World War I Slideshow

WORLD WAR
I 1914-1918
©Teaching t o t h e Middle
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES #1
ALLIES
ALLIANCE: agreement made
between two or more countries to
help one another if necessary
When an alliance is
signed, the countries
become ALLIES
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES #1
This set t h e
framework f o r
ALLIES
WWI due t o
MUTUAL DEFENSE
AGREEMENTS
Basically, i f one c o u n t r y
was attacked, their
allies were bound t o
defend t h e m ©Teaching t o t h e Middle
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES #1
There were many alliances signed f r o m
ALLIES
1879-1914. Included:
Russia and Serbia
Germany and Austria-Hungary
France and Russia
Britain, France, and Belgium
Japan and Britain ©Teaching t o t h e Middle
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES #1
ALLIES
By 1914, t h e r e were t w o main sides
in Europe:
TRIPLE ALLIANCE TRIPLE ENTENTE
-Germany -Britain
-Italy -France
-Austria Hungary -Russia
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES #1
DOMINO EFFECT:
ALLIES
1. Austria-Hungary declared war on
Serbia
2. Russia g o t involved t o defend
Serbia
3. Russia began mobilizing, so Germany
declared war on Russia
4. Germany and Austria-Hungary
were drawn against France
5. Britain became involved when
Germany at t acked France through
Belgium
6. This brought Japan into t h e war
7. I t a l y and t h e United States later
entered t h e war on t h e side o f t h e
Allies
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 2
IMPERIALISM
IMPERIALISM:
when one c o u n t r y
increases their
wealth and power
by bringing
additional
territories under
their control
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 2
Prior t o WWI,
IMPERIALISM
European nations
f o u g h t over p a r t s
o f Africa and
Asia, mainly f o r
t h e r a w materials
found t h e r e since
the s t a r t o f
industrialism
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 2
-By 1900, t h e British Empire extended over five continents
IMPERIALISM
-France controlled large areas in Africa
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 2
IMPERIALISM
-Germany-
angry with the
amount o f land
Great Britain
and France
controlled
-Increased
competition
among nations,
leading t o m o r e
confrontations
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 3
MILITARISM
MILITARISM: Belief t h a t t h e government o f a
c o u n t r y should maintain a strong military t o be
prepared t o use it, i f necessary
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 3
MILITARISM
An ARMS RACE
had begun as
t h e world
entered t h e
20 t h c e n t u r y
do t o t h e
growing
economic
divide in
Europe
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 3
MILITARISM
Germany had t h e g r e a t e s t increase in military
buildup by 1914
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 3
MILITARISM
Germany and
France’s armies
m o r e than
doubled between
1870 and 1914
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 3
MILITARISM
Great Britain and Germany’s
navies increased t o o
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 3
MILITARISM
Great Britain vs. Germany
British- “Dreadnaught” Battleship (1906)
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 3
MILITARISM
Germans followed by
introducing their own battleship
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 4
NATIONALISM
NATIONALISM:
Pride and becoming
a strong sup p o rte r
o f one’s c o u n t r y
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 4
CONGRESS OF VIENNA: Held a f t e r
NATIONALISM
Napoleon’s exile t o redraw boundaries
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 4
NATIONALISM
L e f t Germany and I t a l y divided
Reunited:
I t a l y - 1861
Germany- ©Teaching t o t h e Middle
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 4
France l e f t angry
NATIONALISM with s e t t l e m e n t
a f t e r Franco-Prussian War
Lost
Alsace-
Lorraine t o
Germany
and were
determined
t o regain it
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 4
Large areas o f Austria-Hungary and Serbia
homesNATIONALISM
t o differing nationalist groups
All wanted
freedom
f r o m states
in which
they lived
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 5
ASSASSINATION OF
The immediate cause
ARCHDUKE
o f WWI t h a t made FERDINAND
reasons 1-4 come into
play with t h e
assassination o f
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand o f Austria-
Hungry on June 28 th , 1914
by a Bosnian
revolutionary ©Teaching t o t h e Middle
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 5
ASSASSINATION OF
Ferdinand was next
ARCHDUKE
in line t o be t h e
FERDINAND
leader o f
Austria- Hungary,
b u t n o t everyone
in his c o u n t r y was
happy
with t h a t
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 5
ASSASSINATION OF
Serbians who lived
ARCHDUKE
in Bosnia did n o t
FERDINAND
want Ferdinand t o
be in charge; angry
because Austria-
Hungary had taken
over Bosnia
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 5
ASSASSINATION OF
Despite tension,
ARCHDUKE
Archduke Ferdinand FERDINAND
planned a t r i p t o
Sarajevo, t h e capital
o f Bosnia, f o r t h e
f e a s t o f Saint Vitus
Warned against this,

