EFFECT OF SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION ON THE RATE OF COAGULATION

Confounding Variables 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Temperature Batch of milk pH Method of mixing Concentration and volume of chymosin solution End point Time interval which the endpoint is checked

Limitations of this experiment? 1. Difficult to maintain temperature of 30 degree using mixing water method (use electric water bath) 2. When test tube is taken out of beaker to check for end point, heat is lost to surroundings and its temperature changes variably (use a bigger container) 3. Time of equilibration is not the same (do each trial one by one) 4. Time for coagulation is too fast, so higher percentage error (use lower temperature) 5. 10 drops of chymosin may vary in volume (use measured amount of chymosin) 6. Time intervals may not be long enough to be accurate in pinpointing the time the milk coagulates (use shorter time intervals) 7. End point is subjective (use different endpoint) 8. Not reliable (repeat experiment at least 3 times and take the mean time) 9. Time taken to put in 10 drops is slow, so reaction begins even before the set volume of chymosin is added (use measured volume of chymosin, add quickly into milk) Precautions Pipette and syringes must be rinsed before use. Milk must equilibrate so that temperature is same as water bath. Milk and chymosin must be rotated so that they will mix properly. Water bath must be maintained at constant temperature. Read meniscus at eye level. correlation but no causal link, may be affected by other factors repeated readings -increases the reliability, identify the anomalies line graph continuous data dot to dot- not enough intermediate value, cannot predict the rate between the points same thing used, to enable comparison s.d, no overlapping, the difference is real, general trend is true valid when it is accurate and precise, only affected by independent variable, measurements are accurate, results are reliable, data and conclusion are valid. Tentative nature of conclusion, not sure in every case, applied only in the expt.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

EFFECT OF SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION ON THE RATE OF COAGULATION

Subjective and objective, qualitative and quantitative.

When Describing: Split the graphs into sections, defined by the x axis (and where possible y axis) values. Explain what happens in each section. When Explain: Use scientific knowledge! i.e: 1. increase in concentration of H2O2, increase in number of particles of H2O2 per unit volume 2. HIgher chance of collisions between enzymes and substrate 3. More enzyme-substrate complexes formed 4. Higher rate of reaction Percentage change: Final reading - initial reading x 100 Initial reading Test for Protein: Take sample, add equal volume of Biurets reagant, if protein is present turns purple. Test for reducing sugar: Take a volume of sample, add equal volume of Bennedicts reagant, heat in water bath for a couple of minutes. If reducing sugar is present, solution turns brick red. How do you separate curd?: Filter, squeeze out, allow to evaporate Why is better to use cow rennin produced by bacteria?: Rennin from bacteria can be produced in larger scales REnnin from cow contains protease. This may break down curds Ethical issues: People may not buy cheese that is made by killing cows to obtain their rennin What might be the result if a student compared both enzymes? Would be smiliar. They both have the same genetic code/DNA. So they would have the same primary sequence, and thus the same tertiary structure. Both would fit equally well with the substrate. Equal number of enzyme-substrate complexes are formed and rate of reaction should be the same. Why could data be unreliable? Small sample space Subjective Other confounding variables are not controlled, so data is not valid. Lack of repeats

EFFECT OF SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION ON THE RATE OF COAGULATION

Accurate: Close to the true value Precise: Measurements with little spread about the mean (use instruments with better precision) Reliable: Means results are consistent - can be repeated and always come out the same Valid: When the results are only affected by the independant variable Conclusions are valid only if supported by reliable and valid data. Control Experiment - experiment which is set up to prove that only the independant variable is affecting the result.