World War I Slideshow

WORLD WAR I
1914-1918
©Teaching to the Middle

WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#1 ALLIES
ALLIANCE: agreement made
between two or more countries to
help one another if necessary
When an alliance is
signed, the countries
become ALLIES

WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#1 ALLIES
This set the
framework for
WWI due to
MUTUAL DEFENSE
AGREEMENTS
Basically, if one country

was attacked, their
allies were bound to
defend them ©Teaching to the Middle
WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#1 ALLIES
There were many alliances signed from
1879-1914. Included:
Russia and Serbia
Germany and Austria-Hungary
France and Russia
Britain, France, and Belgium
Japan and Britain
WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#1 ALLIES
By 1914, there were two main sides in
Europe:
TRIPLE ALLIANCE TRIPLE ENTENTE

-Germany -Britain
-Italy -France
-Austria Hungary -Russia

WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#1 ALLIES
DOMINO EFFECT:
1. Austria-Hungary declared war on
Serbia
2. Russia got involved to defend Serbia
3. Russia began mobilizing, so Germany
declared war on Russia
4. Germany and Austria-Hungary
were drawn against France
5. Britain became involved when
Germany attacked France through
Belgium
6. This brought Japan into the war
7. Italy and the United States later
entered the war on the side of the
Allies
WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#2 IMPERIALISM
IMPERIALISM:
when one country
increases their
wealth and power
by bringing
additional
territories under
their control
WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#2 IMPERIALISM
Prior to WWI,
European nations
fought over parts
of Africa and
Asia, mainly for
the raw materials
found there since
the start of
industrialism
WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#2 IMPERIALISM
-By 1900, the British Empire extended over five continents
-France controlled large areas in Africa

WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#2 IMPERIALISM
-Germany-
angry with the
amount of land
Great Britain
and France
controlled
-Increased
competition
among nations,
leading to more
confrontations
WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#3 MILITARISM
MILITARISM: Belief that the government of a
country should maintain a strong military to be
prepared to use it, if necessary

WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#3 MILITARISM
An ARMS RACE
had begun as
the world
entered the
20th century
do to the
growing
economic
divide in
Europe
WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#3 MILITARISM
Germany had the greatest increase in military
buildup by 1914

WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#3 MILITARISM
Germany and
France’s armies
more than
doubled between
1870 and 1914
WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#3 MILITARISM
Great Britain and Germany’s
navies increased too

WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#3 MILITARISM
Great Britain vs. Germany
British- “Dreadnaught” Battleship (1906)

WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#3 MILITARISM
Germans followed by
introducing their own battleship

WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#4 NATIONALISM
NATIONALISM:
Pride and becoming
a strong supporter
of one’s country

WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#4 NATIONALISM
CONGRESS OF VIENNA: Held after
Napoleon’s exile to redraw boundaries

WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#4 NATIONALISM
Left Germany and Italy divided
Reunited:
Italy- 1861
Germany- 1871 ©Teaching to the Middle
WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#4 NATIONALISM
France left angry with settlement
after Franco-Prussian War
Lost
Alsace-
Lorraine to
Germany
and were
determined
to regain it
WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#4 NATIONALISM
Large areas of Austria-Hungary and Serbia
homes to differing nationalist groups
All wanted
freedom
from states
in which they
lived

WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#5 ASSASSINATION OF
ARCHDUKE FERDINAND
The immediate cause of
WWI that made reasons
1-4 come into play with
the assassination of
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand of Austria-
Hungry on June 28th, 1914
by a Bosnian
revolutionary
WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#5 ASSASSINATION OF
ARCHDUKE FERDINAND
Ferdinand was next
in line to be the
leader of Austria-
Hungary, but not
everyone in his
country was happy
with that
WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#5 ASSASSINATION OF
ARCHDUKE FERDINAND
Serbians who lived
in Bosnia did not
want Ferdinand to
be in charge; angry
because Austria-
Hungary had taken
over Bosnia
WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#5 ASSASSINATION OF
ARCHDUKE FERDINAND
Despite tension,
Archduke Ferdinand
planned a trip to
Sarajevo, the capital
of Bosnia, for the
feast of Saint Vitus
Warned against this,

but went anyway
WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#5 ASSASSINATION OF
ARCHDUKE FERDINAND
It was his 14th wedding
anniversary, so wife, Sophie,
accompanied him on the trip
Together, they were