b u t went anyway
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 5
ASSASSINATION OF
ARCHDUKE
I t was his 14 wedding
th
FERDINAND
anniversary, so wife, Sophie,
accompanied him on t h e t r i p
Together, they were

supposed t o ride in a royal
motorcade through t h e city
on their way t o a reception
a t city hall
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 5
ASSASSINATION OF
ARCHDUKE
Arrived in Sarajevo on
J une 28 , 1914 with a
th
FERDINAND
motorcade o f f o u r cars
Rode in an open car, t h e

second in t h e line o f f o u r
Crowds lined t h e s t r e e t
t o watch t h e m pass
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 5
ASSASSINATION OF
I n t hARCHDUKE
e crowd were 7 FERDINAND
members o f a t e r r o r i s t
organization, known as
t h e Black Hand Gang
Each carried a bomb o r

gun, and waited f o r t h e
opportunity t o a t t a c k
t h e Archduke’s c a r
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 5
ASSASSINATION OF
ARCHDUKE FERDINAND
One assassin t h r e w a bomb a t
his car, b u t t h e car’s
c h a u f f e u r saw w h a t was
happening and sped up t o avoid
t h e bomb
He was n o t f a s t enough
though and t h e bomb hit
t h e car, b u t bounced o f f it,
destroying t h e next car in line
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 5
ASSASSINATION OF
The assassin was
caughtARCHDUKE
and t h e FERDINAND
Archduke and Sophie
continued on their way
t o t h e reception
Once t h e reception was

