Module A

Module A - Social Psychology in Conflict and Peacemaking
Module A
Social Psychology in Conflict and Peacemaking
Multiple Choice Questions
1. According to your text, in its most positive sense genuine peace is

A. nothing more than the suppression of open conflict.
B. more than a tense, fragile, surface calmness.
C. the appearance of calm.
D. outcome of an uncreatively managed conflict.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: A-01 What Creates Conflict?
Topic: A-01 What Creates Conflict?
2. Which of the following is true of peace?

A. Peace is more than the suppression of open conflict.
B. Peace always involves a real incompatibility of goals.
C. Social psychologists have studied interpersonal but not international peace.
D. Social psychologists have not been able to study peace in a laboratory setting.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
ModA-1
3. Conflict is defined as
A. perceived incompatibility of actions or goals.
B. dissatisfaction with relationship outcomes.
C. hostility that results from frustrating interaction.
D. competition for mutually exclusive goals.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
4. Dean and Mary have been saving money since they got married. Now Dean wants to buy a
new car, but Mary wants to continue saving for a new house. Dean and Mary
A. are experiencing conflict.
B. are experiencing dissonance.
C. have mirror-image perceptions.
D. are developing superordinate goals.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
5. Billie and Tom used to have occasional conflicts in their relationship. Five years later, they
have grown apart. They still disagree occasionally, but they don't bother to argue about
anything. This illustrates
A. that conflict is always bad.
B. that conflict can signify that people care about a relationship or situation.
C. that conflict always leads to estrangement.
D. that conflict can, over time, follow the biofeedback principle.

Blooms: Analyze
Difficulty: Medium
ModA-2
6. In the Prisoner's Dilemma, if both prisoners confess, each will __________; if neither
confesses, each will __________.
A. get a moderate sentence; get a light sentence
B. get a severe sentence; get a light sentence
C. get a severe sentence; go free
D. get a moderate sentence; get a severe sentence

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: A-02 Social Dilemmas
7. In the Prisoner's Dilemma, taking the non-cooperative strategy of confession leads to a worse
outcome if the other person ________________.
A. also confesses
B. does not confess
C. cooperates
D. does not cooperate

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
8. In the tragedy of the commons, the "commons" refers to

A. disputed border territory.
B. stolen goods or winnings.
C. any jointly used, finite resource.
D. private property that repeatedly changes ownership.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
ModA-3
9. A common excuse for non-cooperation is,

A. "I couldn't have made a difference anyway."
B. "The devil made me do it."
C. "That's unfair."
D. "Cooperation is for the weak and cowardly."

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
10. In research on social dilemmas, it has been found that

A. group discussion polarized competitive tendencies.
B. group discussion had no effect on the outcome.
C. group discussion led to greater cooperation and better outcomes for all participants.
D. group discussion led to escalated conflict and tension.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
11. Deciding not to do something that you want to do would help to solve a social problem. But
the decrease in the social problem would be so very tiny that it's tempting for you to just go
ahead and do it anyway. This is an example of the concept of
A. a vicious cycle.
B. rejection of attractive alternatives.
C. somebody's business becoming everybody's business.
D. the tragedy of the commons.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
ModA-4
12. In real life, which of the following does NOT parallel the tragedy of the commons?
A. pollution of rivers and streams
B. littering in public places
C. use and overuse of natural resources
D. taking quick showers

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
13. In the commons dilemma people often consume more than they realize when
A. others take on a cooperative strategy.
B. resources are not partitioned.
C. the "commons" is divided into equal parts.
D. everyone cooperates.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
14. Despite official government warning of a severe water shortage, most citizens fail to
conserve in the belief that their personal water consumption will have little effect on the
community's total water supply. The eventual depletion of the community's water resources
provides an example of
A. mirror-image perceptions.
B. individualistic calamity.
C. the tragedy of the commons.
D. rational disaster.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
ModA-5
15. In both the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Commons Dilemma, people are tempted to explain
their own behaviour ____________ and others' behaviour ____________.
A. situationally; situationally
B. dispositionally; dispositionally
C. situationally; dispositionally
D. dispositionally; situationally