supposed to ride in a royal
motorcade through the city
on their way to a reception
at city hall
WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#5 ASSASSINATION OF
ARCHDUKE FERDINAND
Arrived in Sarajevo on
June 28th, 1914 with a
motorcade of four cars
Rode in an open car, the

second in the line of four
Crowds lined the street

to watch them pass
WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#5 ASSASSINATION OF
ARCHDUKE FERDINAND
In the crowd were 7
members of a terrorist
organization, known as
the Black Hand Gang
Each carried a bomb or

gun, and waited for the
opportunity to attack
the Archduke’s car
WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#5 ASSASSINATION OF
ARCHDUKE FERDINAND
One assassin threw a bomb at
his car, but the car’s
chauffeur saw what was
happening and sped up to avoid
the bomb
He was not fast enough

though and the bomb hit the
car, but bounced off it,
destroying the next car in line
WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#5 ASSASSINATION OF
ARCHDUKE FERDINAND
The assassin was
caught and the
Archduke and Sophie
continued on their way
to the reception
Once the reception was

over, the Archduke and
Sophie were urged to
take the quickest route
of town ©Teaching to the Middle
WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#5 ASSASSINATION OF
ARCHDUKE FERDINAND
Crowds gathered
and the assassins
waited again, hidden
within the crowd
The Archduke’s car

had to slow down
almost to a stop
at a sharp turn
WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#5 ASSASSINATION OF
ARCHDUKE FERDINAND
-The assassin, Gavrilo Princip, took this opportunity to
shoot Archduke Ferdinand and Sophie
-Sophie died immediately; it was reported he only had
time to say his wife’s name before he died too

WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#5 ASSASSINATION OF
ARCHDUKE FERDINAND
19 year old, Gavrilo Princip was captured
He had joined the group of young Serbian nationalists
trained to use terrorist methods to fight for what
they believed in

WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#5 ASSASSINATION OF
ARCHDUKE FERDINAND
All 7 assassins, ranging from 17-27 were part of the
Black Hand Gang; the two who attacked the cars were
tried and sentenced to 20 years in prison
Gavrilo spent his time in prison, where he died

WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#5 ASSASSINATION OF
ARCHDUKE FERDINAND
6 of 7 assassins were captured and interrogated
about their training; claimed they did not have ties to
the Black Hand Gang

WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#5 ASSASSINATION OF
ARCHDUKE FERDINAND
The assassination stirred up anger between the
countries of Austria-Hungary and Serbia; renewed
conflicts between the two

WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#5 ASSASSINATION OF
ARCHDUKE FERDINAND
Austria-Hungary blamed the assassination on Serbia;
Exactly one month after the assassination, Austria-
Hungary declared war on Serbia

WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
#5 ASSASSINATION OF
ARCHDUKE FERDINAND
Russia mobilized its military due to its alliance with
Serbia; Led Germany declaring war on Russia; WWI
began after the multiple alliances began defending one
another

WORLD WAR I: CAUSES
The M-A-I-N Causes

WORLD WAR I: SIDES
There were two main sides during
World War I:
Allied Powers
Central Powers

WORLD WAR I: SIDES
ALLIED POWERS
-Largely formed as a defense against the aggression
of Germany and the Central Powers
-Originally known as the Entente Powers because they
started as an alliance between France, Britain, and
Russia known as the Triple Entente

WORLD WAR I: SIDES
ALLIED POWERS
FRANCE
-August 3rd, 1914: Germany declared war on France
-France had prepared for war after Germany and
Russia went to war
-Majority of the fighting took place in France on the
Western Front

WORLD WAR I: SIDES
ALLIED POWERS
BRITAIN
-Joined war when Germany invaded Belgium
-Declared war on Germany on August 4th, 1914
-British troops joined French troops on the Western
Front to stop the advance of Germany across Western
Europe

WORLD WAR I: SIDES
ALLIED POWERS
BELGIUM
Originally declared itself neutral at the start of the
war, but joined the Allied forces when they were invaded
by Germany

WORLD WAR I: SIDES
ALLIED POWERS
RUSSIA
-Early entry into the war
-Germany declared war on
Russia on July 31st, 1914
-Russian Empire included Poland
and Finland
-Left the Allied Powers after
the Russian Revolution
-Signed peace treaty with
Germany on March 3rd, 1918

