W1 - 003 - Mental Model

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Week 1 | Lecture Session 3
IG N
System model, mentalDmodel E S and
representation model ION in
CT
A
Interaction Design
I NT E R
L •
T E A CSS-MOOCs supported by
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National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL)
N Abhishek Shrivastava, PhD

Department of Design IIT Guwahati
1
Interaction Design | NPTEL July 2018 | Abhishek Shrivastava (PhD) Department of Design, IIT Guwahati
Implementation • Machine or devices are designed to
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model, or accomplish some purpose or set of
Y 2
System model
UL
purposes
• J
I G N
S
– A juicer extracts the juices
– A scanner scansD E
I O N
CT
– A printer prints
R A
– A digital calendar keep track of important events
T E
• I N and send reminders
E L • Presence of underlying mechanism

PT
N
Implementation • In Interactive products, underlying
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model, or mechanism is the system software that
Y 2
System model
supports interaction logic in J U L
N • different
conditions
S I G
D E
IO N
• Algorithms and modules of code linked
CT
with each other
R A
T E
• I N
E L
PT
N
Implementation
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model, or
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System model
UL
• J
IG N
ES
N D
T IO
A C
E R
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L •
T E
N P
Implementation • “Indicative of how an application is
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model, or implemented in code”
Y 2
System model
UL
• J
• Implementation model (Cooper, A. 2014)
I G N
E S
or System model (Norman, 2013)
N D
T IO
A C
E R
I NT
L •
T E
N P
Mental • Cognitive structures for explaining how
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model does a complex mechanism “work in
Y 2
UL
reality”
• J
• Powerful enough toIG
N
E S cover users’
interactionsD
IO N with the system but doesn’t
C T
necessarily reflect its inner mechanism
R A
T E
• I N
E L
PT
N Cooper, A., Reimann, R., Cronin, D., Noessel, C. About Face: The Essentials of Interaction Design. John
Wiley and Sons. 2014.
Mental • Cognitive psychology concept
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model Y 2
L
– Somewhat dated, appeared across 80s
– “Users’ mental models”
• J U
• Cognitive structures I G N
– “Contents” ofD E S
these structures gained priority
IO N
T
over “How structures form?”
A C
E R
I NT
L •
T E
N P
Mental • Expressed with respect to skills
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model Y 2
L
– Collection of methods employed by individuals to
achieve their goals
• J U
IG
• Can be very helpful when thinking about N
E S
N D
individuals interacting with technology
T IO
– Especially helpful for designers during
A C
R
brainstorming sessions
T E
• I N – Predict or estimate behaviour of the users
E L – Get in the shoes of your users
PT
N
Mental • Yoked State Space hypothesis
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model (Payne et al. 1990)
Y 2
UL
– Goal space
• J
• Possible states G
I N
of the external world that
E S
N D
can be manipulated with the device
T IO
– Device space
A C • Possible states of the interactive device

E R
I NT – Mapping between the two
L • • To yoke or couple the contents of the
T E
N P two spaces
Mental
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models Y 2
UL
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IG N
ES
N D
T IO
A C
E R
I NT
L •
T E
N P
Mental
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model Y 2
UL
• J
IG N
ES
N D
T IO
A C
E R
I NT
L •
T E
N P
Mental
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model Y 2
UL
• J
IG N
ES
N D
T IO
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L •
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Mental • Mental models can be anthropomorphic
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model with technology
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U L
• J
– I can’t be impolite with my computer
I G N
– Associating “mindless attributes” to “interactive
E S
devices”
N D
T IO
A C
E R
I NT
L •
T E
N P
Reeves, B., Nass, C. Media Equation. UCP (2003).
Represented • Designer’s choice of representing
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model working of the application to the users
Y 2
UL
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IG N
ES
N D
T IO
A C
E R
I NT
L •
T E
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(Redrawn and adapted) Cooper, A., Reimann, R., Cronin, D., Noessel, C. About Face: The Essentials of
Interaction Design. John Wiley and Sons. 2014.
Represented • Implementation model aligns with
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model technology
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UL
• J
IG N
ES
N D
T IO
A C
E R
I NT
L •
T E
N P
Represented • Mental models aligns with the user’s
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model “way of seeing the world”
Y 2
UL
• J
IG N
ES
N D
T IO
A C
E R
I NT
L •
T E
N P
Represented • It is the “designed model”; designers can
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model control this aspect
Y 2
UL
• J
IG N
ES
N D
T IO
A C
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L •
T E
N P
Represented • Designers’ mandate: Bring represented
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model model as close as possible to mental
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UL
model
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ES
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L •
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Represented • Interactive products (represented model is closer to
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model user’s mental model) are better than those
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UL
(represented model is based on implementation model.
• J
IG N
ES
N D
T IO
A C
E R
I NT
L •
T E
N P
Represented • Mental models created by users often are simpler than
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model
implementation model
Y 2
UL
J
• Represented models simpler than implementation models
are most likely to help users better.
N •
S IG
D E
ION
CT
R A
T E
• I N
E L
PT
N (Redrawn and adapted) Cooper, A., Reimann, R., Cronin, D., Noessel, C. About Face: The Essentials of
Affordance
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Y 2
UL
• J
IG N
ES
N D
T IO
A C
R
E •
I NT “an invitation to do something which is
L • picked up by our perceptual systems”

T E
N P
Norman, 2013; Reed, 1996; Chemero, 2009
Affordance
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ES
N D
T IO
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L •
T E
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Affordance
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Y 2
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• J
IG N
ES
N D
T IO
A C
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L •
T E
N P
Affordance
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Y 2
UL
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IG N
ES
N D
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A C
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L •
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Perceived • We perceive the intended behaviours of
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affordance interface widgets or objects
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U L
J be
• We perceive what actions •can
I G N
performed
E S
N D
T IO
A C
E R
I NT
L •
T E
N P
Norman, D. The Design of Everyday Things: revised and expanded edition. 2013.
Mental • Can help with “mental simulation”
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models Y 2
L
• Stepping through possible courses of actions
• Evaluating their effectiveness JU
N •
I G
• (if required) opting for other
S
paths
D E
I O N
C T
R A
T E
• I N
E L
PT
N
Mental • Can be very helpful when thinking about
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models individuals interacting with technology
Y 2
U L
• J
– Especially helpful for designers during
brainstorming sessions
I G N
E S
N D
– Predict or estimate behaviour of the users
IO
– Get in the
T
shoes of your users
A C
E R
I NT
L •
T E
N P
Mental • Limitations
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models Y 2
L
– Content of a mental model is peculiar to an
individual; difficult to generalise asU
• J statements
defining use of technologyN
S I G
D E
I O N
C T
R A
T E
• I N
E L
PT
N

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01 8

N Abhishek Shrivastava, PhD

E L • Presence of underlying mechanism

E L – Get in the shoes of your users

A C • Possible states of the interactive device

L • • To yoke or couple the contents of the

L • picked up by our perceptual systems”

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