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Hard
16. Which of the following is not a feature of the Prisoner's Dilemma and Commons Dilemma?
A. One party's wins necessarily equals the other party's losses.
B. Participants tend to commit the fundamental attribution error.
C. Participants' motives change in the course of the entrapment.
D. Both are non-zero-sum games.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
17. The Prisoner's Dilemma and the Tragedy of the Commons are examples of
A. non-zero-sum games.
B. social responsibility.
C. minimalism.
D. social cooperation.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
ModA-6
18. Facing the recurring dilemma of cookie-jar depletion within 24-hours of its being restocked,
mom decides to do something to reduce this weekly tragedy of the commons. What strategy
will be most effective in protecting the commons?
A. Scold dad for eating too many and then ask him to scold the children.
B. Give each family member just three cookies a day and keep the rest hidden.
C. Stop buying cookies for a month to illustrate the personal consequences of destroying the
commons.
D. Call a family meeting and scold everyone all at once for eating too many cookies.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
19. In which of the following groups are individuals LEAST likely to take more than their share
of resources?
A. A class of 50 high school students
B. A crowd of concert-goers
C. Residents of a city block
D. A small neighbourhood of 8 families

Blooms: Analyze
Difficulty: Medium
ModA-7
20. Four women share a small house. Molly and Sarah work from 8am to 5pm every day in an
office. Sue and Margaret work from 5pm until 2am every night in a bar. There is a social
dilemma regarding the hours during which the housemates must be quiet in order to allow the
others to sleep. If all four women decide to communicate more with each other about the noise
problem, which of the following is an unlikely outcome of this decision?
A. They will become more concerned about each other's welfare.
B. There will be increased conflict with the women's neighbours in the next house.
C. They will cooperate more and trust each other more.
D. They will all clarify how they want each other to behave.

Blooms: Analyze
Difficulty: Medium
21. ___________________ are mixed-motive situations in which both players can win (with
cooperation) and both can lose (with competition).
A. Non-zero-sum games
B. The plentiful commons
C. Social dilemmas
D. Approach-avoid conflicts

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
22. According to research, it seems that just knowing about the dire consequences of
noncooperation in a social dilemma
A. is sufficient to convince people to behave cooperatively.
B. leads to greater mistrust of others.
C. tends to foster greater self-interest and competition.
D. has little real effect on people's behaviour.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Hard
ModA-8
23. Bailey's sports team has had a long-standing feud with another team over the rights to their
favourite baseball field. Which of the following would not be a recommendation to resolve this
social dilemma?
A. Create regulations for fair use of the field.
B. Generate large group discussions to "add more voices" to each side.
C. Appeal to the altruistic norms of both teams.
D. Develop open communication and information about the use of the field.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Hard
24. Which of the following is cited in the text as a method for resolving social dilemmas?
A. communication
B. punishment
C. GRIT (graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction)
D. large group meetings

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
25. Which of the following is not cited in the text as a method for resolving social dilemmas?
A. regulation
B. changing payoffs
C. communication
D. GRIT

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
ModA-9
26. In research by Dawes on social dilemmas, it was found that

A. appeals to assertiveness, individualism, and personal advancement decreased the rate at
which people were willing to forgo immediate personal gain for the common good.
B. appeals to assertiveness, individualism, and personal advancement increased the rate at
which people were willing to forgo immediate personal gain for the common good.
C. appeals to ethics, group benefits, and information on exploitation decreased the rate at which
people were willing to forgo immediate personal gain for the common good.
D. appeals to ethics, group benefits, and information on exploitation increased the rate at which
people were willing to forgo immediate personal gain for the common good.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
27. Which of the following is cited in the text as an example of changing payoffs to resolve
social dilemmas?
A. allowing carpoolers to drive in the faster, freeway lane
B. requiring carpool cars and vans to park in special, larger parking lots farther away from the
office building
C. lowering the price of gasoline well below $1 per litre
D. increasing the price of gasoline well below $1 per litre