WORLD WAR I: SIDES
ALLIED POWERS
UNITED STATES
-Despite attempts to remain neutral, the
United States joined WWI on the side of the
Allied Powers on April 6th, 1917 when they
declared war on Germany

WORLD WAR I: SIDES
ALLIED POWERS
Other Allied Countries:
-Japan
-Italy
-Brazil
-Greece
-Montenegro
-Romania
-Serbia

WORLD WAR I: SIDES
ALLIED POWERS
-About 42 million military
personnel were mobilized by
the Allied forces during the
war
-About 5,541,000 were killed in
action and another 12,925,000
were wounded
-Russia had the most soldiers
killed with 1,800,000 and France
had with around 1,400,000
WORLD WAR I: SIDES
CENTRAL POWERS
-Began as alliance between
Germany and Austria-Hungary
-Later the Ottoman Empire
and Bulgaria joined
-The name “Central Powers”
came from the location of
the main countries in the
alliance, which were centrally
located in Europe between
Russia to the east and France
and Britain to the west
-AKA- Quadruple Powers ©Teaching to the Middle

WORLD WAR I: SIDES
CENTRAL POWERS
GERMANY
-Largest army
-Main leader of the
Central Powers
-Military strategy-
Schlieffen Plan- quick
takeover of France and
Western Europe
-Hoped this would allow
them to concentrate
efforts on Eastern
Europe and Russia ©Teaching to the Middle
WORLD WAR I: SIDES
CENTRAL POWERS
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
-The immediate cause
of WWI was the
assassination of
Archduke Ferdinand
-Austria-Hungary
blamed the
assassination on Serbia
and invaded them
-Set off a chain of
events resulting in WWI
WORLD WAR I: SIDES
CENTRAL POWERS
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
-Had strong economic
ties to Germany
-Signed a military
alliance with Germany
in 1914
-Entrance in the war
led to their downfall
-Country of Turkey
formed in 1923
WORLD WAR I: SIDES
CENTRAL POWERS
BULGARIA
-Last major country
to join the war on the
side of the Central
Powers in 1915
-Claimed land held by
Serbia and were eager
to invade Serbia as
part of the war

WORLD WAR I: SIDES
CENTRAL POWERS
-Mobilized about 25
million soldiers
-About 3.1 million

killed in action
-8.4 million wounded

WORLD WAR I: THEATRES
WWI was technically a “world war,” but
most of the fighting was confined to a
few key areas, known as “Theatres of
War”

MAIN THEATRES:
-Western Front
-Eastern Front
-Italian Front
-Gallipoli
-War at Sea ©Teaching to the Middle

WESTERN FRONT
The German army
crossed the
Belgian border on
August 3rd, 1914

WESTERN FRONT
Britain and France
declared war on
Germany on
August 4th, 1914

WESTERN FRONT
Germans pushed
through Belgium
and occupied
Brussels before
they entered
France

WESTERN FRONT
British and French
armies marched to
stop German
advance
Battle of Marne-
September 4-10;
prevented Germans
from marching on
Paris, France©Teaching to the Middle
WESTERN FRONT
-To avoid losing territory they had already gained in
France, the Germans started to dig trenches
-The British and French were unable to break
through the line of these trenches, so they started
digging their own trenches

WESTERN FRONT
-Trench warfare characterized much of the fighting
during WWI, particularly along the Western Front
-Trench systems were complicated, with many
interlinking lines of trenches dug by soldiers

WESTERN FRONT
Methods of Digging
Entrenching- Dug
straight into the
ground; fast but left
soldiers open to
enemy fire while
digging ©Teaching to the Middle
WESTERN FRONT
Methods of Digging
Sapping- extending the

trench on one end; safer,
but took longer

WESTERN FRONT
Methods of Digging
Tunneling: Most secret way; made a tunnel and
then removed the roof when finished; safest,
but most difficult

WESTERN FRONT
It is said to have taken 450 men 6 hours
to build 250 meters of a trench system

WESTERN FRONT
“NO MAN’S LAND”-

land between two
enemy trench lines
Often covered with
barbed wire and
land mines