over, t h e Archduke and
Sophie were urged t o
take t h e quickest r o u t e
o f town ©Teaching t o t h e Middle
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 5
ASSASSINATION OF
CrowdsARCHDUKE
gathered
and t h e assassins
FERDINAND
waited again, hidden
within t h e crowd
The Archduke’s c a r
had t o slow down
almost t o a stop
a t a sharp t u r n
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 5
ASSASSINATION OF
-The assassin, Gavrilo Princip, t o o k this opportunity t o
ARCHDUKE
shoot Archduke Ferdinand and FERDINAND
Sophie
-Sophie died immediately; i t was r epor t ed he only had
time t o say his wife’s name bef or e he died t o o
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 5
ASSASSINATION
19 yea r old, Gavrilo P rincip was captured
OF
ARCHDUKE
He had FERDINAND
joined t h e group o f young Serbian nationalists
trained t o use t e r r o r i s t methods t o f i ght f o r w h a t
they believed in
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 5
ASSASSINATION OF
All 7 assassins, ranging f r o m 17-27 were p a r t o f t h e
BlackARCHDUKE FERDINAND
Hand Gang; t h e t w o who attacked t h e cars were
tried and sentenced t o 20 years in prison
Gavrilo spent his time in prison, where he died
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 5
ASSASSINATION OF
6 o f 7 assassins were captured and interrogated
aboutARCHDUKE
their training; claimedFERDINAND
they did n o t have ties t o
t h e Black Hand Gang
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 5
ASSASSINATION OF
The assassination stirred up anger between t h e
ARCHDUKE
countries o f Austria-Hungary
conflicts between t h e t w o
FERDINAND
and Serbia; renewed
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 5
ASSASSINATION OF
Austria-Hungary blamed t h e assassination on Serbia;
ARCHDUKE
Exactly one m o n t h a fFERDINAND
t e r t h e assassination,
Aust ria- Hungary declared war on Serbia
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES # 5
ASSASSINATION OF
Russia mobilized its military due t o its alliance with
ARCHDUKE
Serbia; Led Germany declaring FERDINAND
war on Russia; WWI
began a f t e r t h e multiple alliances began defending one
another
WORLD WAR I:
CAUSES
The M - A - I - N Causes
WORLD WAR I:
There were
SIDES t w o main sides during
World War I:
Allied Powers
Central Powers
WORLD WAR I:
SIDES ALLIED POWERS
-Largely f o r m e d as a defense against t h e aggression
o f Germany and t h e Central Powers
-Originally known as t h e Entente Powers because they
s t a r t e d as an alliance between France, Britain, and
Russia known as t h e Triple Entente
WORLD WAR I:
SIDESALLIED POWERS
FRANCE
- August 3r d , 1914: Germany declared wa r on France
-France had prepared f o r war a f t e r Germany and
Russia went t o war
-Majority o f t h e fighting t o o k place in France on t h e
Western Front
WORLD WAR I:
SIDES ALLIED POWERS
BRITAIN
-Joined war when Germany invaded Belgium
-Declared war on Germany on August 4 th , 1914
-British t r o o p s joined French t r o o p s on t h e Western
Front t o stop t h e advance o f Germany across Western
Europe
WORLD WAR I:
SIDES ALLIED POWERS
BELGIUM
Originally declared itself neutral a t t h e s t a r t o f t h e
war, b u t joined t h e Allied f o r c e s when they were invaded
by Germany
WORLD WAR I:
ALLIED
SIDES POWERS
RUSSIA
-Early e n t r y into t h e
war
-Germany declared war on
Russia on July 31st, 1914
-Russian Empire included Poland and
Finland
- L e f t t h e Allied Powers a f t e r t h e
Russian Revolution
-Signed peace t r e a t y with
Germany on March 3rd,
1918 ©Teaching t o t h e Middle
WORLD WAR I:
ALLIED
SIDES POWERS
UNITED STATES
-Despite a t t e m p t s t o remain
neutral, t h e United States joined WWI on
t h e side o f t h e Allied Powers on April 6 t h ,
1917 when they declared war on Germany
WORLD WAR I:
ALLIED
SIDES POWERS
Other Allied Countries:
-Japan
-Italy
-Brazil
-Greece
-Montenegro
-Romania
-Serbia
WORLD WAR I:
ALLIED
SIDES POWERS
- A b o u t 42 million military
personnel were mobilized by
t h e Allied f o r c e s during t h e
war
- A b o u t 5,541,000 were killed in
action and another
12,925,000 were wounded
-Russia had t h e m o s t soldiers
killed with 1,800,000 and France
had with around 1,400,000
WORLD WAR I:
CENTRAL
SIDES
POWERS
-Began as alliance between
Germany and Austria-Hungary
- L a t e r t h e O t t om an Empire
and Bulgaria joined
-The name “Central Powers”
came f r o m t h e location o f
t h e main countries in t h e
alliance, which were centrally
located in Europe between
Russia t o t h e east and France
and Britain t o t h e west
-AKA- Quadruple Powers ©Teaching t o t h e Middle
WORLD WAR I:
SIDES
GERMANY
CENTRAL
POWERS
-Largest army
-Main leader o f t h e
Central Powers
-Military s t r a t e g y -
Schlieffen Plan- quick
takeover o f France and
Western Europe
-Hoped this would allow
Europe
t h e m t oand Russia
concentrate ©Teaching t o t h e Middle
WORLD WAR I:
CENTRAL
SIDES
POWERS
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
-The immediate cause
o f WWI was t h e
assassination o f
Archduke Ferdinand
-Austria-Hungary
blamed t h e
assassination on Serbia
and invaded t h e m
- Se t o f f a chain o f ©Teaching t o t h e Middle
WORLD WAR I:
CENTRAL
SIDES
POWERS
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
-Had strong economic
ties t o Germany
-Signed a military
alliance with Germany
in 1914
-Entrance in t h e war
led t o their downfall
-Country o f Turkey
f o r m e d in 1923 ©Teaching t o t h e Middle
WORLD WAR I:
CENTRAL
SIDES
POWERS
BULGARIA
- L a s t major c o u n t r y
t o join t h e war on
t h e side o f t h e
Central Powers in
1915
-Claimed land held by
Serbia and were eager
t o invade Serbia as
p a r t o f t h e war ©Teaching t o t h e Middle
WORLD WAR I: SIDES
CENTRAL POWERS
-Mobilized a bo u t 25
million soldiers
- Abo u t 3.1
million killed in
action
-8.4 million
wounded
WORLD WAR I: THEATRES
WWI was technically a “world war,” b u t
m o s t o f t h e fighting was confined t o
a f e w key areas, known as “Theatres
o f War”
MAIN THEATRES:
-Western Front
-Eastern Front
-Italian Front
-Gallipoli
-War a t Sea ©Teaching t o t h e Middle

