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Experiment (3) : Determination of The Viscosity of A Liquid As A Function of Temperature
Experiment (3) : Determination of The Viscosity of A Liquid As A Function of Temperature
To determine the kinematic viscosity, u, of both transparent and opaque petroleum products.
Control Panel:
The definition of viscosity is the resistance of a fluid to flow. The SI unit of viscosity is poise (P). Its other
units are newton-second per square meter (N s m-2) or pascal-second (Pa s.)
There are two type of viscosities dynamic/absolute viscosity and kinematic viscosity.
A. Dynamic Viscosity (µ): is the Ratio between the applied stress and rate of sheer of the
iquid. The dimensional formula of viscosity is [ML-1T-1]. M/L.T= gm / c * m .sec By multiply by dyne will
get: = gm / c * m .sec^ * [dyne/(gm.cm/sec^ 2 )] =dyne.sec/ c * m ^ 2 =Poise=100 cP
B. Kinematic viscosity: is the resistance of fluid flowing under gravity. Kinematic Viscosity (v): dynamic
Viscosity/density (M/L.T)/(M/L^ 3) = L ^ 2 / T =cm^ 2 /sec = St = 100cSt
ANDRADE'S equation allows prediction of oil viscosity if two experimental data points are known. The
plot of log µ vs. 1 / T should be linear over a range from somewhere near the normal boiling point of the
liquid to the temperature than the freezing point.
Procedure:
1. Select appropriate viscometers, viscometer holders and bath thermometer. Adjust the bath to the test temp.
by set the LINE SWITCH to the "ON" Position.
2. Set the input switch to "HI" and center the fine control. For rapid heating, set the continuous heater switch
to "ON".
3. Set the bath temp. by depress and hold the temp. control switch and select the desired temp. by adjusting
the course control dial. When the temp. has been selected release the temp. control switch and tighten the
locking ring on the course control dial.
4. For rapid heating, set the continuous heater switch to "ON" set the bath temp. by depress and hold the
temp. control switch and select the desired temp. by adjusting the course temp. control switch and tighten
the locking ring on the course control dial.
5. Turn off the continuous heater and set the input switch when the bath temp. is within several degrees
below the set point.
6. Set the input switch as follows:
LO- FOR TEMP. OF UP To 150 DEGREE F
HI-FOR TEMP. OF 150 °F AND ABOVE.
7. Proceed with testing. When the bath has reached the test temperature, make fine tuning adjustments and
turn the light switch to the "ON" position. Charge the viscometer and proceed the test.
For transparent liquid:
1. Charge the viscometer in the manner dictated by the design of the instrument.
2. Allow the charged viscometer to remain in the bath long enough to reach the test temp. (30 min).
3. Where the design of the viscometer requires it adjusts the volume of the sample to the mark. If two
measurements agree with "0.2%" use the average for calculating the kinematic viscosity.
4.8
4.6
ln
4.4
4.2
3.8
0.00305 0.0031 0.00315 0.0032 0.00325 0.0033 0.00335 0.0034 0.00345
1/T
2. Dynamic viscosity (μ): Dynamic viscosity is a measure of a fluid's internal resistance to flow. It quantifies
the sheer stress or force required to move one layer of fluid relative to another layer. Dynamic viscosity is
denoted by the symbol μ and has units of pascal-seconds (Pa·s) or newton-seconds per square meter
(N·s/m²). The dynamic viscosity determines the fluid's resistance to deformation and shearing forces.
The formula for dynamic viscosity is:
τ = μ(dv/dy)
where:
τ = sheer stress (Pa or N/m²)
μ = dynamic viscosity (Pa·s or N·s/m²)
For gases:
- The viscosity of gases is generally less affected by temperature compared to liquids. In ideal gases,
viscosity is primarily determined by the average speed of the gas molecules and their collision frequency.
Temperature influences these factors, but the effect is relatively small compared to the influence of pressure
and composition.
- However, for real gases and at high temperatures, the viscosity of gases may slightly increase with
temperature due to the increased molecular interactions and collision frequency.
Viscosity in liquids more than gases, explain?
Viscosity in liquids is generally higher than in gases due to differences in molecular structure and
intermolecular forces.
1. Molecular Structure: Liquids have a closer molecular arrangement compared to gases. In liquids, the
molecules are relatively close to each other and have stronger intermolecular interactions. The molecules in
a liquid are held together by cohesive forces such as van der Waals forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and
hydrogen bonding. These intermolecular forces result in a higher degree of molecular cohesion and
resistance to flow, leading to higher viscosity.
2. Molecular Motion: Temperature plays a crucial role in determining the molecular motion in both liquids
and gases. In liquids, as the temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the molecules also increases.
However, due to the stronger intermolecular forces, the increase in kinetic energy results in relatively small
changes in molecular arrangement and motion. The molecules in a liquid still maintain a certain degree of
cohesive structure, leading to higher viscosity even at elevated temperatures.
3. Start-up and Operating Conditions: Some applications, such as engines and machinery, experience
varying operating conditions, including start-up and shutdown periods. Oils with specific viscosity grades
are formulated to provide appropriate lubrication during cold starts, as they flow more easily at lower
temperatures. These oils typically have lower viscosity at low temperatures to ensure quick and efficient
lubrication during initial start-up. Once the equipment reaches its optimal operating temperature, the oil
viscosity should still provide adequate lubrication and protection.
4. Fuel Efficiency: In automotive and industrial applications, there is often a focus on fuel efficiency and
reducing energy consumption. In such cases, oils with lower viscosities, such as lower viscosity engine oils,
are used. These oils have lower internal friction and flow more easily, leading to reduced energy losses due
to fluid friction and improved fuel efficiency.
5. Specialized Applications: Some industries and applications have specific requirements that necessitate
oils with unique viscosity properties. For example, hydraulic systems, gearboxes, and turbine oils may
require oils with specific viscosity ranges optimized for their respective operating conditions.
1. Temperature: Temperature has a significant impact on viscosity. In general, as temperature increases, the
viscosity of most fluids decreases. This is because higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of the
fluid particles, causing them to move more freely and reducing the internal friction that gives rise to
viscosity.
2. Pressure: Pressure can affect the viscosity of certain fluids, particularly gases. Increased pressure tends to
decrease the viscosity of gases, while it has a minimal effect on the viscosity of liquids.
3. Molecular structure: The molecular structure of a fluid affects its viscosity. Long, chain-like molecules,
such as those found in polymers, tend to increase viscosity because they create entanglements that impede
the flow of the fluid. On the other hand, fluids with simpler molecular structures, such as small, spherical
molecules, generally have lower viscosities.
4. Shear rate: Shear rate refers to the rate at which layers of fluid slide past each other when subjected to a
force. In many fluids, increasing the shear rate leads to a decrease in viscosity. This phenomenon is known
as shear thinning or pseudoplastic behavior. Some fluids, however, exhibit shear thickening or dilatant
behavior, where viscosity increases with increasing shear rate.
5. Composition: The composition of a fluid can significantly impact its viscosity. For example, in a mixture
of different liquids, the viscosity will depend on the proportions and interactions between the components.
Similarly, the presence of dissolved solutes or suspended particles can affect viscosity.
6. Time: Some fluids exhibit time-dependent behavior, known as thixotropy or rheopexy. These fluids can
change their viscosity over time when subjected to shear stress. Thixotropic fluids become less viscous when
sheared for a prolonged period, while rheopectic fluids become more viscous.