IN-ORGANIC AND ORGANIC

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISRTY

Prepared by:
Rokaya Emad Gamal
Habiba Ahmed kamel
Noha Mahmoud Talaat
Asmaa Abdeltawab Rabie
Dareen Tahseen Abdelaleem
Asmaa Abdel Fattah Abdel Rahman
Subjects:
-Inorganic drugs Definition and Application
-Organic Drug
-History of anti microbals
-Anti cancer agent
-Antibiotices
Inorganic compounds:
The compounds which are synthesized by the geological systems and
lack hydrocarbon (carbon-hydrogen).

Pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry:

Study of pharmaceutical applications of the inorganic compounds led to
the establishment of a new avenue called pharmaceutical
inorganic chemistry.

Application:
-Adsorbents: Drugs which are used in the treatment of mild dysentery
or diarrhoea or other disturbances of GIT due to their ability to adsorb
gases, toxins, and bacteria.
Example: Bismuth subcarbonate, Bismuth subnitrate.

-Alkalizers: Drugs which are used to induce the alkaline condition or

used in acidic condition of body.
Example: Sodium citrate.

-Anaesthetics: Drugs which are used to produce reversible loss of

sensation.
Example: Nitrous oxide.
-Analgesic: Drugs which are used to relieve pain.
Example: Nitrous oxide.

-Antacids: These are drugs which are usually alkaline substances, used
for neutralizing excess acid in the stomach.
Example: Aluminium hydroxide gel, Calcium carbonate, Magnesium
carbonate.

-Anthelmintics: Compounds used for the treatment of worm

infestations or schistosomiasis.
Example: Ammoniated mercury, Sodium antimony tartarate.

-Antibacterial: Drugs which are used in the treatment of bacterial

infections.
Example: Yellow mercuric oxide (ophthalmic).

-Anticonvulsants: Drugs which are used for the treatment of epilepsy.

Example: Potassium bromide.

-Anti coagulants: Drugs which are used to prevent blood clotting.

Example: Sodium citrate.
-Anti depressants: Drugs which are used in the treatment of
depression. Example: Lithium carbonate.

-Antidotes: Drugs which are used in the treatment of poison.

Example: Sodium nitrite, Sodium thiosulphate.

Organic drugs are natural:

substances extracted from plants and animals.Examples of them include
marijuana, heroin, opium, cocaine and hallucinogenic mushrooms.
Neither synthetic nor organic drugs are more dangerous than the other,
because both of them have potential for abuse.

What are the application of organic chemistry in drugs?

Organic chemistry plays a critical role in drug discovery by providing the
synthetic methods and techniques needed to create new compounds.
Organic chemists use a variety of techniques, such as retrosynthetic, to
design and synthesize new molecules that can interact with
biological targets.
What are drugs and their uses?
In pharmacology, a drug is a chemical substance, typically of known
structure, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a
biological effect. A pharmaceutical drug, also called a medication or
medicine, is a chemical substance used to treat, cure, prevent, or
diagnose a disease or to promote well-being.

Antimicrobials:
There are 3 main classes of antimicrobials:
Disinfectants, antiseptics, and antibiotics.
Disinfectants (which include bleach and common household cleaning
materials) are non-selective agents that kill microbes on non-living
surfaces, preventing their spread.

Antiseptics are applied to living tissue during surgery, reducing microbial

infection.

Antibiotics are drugs that are used to destroy microbes within the body
by either killing them or slowing their development and growth.

The term “antibiotics” is used to specifically refer to antibacterials but in

recent years it has been expanded to include drugs that treat all forms of
microbes.
It also used to only describe drugs that were derived from living
microorganisms but now includes synthetic formulations such as
fluoroquinolones and sulfinamides.

Antibacterial agents can be subdivided into bactericidal and

bacteriostatic agents.

Since the late 19th/early 20th century, many antimicrobial drugs have
been developed and released onto the market worldwide, treating a
variety of infectious diseases.

They are designed to kill or slow down the activity of microbes.

They include antibacterials, antivirals, antifungals, and

antiparasitic drugs.

The development of modern antimicrobial drugs:

The “Golden Age” of antimicrobial discovery lasted 20 years from the
mid-1940s to the 1960s.

Initially, the main source of new drugs was from naturally occurring
sources.
The discovery and isolation of streptomycin in 1944 led to a worldwide
search for sources of new antibiotics.

In the 1950s Vancomycin was extracted from samples found in Borneo

and sent back by Christian missionaries.

anticancer agent:
is a substance that destroys or inhibits the growth of cancer cells.
anticancer drugs explain any drug that is effective in the treatment of
malignant, or cancerous, disease.