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
ModA-10
28. Liberman et al. (2004) had participants play a variation of the Prisoner's Dilemma game.
When the simulation was labelled ________________, two-thirds of the participants
cooperated.
A. "Community Game"
B. "Wall Street Game"
C. "War Games"
D. "The Prisoner's Dilemma"

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
29. In real-life situations, many people approach commons dilemmas with a(n) ______
outlook.
A. competitive
B. cooperative
C. uncooperative
D. indifferent

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
30. John and Jane are friends who graduated from the same program at the same time. Two
years later, both are working in their fields, but John is making much more money than Jane.
Which of the following statements is true?
A. John will probably convince himself that he deserves his higher pay.
B. Due to the social exchange theory, Jane will probably convince herself that her employment
is only short-term.
C. In accordance with the redundancy hypothesis, Jane will quit her job.
D. Jane will ask her boss for a raise.

Blooms: Analyze
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: A-03 Perceived Injustice
ModA-11
31. Equity exists when

A. rewards are distributed in proportion to individuals' contributions.
B. partners share equally in the rewards of collective effort.
C. rewards are distributed in relation to individuals' needs or deservingness.
D. group members decide among themselves how rewards are to be distributed.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
32. Before they married, Melinda and Michael, who are both employed full time and collect the
same pay, agreed to share equally in routine household tasks such as cleaning and grocery
shopping. In reality, Melinda is now doing about 80 percent of the household work. This
situation is an example of
A. an integrative disaster.
B. an inequitable relationship.
C. a social dilemma.
D. a zero-sum relationship.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
33. What does your text refer to as the "golden rule" of social justice?
A. "Equity for strangers, equality for friends."
B. "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth."
C. "Care most for those in greatest need."
D. "Whoever has the gold makes the rules."

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
ModA-12
34. Compared to North Americans, people socialized in China and India are more likely to
favour ____________ as the basis for justice when rewards are distributed to those within their
groups.
A. equity
B. equality
C. achievement
D. whatever the group leader pronounces

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
35. "From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs" is a motto that would
most likely be found in
A. a relationship characterized by equity.
B. a capitalist culture.
C. a non-capitalist culture.
D. a relationship characterized by conflict.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
36. Individualistic cultures are to __________ as collectivistic cultures are to __________.

A. equity; equality
B. need; equality
C. achievement; aptitude
D. equality; need

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
ModA-13
37. Equity is to _________________ as equality is to __________________.

A. equal distribution; proportionate distribution
B. proportionate distribution; equal distribution
C. unfairness; fairness
D. fairness; unfairness

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
38. What do self-serving bias, group polarization, and negative stereotypes have in common?
A. They illustrate the power of the situation.
B. They are potential seeds of misperception.
C. They illustrate that we are cognitive misers.
D. They lead to prejudice.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: A-04 Misperception
39. The misperceptions of those who are in conflict with each other, such as two nations who
regard each other with suspicion and hostility, are usually
A. nonreciprocal.
B. unilateral.
C. mutual.
D. inequitable.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
ModA-14
40. Groups in intractable conflict almost always experience all of the following except
A. taking pride in their own group and devaluing the out-group
B. celebrating self-sacrifice and suppressing criticism
C. seeing their own goals as supremely important
D. believing the out-group to be victimized

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
41. Which of the following is not a seed of misperception that can lead to conflict?
A. out-group bias
B. self-justification
C. fundamental attribution error
D. groupthink

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Hard
42. Groups in intractable conflict often engage in

A. in-group pride.
B. outgroup pride.
C. intergroup sharing.
D. intergroup conciliation.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Hard
ModA-15
43. Groups in intractable conflict engage tend to NOT

A. believe themselves victimized.
B. suppress criticism.
C. celebrate self-sacrifice.
D. ignore their goals as supremely important.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Hard
44. Reciprocal views of one another often held by parties in conflict; for example, each may
view itself as moral and peace loving and the other as evil and aggressive defines
A. polarization.
B. the fundamental attribution error.
C. in-group bias.
D. the mirror-image perceptions.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
45. John believes he is hardworking but his wife, Rachel, is lazy. Rachel believes she is
hardworking but John is lazy. This is an example of
A. an inequitable relationship.
B. the mirror-image perception.
C. a superordinate goal.
D. a social trap.