WESTERN FRONT
-Enemy trenches were usually around 50-250
yards apart
-Most raids took place at night when soldiers
were able to sneak across “No Man’s Land” in
the dark

WESTERN FRONT
Typical trenches were dug about 12 feet into
the ground; usually an embankment at the top
of the trench along with barbed wire fences

WESTERN FRONT
-Some trenches were
reinforced with wood
beams or sandbags
-Wooden boards
(duckboards) usually
covered the bottom
of the trenches to
keep soldiers’ feet
above the water that
tended to collect at
the bottom of the
trenches
WESTERN FRONT
-Trenches were dug as a system, not usually in
one long straight line
-Zigzag pattern with many levels of trenches
along the lines with paths for soldiers to travel
in between

WESTERN FRONT
It is estimated that if all the trenches were
laid end-to-end, they would total over 25,000
miles in length!

WESTERN FRONT
Soldiers usually rotated through 3 stages of
the front:
1) Front
Line
2) Support
Trenches
3) Resting

WESTERN FRONT
They almost always had some job to do:
-Repair trenches
-Guard duty
-Move supplies
-Undergo inspections
-Clean weapons

WESTERN FRONT
Soldiers were typically armed with:
-rifle
-bayonet
-hand grenade

WESTERN FRONT
Trenches were pretty disgusting places
with many pests:
-rats
-lice
-frogs

WESTERN FRONT
RATS!
-everywhere in the trenches
-got into the soldiers’ food and ate just
about everything! (even sleeping soldiers)

WESTERN FRONT
LICE!
-Major problem
because they made
the soldiers itch
horribly and caused a
disease known as
Trench Fever

WESTERN FRONT
-Weather
contributed to the
rough conditions
-Trenches often
flooded
-Mud could clog
weapons and make
it difficult to move
in battle
WESTERN FRONT
TRENCH FOOT
Caused by the
constant moisture
If left untreated,
it could become so
bad amputation
was required

WESTERN FRONT
COLD WEATHER
-Led to frostbite
and loss of soldiers’
fingers or toes
-Some died from
exposure to the
cold

WESTERN FRONT
-Neither side gained
much land in the war
-In an effort to
break the deadlock,
new military
technology was
introduced:
-poison gas
-aircraft
-tanks ©Teaching to the Middle
WESTERN FRONT
Among the most costly battles were:
Battle of Verdun- 700,000
Battle of the Somme- 1,000,000+
Battle of Passchendaele- 600,000

EASTERN FRONT
Line of fighting on
the Eastern side
of Europe
between Russia,
Germany, and
Austria-Hungary

EASTERN FRONT
Fighting started
there when Russia
invaded East Prussia
on August 17th, 1914
Germany responded
immediately with a
counter-offensive
to push Russia back
EASTERN FRONT
This pattern of
attack and
counter-attack
continued for the
first two years of
the war; the
Eastern Front
changed position as
land was captured
and lost by both
sides
EASTERN FRONT
Russians were fed up and demoralized by 1917
by the huge number of losses they had
suffered

EASTERN FRONT
The Russian government and monarchy were
overthrown and a new Bolshevik government
signed the Treaty of Brest Litovsk, taking
Russians out of the war

EASTERN FRONT
More than 3 million men died in the fighting on
the Eastern Front; more than 9 million were
wounded

ITALIAN FRONT
Before the war broke
out in August of 1914,
Italy tended to side
with Germany and
Austria-Hungary; They
kept out of the war
initially, but were
tempted by offers of
more land once the
war was won
ITALIAN FRONT
Italy entered the war
on the side of the
Allies in April of 1915
Only able to advance a

short way into Austria

ITALIAN FRONT
12 battles fought
along the Isonzo
River between 1915-1917
Italians were
defeated at the
Battle of Caporetto
and pushed back

GALLIPOLI FRONT
-Located in southern Turkey
-Allied commanders tried to attack Germany by
attacking their ally, Turkey, in 1915
-Allied soldiers, mostly from Australia and New
Zealand were sent to the Gallipoli Peninsula

GALLIPOLI FRONT
-British ships tried to force their way through the
Dardanelles
-Mission was a complete failure
-Allies lost more than 50,000, but hardly gained any
land

WAR AT SEA
-Germany and Britain were involved in a naval race for
mastery of the seas prior to WWI
-Britain had a long tradition for being the master of the
seas and Germany knew they were unlikely to win a naval
war against them
-Germany tended to avoid open naval conflict with Britain