Shapes of Anticancer Agent:

-Alkylating : Specializes in treatment of Lung , Ovarian and breast
cancers
-Antibiotics: Specializes in treatment of Prostate, ovarian and breast
cancers.
-Antimetabolites : Specializes in treatment of ovary, pancreatic, breast
and leukemias cancers
- Mitotic inhibitor : Specializes in treatment of Lung, breast, leukemias
and ovarian cancers .
-Hormone therapies: Specializes in treatment of breast , Prostate and
endometrial cancers.
- Biological response modifier : Specializes in treatment of breast cancer.
Example of Antimetabolites :
( Fluorouracil) It works by killing fast-growing cells such as the abnormal
cells in actinic keratoses and basal cell carcinoma.

Example of Antibiotics:
(Daunorubicin) is an anthracycline antibiotic mainly used to treat various
types of cancers, especially leukemias ( both acute and chronic ).
-An example of linking inorganic to organic substances is cisplatin
- A chemotherapy drug used to treat various types of cancer, including
testicular, ovarian, bladder, and lung cancer.
-It works by interfering with the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them
from growing and multiplying.
- Cisplatin is usually given intravenously in a clinical setting by
healthcare professionals.
-It can be used alone or with other chemotherapy drugs as part of a
treatment regimen tailored to the specific type and stage of cancer.
-Common side effects of cisplatin include nausea, vomiting, hair loss and
kidney damage, so it is important to monitor patients closely
during treatment.

The antibiotic is one of the well-known and widely used types of

medications that works to kill bacteria or slow down their growth and
reproduction. That's why antibiotics are sometimes called
antibacterial agents.
Mechanism:
1. *Inhibition of bacterial cell wall*: Some antibiotics work by preventing
the formation of the bacterial cell wall, leading to the breakdown of the
bacteria.
2. *Inhibition of protein synthesis*: Some antibiotics work by preventing
bacteria from producing the proteins they need for growth and
reproduction.
3. *Inhibition of DNA or RNA replication*: Some antibiotics work by
preventing bacteria from replicating their DNA or RNA, disrupting their
growth.
4. *Increased cell membrane permeability*: Some antibiotics work by
increasing the permeability of the bacterial cell membrane,
leading to cell death.

Antibiotics can be classified into two main types based on

their mechanism of action:
1. *Bactericidal Antibiotics*: Bactericidal antibiotics work by completely
killing bacteria to eliminate the infection. There are several subtypes
within this category
including:
-Fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin.
-Aminoglycosides, such as tobramycin.
-Beta-lactam antibiotics, which include:
-Penicillins, such as amoxicillin.
-Cephalosporins, such as cefazolin.
-Carbapenems, such as meropenem.

2. *Bacteriostatic Antibiotics*:
Bacteriostatic antibiotics work by inhibiting the growth and
reproduction of bacterial cells. For certain types of infections, limiting
bacterial growth may be sufficient to allow the body's immune
system to completely eradicate the bacteria.

Examples of antibiotic families belonging to this type include:

-Macrolides, such as azithromycin, clarithromycin, and
erythromycin.
- Tetracyclines, such as doxycycline and minocycline.
- Lincosamides, such as clindamycin.
 Class Examples How They Work
Penicillins penicillin, amoxicillin Penicillins kill bacteria by
preventing formation of the
bacterial cell wall.
Macrolides prevent bacteria
Macrolides Azithromycin , erythromycin from multiplying by keeping
bacteria from making
proteins.
Tetracyclines prevent bacteria
Tetracyclines tetracycline, doxycycline from multiplying by keeping
bacteria from making
proteins.

Proper antibiotic use:

- Usually taken orally, but can be injected.
- Effectiveness begins within hours.
- Follow doctor's instructions on dosage and duration.
- Complete full course to prevent infection recurrence and antibiotic
resistance.
- Some taken on empty stomach, others with food.
- Avoid dairy with tetracycline antibiotics.
- Do not share antibiotics; use only as prescribed.
Common side effects of antibiotics may include:
- Diarrhea.
- Abdominal cramps.
- Upset stomach.

Rare side effects may include:

- Kidney stones, especially with sulfonamide antibiotics.
- Increased sensitivity to sunlight, which occurs with tetracycline
antibiotics.
- Decreased blood cell count, which may occur with penicillins
or cephalosporins.

The best natural antibiotic:

Turmeric: Turmeric is used in many different cases and conditions,
including fighting cancer, inflammation, and digestive system problems.
References:
1- https://shorturl.at/gTW58
2- https://www.emedicinehealth.com/antibiotics/article_em.htm
3-https://shorturl.at/hiI49