WESTERN FRONT
The German a r m y
crossed t h e
Belgian border on
August 3rd , 1914
WESTERN FRONT
Britain and France
declared war on
Germany on
August 4 th , 1914
WESTERN
FRONT
Germans pushed
through Belgium
and occupied
Brussels bef or e
they entered
France
WESTERN FRONT
British and French
armies marched t o
stop German
advance
Battle o f Marne-
September 4-10;
prevented Germans
f r o m marching on
Paris, France ©Teaching t o t h e Middle
WESTERN FRONT
-To avoid losing t e r r i t o r y they had already gained in
France, t h e Germans s t a r t e d t o dig trenches
-The British and French were unable t o break
through t h e line o f these trenches, so they s t a r t e d
digging their own trenches
WESTERN FRONT
-Trench w a r f a r e characterized much o f t h e fighting
during WWI, particularly along t h e Western Front
-Trench systems were complicated, with many
interlinking lines o f trenches dug by soldiers
WESTERN FRONT
Methods o f Digging
Entrenching- Dug
straight into t h e
ground; f a s t b u t l e f t
soldiers open t o
enemy f i r e while
digging ©Teaching t o t h e Middle
WESTERN FRONT
Methods o f Digging
Sapping- extending t h e
trench on one end; safer,
b u t t o o k longer
WESTERN FRONT
Methods o f Digging
Tunneling: M o s t secret way; made a tunnel and
then removed t h e r o o f when finished; safest,
b u t m o s t difficult
WESTERN FRONT
I t is said t o have taken 450 men 6 hours
t o build 250 m e t e r s o f a trench system
WESTERN FRONT
“NO MAN’S LAND”-

land between t w o
enemy trench lines
Often covered with
barbed wire and
land mines
WESTERN FRONT
-Enemy trenches were usually around 50-250
yards a p a r t
- M o s t raids t o o k place a t night when soldiers
were able t o sneak across “No Man’s Land” in
t h e dark
WESTERN FRONT
Typical t r e n c hes were dug abou t 12 f eet int o
t h e ground; usually an embankment a t t h e t o p
o f t h e trench along with barbed wire fences
WESTERN
FRONT
-Some trenches were
reinforced with wood
beams o r sandbags
-Wooden boards
(duckboards) usually
covered t h e b o t t o m
o f t h e trenches t o
keep soldiers’ f e e t
above t h e w a t e r t h a t
tended t o collect a t
the b o t t o m o f the ©Teaching t o t h e Middle
WESTERN FRONT
-Trenches were dug as a system, n o t usually in
one long straight line
-Zigzag p a t t e r n with many levels o f trenches
along t h e lines with paths f o r soldiers t o travel
in between
WESTERN FRONT
I t is estimated t h a t i f all t h e trenches were
laid end-to-end, they would t o t a l over
25,000 miles in length!
WESTERN FRONT
Soldiers usually r o t a t e d through 3 stages o f
the front:
1) Fr o n t
Line
2) Support
Trenches
3) Resting
WESTERN FRONT
They almost always had some job t o do:
-Repair trenches
-Guard d u t y
-Move supplies
-Undergo inspections
-Clean weapons
WESTERN FRONT
Soldiers were typically armed with:
-rifle
-bayonet
-hand grenade
WESTERN FRONT
Trenches were p r e t t y disgusting places
with many pests:
-rats
-lice
-frogs
WESTERN FRONT
RATS!
-everywhere in t h e trenches
- g o t into t h e soldiers’ f o o d and a t e just
a bo ut everything! (even sleeping soldiers)
WESTERN FRONT
LICE!
-Major problem
because they made
t h e soldiers itch
horribly and caused a
disease known as
Trench Fever
WESTERN FRONT
-Weather
contributed t o t h e
rough conditions
-Trenches o f t e n
flooded
-Mud could clog
weapons and make
i t difficult t o
move in b a t t l e
WESTERN FRONT
TRENCH FOOT
Caused by t h e
constant moisture
I f l e f t untreated,
i t could become
so bad
amputation was
required
WESTERN FRONT
COLD WEATHER
- Le d t o f r o s t b i t e
and loss o f soldiers’
fingers o r toes
-Some died f r o m
exposure t o t h e
cold
WESTERN FRONT
-Neither side gained
much land in t h e war
- I n an e f f o r t t o
break t h e deadlock,
new military
technology was
introduced:
-poison gas
-aircraft
-tanks ©Teaching t o t h e Middle
WESTERN FRONT
Among t h e m o s t costly b a t t l es were:
Battle o f Verdun- 700,000
Battle o f t h e Somme- 1,000,000+
Battle o f Passchendaele-
600,000
EASTERN FRONT
Line o f fighting on
t h e Eastern side
o f Europe
between Russia,
Germany, and
Austria-Hungary
EASTERN FRONT
Fighting s t a r t e d
t h e r e when Russia
invaded East Prussia
on August 17th, 1914
Germany responded
immediately with a
counter-offensive
t o push Russia back
EASTERN
FRONT
This p a t t e r n o f
a t t a c k and
counter-attack
continued f o r t h e
f i r s t t w o years o f
t h e war; t h e
Eastern Front
changed position as
land was
captured and lost ©Teaching t o t h e Middle
EASTERN FRONT
Russians were f e d up and demoralized by 1917
by t h e huge number o f losses they had
suffered
EASTERN FRONT
The Russian government and monarchy were
overthrown and a new Bolshevik
government signed t h e Treaty o f Br e s t
Litovsk, taking Russians o u t o f t h e war
EASTERN FRONT
More than 3 million men died in t h e fighting on
t h e Eastern Front; m o r e than 9 million were
wounded
ITALIAN FRONT
Before t h e war broke
o u t in August o f 1914,
I t a l y tended t o side
with Germany and
Austria-Hungary; They
kept o u t o f t h e war
initially, b u t were
t e m p t e d by o f f e r s o f
m o r e land once t h e
war was won
ITALIAN FRONT
I t a l y entered t h e war
on t h e side o f t h e
Allies in April o f 1915
Only able t o advance a