WAR AT SEA
Britain’s main naval tactic was to keep
German ships in their ports and block
supplies from reaching Germany

WAR AT SEA
Germany’s main naval tactic was to post
U-Boats in the Atlantic Ocean and
destroy any ships taking supplies from
America and other countries to Britain

WAR AT SEA
The passenger liner, Lusitania, was
torpedoed by a German submarine on
May 7th, 1915; nearly 1200 civilians lost their
lives in the attack

WAR AT SEA
The most notable sea battle of WWI was
the Battle of Jutland between Germany
and Britain; no clear winner

WORLD WAR I: WEAPONS
There were many scientific and
technological advancements
during WWI, changing modern
warfare

AIRPLANE
-First war to use planes
-Initially used to observe enemy troops
-Used to drop bombs by the end of the
war

AIRPLANE
-Machine guns mounted on them to
shoot down other planes
-Fights between two planes in the sky
became known as “dogfights”

ZEPPELIN
-AKA Blimp
-Airship used during the early part of the
ward during bombing raids by Germany
-Carried machine guns and bombs
-Abandoned- easy to shoot out of the
sky

TANKS
-First introduced and used during WWI at
the Battle of the Somme
-Armored cars used to cross “No Man’s
Land” between trenches

TANKS
-Mounted machine
guns and cannons
-First tank was the
British Mark I;
prototype name of
“Little Willie”
-Crew of 3; max
speed- 3 mph
-Unable to cross
trenches
TANKS
-Unreliable and difficult
to steer initially
-Originally called
“landships” by the
British
-Later changed name
to tank (factory
workers called them
that because they
resembled large water
tanks)
TANKS
-Became more effective by the end of the
war
-Could carry 10 men
-Revolving turret
-Could reach 4 mph

NAVAL WARFARE: Dreadnought
-large metal, armored battleship
-Most dangerous ships used in WWI
-large powerful long-range guns that
allowed them to attack other ships and
land targets from far away

NAVAL WARFARE: Submarine
-Used in WWI
-Germany used U-Boats to sneak up and
sink ships with torpedoes

BAYONET
-Simple weapons designed more for their
psychological impact
-Men were trained to advance in rows with
their faces contorted, lungs blaring, and
bayonets thrusting

BAYONET
-These charges
were not typically
effective against
modern weapons
-Also used as an
all-purpose tool-
anything from
digging to opening
cans

RIFLE
-Main weapons used by the British in the
trenches
-Bolt-Action Rifle could fire 15 rounds in 1
minute and kill a person 1,400 meters away
-Soldiers spent a lot of time cleaning and
maintaining rifles

ARTILLERY (large guns)
-Improved during WWI; included anti-aircraft
guns used to shoot down enemy planes
-Needed as many as 12 men to aim, load, and
fire them

ARTILLERY (large guns)
-Major casualties during WWI were inflicted by
artillery
-Some large artillery guns could launch shells
up to 80 miles

MACHINE GUNS
-Improved during WWI
-Lighter; easier to move
-Needed 4-6 men to
work
-Had to be on a flat
surface
-Fire power of 100 guns
and could fire 500
rounds a minute

-Large field guns had
long ranges and could
deliver devastating
blows to their enemies,
but needed up to 12
men to work them
-Fired shells that

exploded upon impact

MACHINE GUNS
German troops had
the upper-hand when
the war started in
terms of the quantity
and quality of machine
guns
German Army- 10,000+ units in 1914
British & French- less than 1,000 each

GRENADES
-Small bombs thrown
by hand or launched
from a rifle
attachment
-Detonated on impact
or by a time
-Germany led the way in

grenade development

GRENADES
-Early British version
was awkward to use
and prone to
accidental detonation
-Mills bombs created-

pineapple-shaped and
had a safety pin and
firing lever
-Produced with 4-7

second fuses ©Teaching to the Middle
GRENADES
-Allied soldiers trained
to hurl Mills bombs
over by arm
-The best cricket

players were often
called upon to be
grenade specialists

GRENADES
-Mortars were later
created to launch
grenades and small
bombs short
distances
-Made a distinctive
“whoomp” sound when
launched, which was a
signal to take cover
FLAME THROWERS
-Used by German Army
on the Western Front to
force Allied troops out of
their trenches
-Not widely used, but
terrifying
-Used by a single soldier
and used pressurized gas
to spurt burning oil or gas
up to 40 meters
FLAME THROWERS
To use flamethrowers,
soldiers had to be
relatively close to their
enemies, making it easy
for competent
riflemen to kill them

