ¥100,000
On September 1, Teng disposed of its African facilities at a pretax loss of ¥350,000. The applicable tax rate is 30%. Show the di
Teng Group
Income Statement (partial)
Discontinued operations
Gain from operations of discontinued division,
net of ¥30,000 income taxes (¥100,000 × 30%) 70,000
Loss from disposal of discontinued division, net of
¥105,000 income tax saving (¥350,000 × 30%) -245,000 -175,000
1. (LO 1) The comparative condensed statements of fi nancial position of Roadway Ltd. are presented as follows
Roadway Ltd.
Condensed Statements of Financial Position
December 31
(in thousands)
2020 2019
Assets
Intangibles 25,000 40,000
Property, plant, and equipment (net) 99,000 90,000
Current assets 76,000 80,000
Total assets 200,000 210,000
Equity 16,200 12,000
Non-current liabilities 143,000 150,000
Current liabilities 40,800 48,000
Total equity and liabilities 200,000 210,000
a. Prepare a horizontal analysis of the statement of fi nancial position data for Roadway Ltd. using 2019 as a base.
Roadway Ltd.
December 31
(in thousands) Increase/
2020 2019 Decrease
Assets
Intangibles 25,000 40,000 (15,000)
Property, plant, and equipment (net) 99,000 90,000 9,000
Current assets 76,000 80,000 (4,000)
Total assets 200,000 210,000 (10,000)
Equity 16,200 12,000 4,200
Non-current liabilities 143,000 150,000 (7,000)
Current liabilities 40,800 48,000 (7,200)
Total equity and liabilities 200,000 210,000 (10,000)
b. Prepare a vertical analysis of the statement of financial position data for Roadway Ltd. in columnar form for 2020.
Roadway Ltd.
31-Dec-20
2020 Percent
Assets
Intangibles 25,000 12.5%
Property, plant, and equipment (net) 99,000 49.5%
Current assets 76,000 38.0%
Total assets 200,000 100%
Equity 16,200 8.1%
Non-current liabilities 143,000 71.5%
Current liabilities 40,800 20.4%
Total equity and liabilities 200,000 100%
2. (LO 2) Rondo plc’s comparative statements of fi nancial position are presented below
(LO 3) The events and transactions of Dever SA for the year ending December 31, 2020, resulted in the following data.
Cost of goods sold R$2,600,000
Net sales 4,400,000
Other income and expense (4,000)
Selling and administrative expenses 1,100,000
Income from operations of plastics division 70,000
Gain from disposal of plastics division 500,000
Unrealized loss on non-trading securities 60,000
Analysis reveals that:
1. All items are before the applicable income tax rate of 30%.
2. The plastics division was sold on July 1.
3. All operating data for the plastics division have been segregated.
Dever SA
Statement of Comprehensive Income
Net sales 4,400,000
COGS 2,600,000
Gross profit 1,800,000
Selling & Administrative expense 1,100,000
Income from operations 700,000
Other income and expense 4,000
Income before income taxes 696,000
Income tax expense (R$696,000 × 30%) 208,800
Income from continuing operations 487,200
Discontinued operations
Income from operations of plastics division, 49,000
net of R$21,000 income taxes (R$70,000 × 30%)
Gain from disposal of plastics division,
net of R$150,000 income taxes (R$500,000 × 30%) 350,000 399,000
Net income 886,200
Other comprehensive income
Unrealized loss on non-trading securities,
net of R$18,000 income tax savings (R$60,000 × 30%) 42,000
Comprehensive income 928,200
9, are presented below.
es £400,000, loss on operation of discontinued fl ower division £50,000, and loss on disposal of discontinued fl ower division £90,000.
ncome before income taxes.”
n of £40,000, and a £60,000 loss on disposal of a division.
me from continuing operations and discontinued operations, respectively, of:
erations = £400,000 − £100,000 = £300,000.
pA, illustrate horizontal analysis.
Percentage
100/600 = 16.7%; 100/200 = 50%; 200/1,800 = 11.1%
days in inventory of 73. What is Gonzalez’s inventory turnover and ending inventory?
ge inventory is £440,000 [(£400,000 + £480,000)/2].
erating gain was ¥100,000 before taxes.

x rate is 30%. Show the discontinued operations section of the income statement (amounts in thousands).
19 as a base.
Percent Change
from 2019
-37.5%
10.0%
-5.0%
-4.8%
35.0%
-4.7%
-15.0%
-4.8%
r form for 2020.
a. (£5,300 + £21,200 + £9,000)/£10,370 = 3.42

b. (£5,300 + £21,200)/£10,370 = 2.56
c. £120,000/[(£21,200 + £23,400)/2] = 5.38
d. £70,000/[(£9,000 + £7,000)/2] = 8.8
e. £14,000/£120,000 = 11.7%
f. £120,000/[(£110,500 + £120,100)/2] = 1.04
g. £14,000/[(£110,500 + £120,100)/2] = 12.1%
h. £14,000/[(£75,000 + £25,130 + £69,000 + £20,000)/2] = 14.8%
i. £10,370/£110,500 = 9.4%
he following data.
fl ower division £90,000.
+ £20,000)/2] = 14.8%

Ngli Ke Toan

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3. State the accounting equation

6. Explain the career opportunities in accounting.

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for a specific period of time.

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ntal, and forensic accounting.

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nth of operations, the following transactions occurred.

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ecember 31, 2020:

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d Earnings ¥40,000, Dividends ¥3,000, Service Revenue ¥65,000

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e the closing entries using page J15 in a general journal

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edits Sales Revenue for the selling price of the merchandise.

nses, other income & expense, and interest expense.

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ooks using a perpetual inventory system (amounts in thousands).

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