s h o r t way into Austria
ITALIAN FRONT
12 b a ttles f ought
along t h e Isonzo
River between 1915-
1917
Italians were
defeated a t t h e
Battle o f Caporetto
and pushed back
GALLIPOLI FRONT
- Loc a t e d in southern Turkey
-Allied commanders tried t o a t t a c k Germany by
attacking their ally, Turkey, in 1915
-Allied soldiers, m ost l y f r o m Australia and New
Zealand were sent t o t h e Gallipoli Peninsula
GALLIPOLI FRONT
-British ships tried t o f o r c e their way through t h e
Dardanelles
-Mission was a complete failure
-Allies lost m o r e than 50,000, b u t hardly gained any
land
WAR AT SEA
-Germany and Britain were involved in a naval race f o r
m a s t e r y o f t h e seas prior t o WWI
-Britain had a long tradition f o r being t h e m a s t e r o f t h e
seas and Germany knew they were unlikely t o win a naval
war against t h e m
-Germany tended t o avoid open naval conflict with
Britain
WAR AT SEA
Britain’s main naval tactic was t o keep
German ships in their p o r t s and block
supplies f r o m reaching Germany
WAR AT SEA
Germany’s main naval tactic was t o p o s t
U-Boats in t h e Atlantic Ocean and
des troy any ships taking supplies f r o m
America and o t h e r countries t o Britain
WAR AT SEA
The passenger liner, Lusitania, was
torpedoed by a German submarine on
May 7t h , 1915; nearly 1200 civilians los t
their lives in t h e a t t a c k
WAR AT SEA
The m o s t notable sea b a t t l e o f WWI was
t h e Battle o f Jutland between Germany
and Britain; no clear winner
WORLD WAR I:
There were
WEAPONS many scientificand
technological advancements
during WWI, changing modern
warfare
WORLD WAR I:
AIRPLANE
WEAPONS
-First war t o use planes
-Initially used t o observe enemy t r o o p s
-Used t o drop bombs by t h e end o f t h e
war
WORLD WAR I:
AIRPLANE
WEAPONS
-Machine guns mounted on t h e m t o
shoot down o t h e r planes
-Fights between t w o planes in t h e
sky
became known as “dogfights”
WORLD WAR I:
ZEPPELIN
WEAPONS
-AKA Blimp
-Airship used during t h e early p a r t o f t h e
ward during bombing raids by Germany
-Carried machine guns and bombs
-Abandoned- easy t o shoot o u t o f t h e
sky
WORLD WAR I:
TANKS
WEAPONS
-First introduced and used during WWI a t
t h e Battle o f t h e Somme
- A r m o r e d cars used t o cross “No Man’s
Land” between trenches
WORLD WAR I:
TANKS
WEAPONS
-Mounted machine
guns and cannons
-First tank was t h e
British M ar k I;
p r o t o t y p e name o f
“ Li t t l e Willie”
-Crew o f 3; max
speed- 3 mph
-Unable t o cross
trenches
WORLD WAR I:
TANKS
WEAPONS
-Unreliable and difficult
t o s t e e r initially
-Originally called
“landships” by t h e
British
- L a t e r changed name
t o tank ( f a c t o r y
workers called t h e m
t h a t because they
resembled large wa t e r
tanks)
WORLD WAR I:
TANKS
WEAPONS
-Became m o r e ef f ect ive by t h e end o f t h e
war
- Could car r y 10 men
-Revolving t u r r e t
-Could reach 4 mph
WORLD WAR I:
NAVAL
WEAPONS WARFARE: Dreadnought
-large metal, a r more d battleship
- M o s t dangerous ships used in WWI
-large powerful long-range guns t h a t
allowed t h e m t o a t t a c k o t h e r ships and
land t a r g e t s f r o m f a r away
WORLD WAR I:
NAVAL
WEAPONS WARFARE: Submarine
-Used in WWI
-Germany used U-Boats t o sneak up and
sink ships with torpedoes
WORLD WAR I:
BAYONET
WEAPONS
-Simple weapons designed m o r e f o r their
psychological impact
-Men were trained t o advance in rows with
their faces contorted, lungs blaring, and
bayonets thrusting
WORLD WAR I:
WEAPONS BAYONET
-These charges
were n o t typically
ef f ect ive against
modern weapons
-Also used as an
all-purpose t o o l -
anything f r o m
digging t o opening
cans
WORLD WAR I:
RIFLE
WEAPONS
-Main weapons used by t h e British in t h e
trenches
- Bol t - A c tion Rifle could fire 15 rounds in 1
minute and kill a person 1,400 m e t e r s away
-Soldiers spent a lo t o f time cleaning and
maintaining rifles
WORLD WAR I:
ARTILLERY
WEAPONS (large guns)
- I m p r o v e d during WWI; included a n t i - a i r c r a f t
guns used t o shoot down enemy planes
- Needed as many as 12 men t o aim, load,
and f i r e t h e m
WORLD WAR I:
ARTILLERY
WEAPONS (large guns)
-Major casualties during WWI were inflicted by
artillery
-Some large artillery guns could launch shells
up t o 80 miles
WORLD WAR I:
MACHINE
WEAPONS GUNS
- I m p r o v e d during WWI
-Lighter; easier t o move
-Needed 4-6 men t o
wo r k
-Had t o be on a f l a t
surface
-Fire power o f 100
guns and could f i r e
500 rounds a minute
WORLD WAR I:
-WEAPONS
L a r g e field guns had
long ranges and could
deliver devastating
blows t o their enemies,
b u t needed up t o 12
men t o wo r k t h e m
-Fired shells t h a t
exploded upon impact
WORLD WAR I:
MACHINE
WEAPONS GUNS
German t r o o p s had
t h e upper-hand when
t h e war s t a r t e d in
t e r m s o f t h e quantity
and quality o f
machine guns
German A r m y - 10,000+ units in 1914
British & French- less than 1,000 each