Blooms: Analyze
Difficulty: Easy
ModA-16
46. The reciprocal views that parties in conflict often hold of one another are referred to as
A. mirror-image perceptions.
B. stereotypic reciprocation.
C. complementary images.
D. reciprocal illusions.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
47. In times of tension, as during an international crisis,

A. views of the opposing side become more simplistic.
B. political statements acknowledge that each country's motives are complex.
C. judgments about action are prolonged and postponed by time-consuming re-evaluations.
D. views of the opposing side become more complex.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Hard
48. According to research on political rhetoric preceding attacks versus peace agreements,
A. simplistic rhetoric often precedes major peace agreements, and complicated rational
thinking is employed when planning strategic attacks.
B. simplistic we-are-good/they-are-bad thinking is often evident immediately prior to
aggressive actions.
C. impediments to problem-solving are often blocked in the peace agreement process.
D. rational thinking becomes more difficult as tensions decrease.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Hard
ModA-17
49. Destructive mirror-image perceptions operate in conflicts between/among

A. countries only.
B. small groups only.
C. individuals only.
D. countries, groups, and parents.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
50. One aspect of mirror-image perception is that one side tends to

A. exaggerate the other's position.
B. see itself reflected in the way others see it.
C. see the situation as the reflection of evil leadership.
D. hold their leader responsible for the situation.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
51. Your text offers what advice when in conflict?

A. assume the other does not share your values
B. assume the other sees events exactly as you see them
C. compare perceptions, assuming the other sees the situation differently
D. simplify your thinking about the other

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
ModA-18
52. Three things that can cause conflict are

A. competition, social dilemmas, and equity.
B. social dilemmas, perceived injustice, and misperception.
C. equity, social dilemmas, and perceived injustice.
D. Jungian psychology, equity, and competition.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
53. ________________ occurs when conflicted parties seek an agreement through direct
negotiation.
A. Bargaining
B. Amelioration
C. Mediation
D. Arbitration

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: A-02 How Can Peace Be Achieved?
Topic: A-05 How Can Peace Be Achieved?
54. ______________ occurs when a neutral third-party attempts to facilitate communication

and offer suggestions for how to resolve a conflict.
A. Bargaining
B. Amelioration
C. Mediation
D. Arbitration

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
ModA-19
55. ______________ occurs when a neutral third-party studies the conflict and imposes a
settlement.
A. Bargaining
B. Amelioration
C. Mediation
D. Arbitration

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
56. Cialdini, Bickman and Cacioppo (1979) found that car dealers
A. were unwilling to bargain, under tough bargaining.
B. were willing to lower the price on average by $200, under tough bargaining.
C. were willing to bargain without tough bargaining.
D. were better off bargaining with a sincere "good-faith" offer.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
Topic: A-06 Bargaining
57. Mediation is to ________________ as arbitration is to ________________.

A. bargaining; negotiations.
B. an imposed settlement; facilitated negotiation.
C. negotiations; bargaining.
D. facilitated negotiation; an imposed settlement.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
ModA-20
58. Which of the following is associated with lose-lose scenarios?

A. time delay
B. being tough
C. caving in
D. being indifferent

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
59. Deidra was in a car accident. She is trying to bargain with the opposing insurance company
for a monetary settlement for her medical bills and suffering. She demands $30,000 and states
that she will accept no less. The insurance company offers her $15,000, take it or leave it.
Deidra's bargaining situation demonstrates how
A. time delay can negatively impact effective bargaining.
B. the give and take process of bargaining works.
C. taking a tough stance can sometimes deadlock bargaining positions.
D. effective bargaining involves inflated offers so that counteroffers seem more reasonable.