CHEMICAL WEAPONS
-Introduced during WWI
-Germany used chlorine gas to
poison the Allied troops in the
Battle of Ypres in 1915
-Caused severe burning to the
throat and chest pains
-Death was extremely painful
because it caused on to
suffocate

CHEMICAL
WEAPONS
-The problem with
chlorine gas was that
the weather had to
be just right
-If the wind blew in
the wrong direction,
troops could end up
killing their own people

CHEMICAL
WEAPONS
-Mustard gas was
developed and used by
both the Central and
Allied troops
-Most deadly weapon
-Shot into trenches in
shells

CHEMICAL WEAPONS
-Mustard gas was colorless
-Took 12 hours to take effect
EFFECTS:
-blistering skin
-vomiting
-sore eyes
-external & internal bleeding
-Death- slow & painful (up to 5 weeks)
CHEMICAL WEAPONS
Troops started to be equipped
with gas masks by the end of
the war, so the weapon was not
as effective

MINES
Large bombs or explosive charges planted
underground and detonated remotely or by the
contact of soldiers’ feet

MINES
-Sea mines were also used by the navies
-They floated in ocean and exploded upon
contact with ships

MINES
-Were not used as much on the Western Front
since there was not much mobility
-Trench soldiers dug tunnels to plant huge
mines under enemy trenches though

BARBED WIRE
Along with caltrope (single iron spikes scattered
on the ground), barbed wire was used in “No
Man’s Land” to stop enemy advances on one’s
own trench

BARBED WIRE
-Was laid as screens or “aprons”
-Installed by “wiring parties” who worked at
night

BARBED WIRE
-Attacking infantry found the large barbed
wire screens almost impossible to penetrate
-Many soldiers died slow deaths entangled in the
wire

BARBED WIRE
-Positioning of the wire was important and
often strategic
-Tried to keep enemies out of grenade range
-Tried to funnel troops toward machine-guns

BARBED WIRE
More than 1 million kilometers of barbed wire
used on the Western Front

WORLD WAR I
CHRISTMAS TRUCE
Some soldiers stopped fighting on Christmas
Day in 1914.

WORLD WAR I: BATTLES
The casualties suffered in WWI are staggering
Great Britain- 1,000,000+
France- 1,300,000+
Russia- 1,700,000+
Germany and Allies- 3,500,000

Over 5,500 lives were lost daily

1) Battle of Tannenberg
August 26-30, 1914
-One of the first major battles of WWI
-Occurred in what is today Poland
-Germans won resoundingly, proving they could defeat
larger armies with their superior tactics and training

2) First Battle of
the Marne
-September 5-12, 1914
-Marne River- near
Paris, France
-Germany vs. Allies
-French were able to
keep Germans from
invading Paris

3) Battle of Verdun
-February 21- November of 1916
-10 month long ordeal between the French and German
armies
-Verdun, France
-No advances made for either side
-One of the most brutal battles of WWI

4) Battle of the Somme
-July 1- November 18, 1916
-Took place in France
-Many casualties on both sides

WORLD WAR I: End of War
1918- Germany was in a strong position
and expected to WWI
-Russia had dropped out the year
before, making Germany stronger

MARCH 1918-
-Germany launched the “Michael Offensive”
-Pushed Britain far back across the old
Somme battlefield
-Plan failed when Britain and France counter-
attacked

-Germany and the Central Powers realized it
was no longer possible to win the war because
they were losing the Great Battle in France
-The Verdun Offensive failed in 1916
-Germany Navy went on strike, refusing to
fight

-United States had joined in April of 1917, making the
Allied Troops more powerful
-Germany was not strong enough to continue fighting
-Thousands of fresh American soldiers arrived in
France, adding greater military strength to the Allied
Troops

-Strikes and demonstrations in Berlin, Germany and
other cities protested the effects of war on the
German population
-German port had been blockaded by the British-
thousands were starving