WORLD WAR I:
GRENADES
WEAPONS
-Small bombs t h r o wn
by hand o r launched
f r o m a rifle
attachment
-Detonated on impact
o r by a time
-Germany led t h e way in

grenade development
WORLD WAR I:
GRENADES
WEAPONS
-Early British version
was awkward t o use
and prone t o
accidental detonation
-Mills bombs c r e a t e d -
pineapple-shaped and
had a s a f e t y pin and
firing lever
-Produced with 4-7

second fuses ©Teaching t o t h e Middle
WORLD WAR I:
WEAPONS
GRENADES
-Allied soldiers trained
t o hurl Mills bombs
over by a r m
-The best cricket

players were o f t e n
called upon t o be
grenade specialists
WORLD WAR I:
WEAPONS
GRENADES
- M o r t a r s were later
created t o launch
grenades and small
bombs s h o r t
distances
-Made a distinctive
“whoomp” sound when
launched, which was a
signal t o take cover
WORLD WAR I:
WEAPONS
FLAME THROWERS
-Used by German A r m y
on t h e Western Front t o
f o r c e Allied t r o o p s o u t o f
their trenches
- N o t widely used, b u t
terrifying
-Used by a single soldier
and used pressurized gas
t o s p u r t burning oil o r gas
up t o 40 m e t e r s
WORLD WAR I:
WEAPONS
FLAME THROWERS
To use flamethrowers,
soldiers had t o be
relatively close t o their
enemies, making i t
easy f o r competent
riflemen t o kill t h e m
WORLD WAR I:
WEAPONS
CHEMICAL WEAPONS
- I n t r o d u c e d during WWI
-Germany used chlorine gas t o
poison t h e Allied t r o o p s in t h e
Battle o f Ypres in 1915
-Caused severe burning t o t h e
t h r o a t and chest pains
-Death was extremely painful
because it caused on t o
suffocate
WORLD WAR I:
WEAPONS CHEM ICA
L
WEAPONS
-The problem with
chlorine gas was t h a t
t h e weather had t o
be just right
- I f t h e wind blew in
t h e wrong direction,
t r o o p s could end up
killing their own people
WORLD WAR I:
WEAPONS CHEM ICA
L
WEAPONS
- M u s t a r d gas was
developed and used by
b o t h t h e Central and
Allied t r o o p s
- M o s t deadly weapon
- Sh o t into trenches in
shells
WORLD WAR I:
WEAPONS
CHEMICAL WEAPONS
- M u s t a r d gas was colorless
- Took 12 hours t o t ake e f f e c t
EFFECTS:
-blistering skin
-vomiting
- s o r e eyes
-external & internal bleeding
- De a t h - slow & painful (up t o 5 weeks)
WORLD WAR I:
CHEMICAL WEAPONS
WEAPONS
Troops s t a r t e d t o be equipped
with gas masks by t h e end o f
t h e war, so t h e weapon was n o t
as ef f ect ive
WORLD WAR I:
MINES
WEAPONS
Large bombs o r explosive charges planted
underground and detonated remotely o r by t h e
c o n t a c t o f soldiers’ f e e t
WORLD WAR I:
MINES
WEAPONS
-Sea mines were also used by t h e navies
-They floated in ocean and exploded upon
c o n t a c t with ships
WORLD WAR I:
MINES
WEAPONS
-Were n o t used as much on t h e Western Front
since t h e r e was n o t much mobility
-Trench soldiers dug tunnels t o plant huge
mines under enemy trenches though
WORLD WAR I:
BARBED
WEAPONS WIRE
Along with caltrope (single iron spikes
s c a t t e r e d on t h e ground), barbed wire was
used in “No Man’s Land” t o stop enemy
advances on one’s own trench
WORLD WAR I:
BARBED
WEAPONS WIRE
-Was laid as screens o r “aprons”
-Installed by “wiring parties” who worked a t
night
WORLD WAR I:
BARBED
WEAPONS WIRE
-Attacking infantry found t h e large barbed
wire screens almost impossible t o penetrate
-Many soldiers died slow deaths entangled in t h e
wire
WORLD WAR I:
BARBED
WEAPONS WIRE
-Positioning o f t h e wire was impor t a n t and
o f t e n strategic
