HEREDITY:

INHERITANCE AND
VARIATION
 CLASSROOM RULES:
Be as early as possible
Raise your hand if you want to say something
Do not make unnecessary noise
Listen and do not talk to your seatmate during
discussions
Do good and be good always
GUESS THE WORD!
STEGCNIE
GENETICS
DYTIEEHR
HEREDITY
EECIGTN ITAONRVAI
GENETIC VARIATION
UTAMNOIT
MUTATION
GENETICS
The study of the patterns of inheritance
of specific traits, relating to genes and
genetic informations.
HEREDITY
Heredity explain why offspring resemble,
but not identical to, their parents and is
a unifying biological principle. Heredity
refers to specific mechanisms by which
characteristics or traits are passed from
one generation to another via genes.
GENETIC VARIATION
Genetic variation is the presence of
differences in sequences of genes between
individual organisms of species. It enables
natural selection, one of the primary
forces driving the evolution of life.
MUTATION
Mutation is the change in DNA sequence
of an organism. Mutations can result
from errors in DNA replication during cell
division, exposure to mutagens or a viral
infection.
 PHENOTYPE
(OBSERVABLE TRAIT)
PHENOTYPE (OBSERVABLE TRAITS)
Phenotype simply refers to observable
trait. “Pheno” means “observe” and comes
from the same root as the word
“phenomenon”. And so it’s an observable
type of an organism, and it can refer to
anything from a common trait.
EXAMPLES OF OBSERVABLE TRAITS
hair type
hair color
eye color
skin color
height
body shape
nose type
ACTIVITY 1
Directions: Identify observable traits that
you notice in the picture.
ACTIVITY 2 - Traits Survey
Directions: In small group, ask your
groupmates about their certain type of
traits that are listed in the Traits Survey
worksheet. Ask your groupmate about
from whom did he/she thinks inherited
the trait, discuss it to your classmates.
 WHAT ARE GENES?
Genes are small units of information
inside our cells that contain instructions
for how our bodies develop and function.

They 'code' for traits like our eye

color, hair color, and height.
 WHAT IS DNA?
DNA is a molecule that carries genetic
information in living organisms. It looks
like a twisted ladder (double helix) and is
found inside the nucleus of our cells.

DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.

WHAT ARE ALLELES?
Alleles are one of two or more versions
of genetic sequence at a particular
region on a chromosome. An individual
inherits two alleles from each gene, one
from each parent.
Genetic information from largest to
smallest (cell, nucleus, chromosome,
DNA).
 WHERE DO OUR
GENES LIVE?
Genes are segments of DNA located on
structures called chromosomes.

Chromosomes are long, thread-like structures made

up of DNA and proteins. They carry many genes
and are found inside the nucleus of our cells.
 FUN FACT
Humans typically have 46
chromosomes, which come
in pairs, with 23 inherited
from each parent.
WHY DO WE NEED GENES?
We need genes because they contain
the instructions for building and
maintaining our bodies.

They also play a crucial role in

passing traits from parents to
children through reproduction.
 ACTIVITY 3: PASS IT UP

Directions: Pass the crumpled paper to

your classmate beside you while
background music is played. As the
music stops, the student who holds the
crumpled paper will answer a question.
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE
OF DNA?
THE DNA STANDS FOR?
WHAT IS/ARE
GENE/GENES
WHAT IS AN ALLELE?
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION
OF DNA?
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
DNA structure and its role in genetics

DNA structure is like a twisted ladder.

double stand or double helix
DNA contains the instructions for all
the proteins the organisms will ever
synthesize
What is protein synthesis?

Protein synthesis is the process by which proteins are

formed in biological cells
Proteins carry out all important functions of a cell,
transport, structural support, chemical reactions,
cell communication, and protection from harmful
bacteria and viruses.
Protein synthesis has two main steps: translation and
transcription.
Importance of protein synthesis in cell

Without proteins, our cells couldn’t do their

job and eventually we will die.
Proteins replicate and transcribe DNA,
produce, process, and secrete other proteins
Proteins control cell division, metabolism,
and the flow of materials and informations
into and out of the cell.
Transcription

the first part of central dogma of molecular

biology
transfer of genetic instructions fromDNA to
mRNA
Transcription

takes place in the nucleus

DNA is used as a template to make a
molecule of messenger RNA(ribonucleic acid)
the molecule of mRNA then leaves the
nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the
cytoplasm.
Translation

second part of the central dogma of

molecular biology
the process where the genetic code in mRNA
is read to make a protein
it occurs in three different stages: initiation,
elongation, and termination
Translation
Initiation
after transcription in the nucleus, the mRNA exits
through a nuclear pore and enters the cytoplasm
Elongation
the ribosome in the cytoplasm continues to translate
codon in turn
Termination
the ribosome recognizes that the translation is complete,
it then releases the newly created protein.
GENETIC CODE
WHAT RNA STRAND WILL BE MADE FROM THIS DNA SEQUENCE?

TACGCATGACTAGCA
Identify the RNA strand and protein of
the following DNA sequence

1. TACTGAATC 6. ATGGCTATCACT
2. TCGTGAACT 7. TACGATCTAGCTTCGATC
3. CATCGTTGAATT 8. GCATCGATGCCTAGCACT
4. TACCGTTCAATC 9. GAGGTCAATTAGGACATC
5. GCAGGTGACATT 10. TACTCAGACGTAACGATT
GENETIC DISORDERS
THAT ARE CAUSED
BY MUTATIONS
Cri du chat
caused by the deletion of part of
chromosome 5
is a French, and the condition is so
named because affected babies make
high-pitched cries that sound like a cat
affected individuals have wide-set eyes,
small head and jaw, moderately to
severely mentatlly retarded, and very
short
Down Syndrome or Trisomy 21
usually caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
characteristics include decreased muscle tone, stockier build,
asymmetrical skull, slanting eye and mild to moderate mental
retardation
Edward’s Syndrome or Trisomy 18
mental and motor retardation and
numerous congenital anomalies causing
serious health problems.
about 99% die in infance
clenched hands and overlapping
fingers
Jacobsen
Jacobsen Syndrome
Syndrome or
or Terminal
Terminal 11q
11q deletion
deletion disorder
disorder
normalnormal
have intelligence
intelligence
or mild mental
or mild
mental retardation,
retardation, with poor or with
excessive
poor or
excessive language
language skills skills
most have
have a ableeding
bleedingdisorder
disordercalled
Paris-Trousseau
called Paris-Trousseau
syndromeSyndrome
Paris-Trousseau syndrome is a
disorder of platelets, which are
blood cells that are necessary for
blood clotting
Jacobsen Syndrome
Klinefelter’s or Terminal 11q deletion disorder
Syndrome
men with
have normal
this intelligence
condition areor usually
mild
mentalandretardation,
sterile ten to have longer
with arms
poor and
or
excessive
legs and language
to be taller
skills
than their peers
most are
they have
often
a bleeding
shy and disorder
quiet andcalled
have
Paris-Trousseau
a higher incidencesyndrome
of speech delay
Jacobsen Syndrome or Terminal 11q deletion disorder
Turner’s Syndrome
female normal
have sexual intelligence
characteristics
or mild
are
mental but
present retardation,
underdeveloped
with poor or
excessive
often have
language
short skills
stature, low hairline,
most have aeyebleeding
abnormal features
disorder
and called
bone
Paris-Trousseau and
development syndrome a “caved in”
appearance to the chest