-Allied commanders on the Western Front made the
decision to go on the offensive in August of 1918
-Series of battles- The Hundred Days Offensive
-Germans pushed out of France and forced to
retreat back to Germany

-German forces were
exhausted and running
out of food
-German army leaders
told the government
they should stop
fighting
-Kaiser Wilhelm,
Germany’s leader,
abdicated on November
9th, 1918
-Germans requesting
an armistice on
11/11/1918
-Agreed upon; signing
took place in a
French military
commander’s railway
carriage north of
Paris, France
-11/11/1918, 11 AM, fighting
stopped
-People celebrated!
-WWI lasted 4
years and 4
months
-Huge crowd
gathered in
Trafalgar Square in
London to
celebrate
January 1919
-Allied nations gathered in Paris, France at the
Paris Peace Conference to decide the fate of
Germany and the Central Powers
-Took place in palace of Versailles, outside
Paris

-Representatives from 32 countries
-Defeated countries were not invited
-Representation varied
-Big Four: France, Great Britain, United States,
Italy- known as the Supreme Council

-Opinions varied on what should happen to
Germany
-Woodrow Wilson (U.S.) outlined his plan-
FOURTEEN POINTS:
-break up large empires
-settle conflicting claims for land
-establish League of Nations for
settling future conflicts to
prevent wars
-no punishments for losing
nations

-Prime Ministers of
the three European
nations had different
views on what should
happen at the Paris
Peace Conference
-Their countries
were more directly
involved in WWI
-Their land and cities
were ruined and
many civilians were
killed ©Teaching to the Middle
-Nations wanted to
be sure Germany
never became
powerful enough to
invade their countries
again
-Many felt Germany
and other Central
Powers should pay
billions (reparations)
in damages caused
by the war
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
-June 28th, 1919
-Signed between Allied Powers
and Germany, officially ending
the war
-Blamed Germany for the war
-Reduced military to 100,000 men
-No tanks, heavy artillery,
military aircrafts, or submarines
-Reparations (about $442 billion
in current $)
-United States did not sign it
-Had their own treaty with
Germany
WORLD WAR I: After the War
-Map of Europe
changed
significantly
-New independent
nations- Poland,
Finland, Yugoslavia,
Czechoslovakia
-Russia became
the Soviet Union
-Ottoman Empire
became Turkey
-Germany forced
to give up the
province of Alsace-
Lorraine to France
WORLD WAR I:
League of Nations
-Formed as part of the Paris Peace Conference
-Based in Geneva, Switzerland (neutral)
-Goal: Establish world peace
-Members hoped to prevent future wars by helping
settle disputes between countries

WORLD WAR I:
League of Nations
If nations were unable to agree
to a solution, they could apply
sanctions (punishments) to them
1) Warning
2) Economic Sanctions (trade
could be cut)
3) Military Force (could not really
used though because they did
not have a military and no
other countries were in a
position to support it with
their own military forces
after the war)
WORLD WAR I:
League of Nations
Also aimed to
establish:
-fair labor
conditions
-improve global
health
-control global
arms trade
-protect minorities
in Europe ©Teaching to the Middle
WORLD WAR I:
League of Nations
-42 founding members
-United States did not join (even though it
was Wilson’s idea)

WORLD WAR I:
Problems with the Treaty of Versailles
-German citizens were unhappy with it and
felt they were not treated fairly
-They followed some provisions of the
treaty, but not all

WORLD WAR I:
Post-War Germany
-NAZI party rose to power
in the 1930s and ignored the
treaty altogether
-Built up military again
-Refused to pay
reparations
-NAZI dictator, Adolf Hitler,
rose to power

THANK YOU!
The Enlightened Elephant Clipart

www.history.com
www.Ducksters.com
www.socialstudiesforkids.com

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WORLD WAR I

©Teaching to the Middle

©Teaching to the Middle

Basically, if one country

TRIPLE ALLIANCE TRIPLE ENTENTE

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Warned against this,

Together, they were

Rode in an open car, the

Crowds lined the street

Each carried a bomb or

He was not fast enough

Once the reception was

The Archduke’s car

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-AKA- Quadruple Powers ©Teaching to the Middle

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-About 3.1 million

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-War at Sea ©Teaching to the Middle

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Sapping- extending the

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“NO MAN’S LAND”-

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