-Tried t o keep enemies o u t o f grenade
range
-Tried t o funnel t r o o p s toward machine-
guns
WORLD WAR I:
BARBED
WEAPONS WIRE
More than 1 million kilometers o f barbed
wire used on t h e Western Front
WORLD WAR I
CHRISTMAS TRUCE
Some soldiers stopped fighting on Christmas
Day in 1914.
WORLD WAR I: BATTLES
The casualties s u f f e r e d in WWI are staggering
Great Britain- 1,000,000+
France- 1,300,000+
Russia- 1,700,000+
Germany and Allies- 3,500,000
Over 5,500 lives were lost daily
1) Battle o f Tannenberg
August 26-30, 1914
-One o f t h e f i r s t major bat t l es o f WWI
-Occurred in w h a t is today Poland
-Germans won resoundingly, proving they could d e f e a t
larger armies with their superior tactics and training
2) First Battle o f
the Marne
-September 5-12,
1914
-Marne River- near
Paris, France
-Germany vs. Allies
-French were able t o
keep Germans f r o m
invading Paris
3) Battle o f Verdun
-February 21- November o f 1916
-10 m o n t h long ordeal between t h e French and German
armies
-Verdun, France
-No advances made f o r either side
-One o f t h e m o s t brutal bat t l es o f WWI
4) Battle o f the Somme
- J uly 1- November 18, 1916
-Took place in France
-Many casualties on b o t h sides
WORLD WAR I: End o f War
1918- Germany was in a s trong
position and expected t o WWI
-Russia had dropped o u t t h e year
before, making Germany
stronger
MARCH 1918-
-Germany launched t h e “Michael Offensive”
-Pushed Britain f a r back across t h e old
Somme battlefield
-Plan failed when Britain and France c o u n t e r -
attacked
-Germany and t h e Central Powers realized it
was no longer possible t o win t h e war because
they were losing t h e Great Battle in France
-The Verdun Offensive failed in 1916
-Germany Navy went on strike, refusing t o
f ig h t
- United St a tes had joined in April of 1917, making
the Allied Troops m o r e powerful
-Germany was n o t strong enough t o continue
fighting
-Thousands o f f r e s h American soldiers arrived in
France, adding g r e a t e r military s t r e n g t h t o t h e Allied
Troops
-Strikes and demonstrations in Berlin, Germany and
o t h e r cities pr ot est ed t h e e f f e c t s o f war on t h e
German population
-German p o r t had been blockaded by t h e British-
thousands were starving
-Allied commanders on t h e Western Front made t h e
decision t o go on t h e offensive in August o f 1918
-Series o f b a t t l e s - The Hundred Days Offensive
-Germans pushed o u t o f France and f or ced t o
r e t r e a t back t o Germany
-German f o r c e s were
exhausted and
running o u t o f f o o d
-German a r m y leaders
told t h e government
they should stop
fighting
-Kaiser Wilhelm,
Germany’s leader,
abdicated on November
9 t h , 1918
-Germans requesting
an armistice on
11/11/1918
-Agreed upon; signing
t o o k place in a
French military
commander’s railway
carriage n o r t h o f
Paris, France
- 11/11/1918, 11 AM,
fighting stopped
-People celebrated!
-WWI lasted 4
years and 4
months
-Huge crowd
gathered in
Trafalgar Square in
London t o
celebrate
January 1919
-Allied nations gathered in Paris, France a t
t h e Paris Peace Conference t o decide t h e
f a t e o f Germany and t h e Central Powers
-Took place in palace o f Versailles, outside
Paris
-Representatives f r o m 32 countries
-Defeated countries were n o t invited
-Representation varied
-Big Four: France, Great Britain, United States,
I t a l y - known as t h e Supreme Council
-Opinions varied on w h a t should happen t o
Germany
-Woodrow Wilson (U.S.) outlined his plan-
FOURTEEN POINTS:
- b r e a k up large empires
- s e t t l e conflicting claims f o r land
-establish League o f Nations f o r
settling f u t u r e conflicts t o
prevent wars
-no punishments f o r losing
nations
-Prime Ministers o f
t h e t h r e e European
nations had d i f f e r e n t
views on w h a t
should happen a t
t h e Paris Peace
Conference
-Their countries
were m o r e directly
involved in WWI
-Their land and cities
were ruined and
many civilians were ©Teaching t o t h e Middle
-Nations wanted t o
be sure Germany
never became
powerful enough t o
invade their countries
again
-Many f e l t Germany
and o t h e r Central
Powers should pay
billions (reparations)
in damages caused
by t h e war
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
-June 28 th , 1919
-Signed between Allied Powers
and Germany, officially ending
t h e war
-Blamed Germany f o r t h e
war
-Reduced military t o 100,000
men
-No tanks, heavy artillery,
military ai r c r af t s , o r submarines
-Reparations (about $442 billion
in c u r r e n t $)
-United States did n o t sign it
-Had their own t r e a t y with ©Teaching t o t h e Middle
Germany
WORLD WAR I: A f t e r the War
-Map o f Europe
changed
significantly
-New independent
nations- Poland,
Finland, Yugoslavia,
Czechoslovakia
-Russia became
t h e Soviet
Union
- O t t o m a n Empire
became Turkey
-Germany f o r c e d
t o give up t h e
province o f Alsace-
Lorraine t o France
WORLD WAR I:
League o f Nations
-Formed as p a r t o f t h e Paris Peace Conference
-Based in Geneva, Switzerland (neutral)
-Goal: Establish world peace
-Members hoped t o prevent f u t u r e wars by helping
settle disputes between countries
WORLD WAR I:
League o f Nations
I f nations were unable t o agree
t o a solution, t hey could apply
sanctions (punishments) t o t h e m
1) Warning
2) Economic Sanctions (trade
could be c u t )
3) Military Force (could n o t really
used though because they did
n o t have a military and no
o t h e r countries were in a
position t o suppor t i t with
their own military f o r c e s
a f t e r t h e war)
WORLD WAR I:
League o f Nations
Also aimed to
establish:
- f a i r labor
conditions
-improve global
health
- c o nt r o l global
arms trade
- p r o t e c t minorities
in Europe ©Teaching t o t h e Middle
WORLD WAR I:
League o f Nations
-42 founding members
-United States did n o t join (even though i t
was Wilson’s idea)
WORLD WAR I:
Problems with the Treaty o f Versailles
-German citizens were unhappy with it and
f e l t they were n o t t r e a t e d fairly
-They followed some provisions o f t h e
t r e a t y , b u t n o t all
WORLD WAR I:
Post-War Germany
-NAZI p a r t y rose t o power
in t h e 1930s and ignored t h e
t r e a t y altogether
-Built up military again
-Refused t o pay
reparations
-NAZI dictator, Adolf Hitler,
rose t o power
THANK
YOU!
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WORLD WAR

Warned against this,

Together, they were

Rode in an open car, t h e

Each carried a bomb o r

Once t h e reception was

-War a t Sea ©Teaching t o t h e Middle

“NO MAN’S LAND”-

Only able t o advance a

German A r m y - 10,000+ units in 1914

British & French- less than 1,000 each

-Germany led t h e way in

-Produced with 4-7

-The best cricket

The Enlightened Elephant Clipart

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