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
60. According to Pruitt (1986) compromises are ______________ than integrative agreements.
A. less enduring.
B. no different than
C. equally enduring
D. more enduring

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: A-07 Mediation
ModA-21
61. A mediator seeks to achieve a mutually beneficial resolution by having the parties adopt a
__________ orientation.
A. carefree
B. win-lose
C. win-win
D. submissive

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
62. Allan and Marianne are getting a divorce and have turned to a mediator to help resolve the
disagreements over the distribution of their assets, and the house in particular. Allan considers it
a win if he gets the house, and a loss if Marianne gets it, despite the fact that she is maintaining
custody of the kids. The goal of the mediator is to create a win-win situation where
A. Marianne gives up the house out of her own free will.
B. Allan keeps the house and gets Marianne an apartment instead.
C. Allan recognizes that the house should go to Marianne as it is in the best interest of her, the
kids, and maintaining a civil relationship.
D. Marianne gets the house and Allan gets custody of the children.

Blooms: Analyze
Difficulty: Medium
63. Mediators seek to establish _____________ that reconcile both parties' interests to their
mutual benefit.
A. arbitrated agreements
B. integrative agreements
C. mirror-image agreements
D. zero-sum agreements

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
ModA-22
64. According to research, which of the following factors has been shown to correlate
positively with marriage satisfaction and happiness?
A. communication that is direct and open
B. communication that is conditional
C. compromise
D. confrontational communication

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
65. Gotlib and Colby have provided guidelines on how to avoid destructive quarrels and how to
have good quarrels. Which of the following behaviours is not recommended for constructive
quarrels?
A. welcome feedback about your behaviour.
B. tell the other party how she or he is feeling.
C. clearly define the issue and repeat the other's arguments in your own words
D. ask questions that help the other find words to express the concern

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
66. All of the following are recommendations for how to fight constructively except
A. divulge your positive and negative feelings.
B. offer positive suggestions for mutual improvement.
C. clearly define the issue and repeat the other's arguments in your own words
D. apologize prematurely.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
ModA-23
67. Gotlib and Colby argue that destructive quarrels involve all of the following except
A. apologizing prematurely.
B. feigning agreement while harbouring resentment.
C. divulging your positive and negative feelings.
D. telling the other party how he or she is feeling.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
68. Johnson and Johnson (2003) put children grades one to nine through about a dozen of
conflict resolution training in six schools. They found that
A. the result was a more peaceful student community with increased academic achievement.
B. when implemented with a whole student body, there was no difference in the students' daily
conflicts.
C. the conflicts continued because the students did not trust the researchers.
D. conflicts over possessions increased.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
69. According to conflict researchers, you are more likely to divulge your needs and concerns if
your relationship with your partner includes
A. mediation.
B. trust.
C. passion.
D. the threat of withdrawal.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
ModA-24
70. Carnevale and Choi (2000) reported that, in the past, the Pope resolved a geographical
dispute between Argentina and Chile. In this context the Pope was a __________ who is trusted
by both conflicting sides.
A. leader
B. mediator
C. lawyer
D. peacemaker

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
71. Kelman (1998) reported that South Africa achieved internal peace when
________________.
A. white and black Africans completed a war
B. white Africans gave up the power
C. white and black Africans granted each other's top priorities
D. white and black Africans reduced all arguments

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
72. Lisa and Andrew tried without success to reach a divorce settlement on their own. Lisa
suggested that they sell the house and split the proceeds. Andrew thinks this is a terrible idea,
but when a divorce mediator suggests the same thing, he agrees. What best accounts for this
change?
A. The mediator has convinced Andrew to trust her.
B. The mediator has imposed this resolution on Lisa and Andrew.
C. The mediator appears to be a neutral third party.
D. The mediator convinces Andrew that the proposal will benefit him more than Lisa.

Blooms: Analyze
Difficulty: Medium
ModA-25
73. A mediator may try to improve relationship communication by having conflicting parties
restrict their arguments to statements of
A. the opposing side's underlying motives.
B. how they feel or think in response to the other's actions.
C. personal analysis of the probable causes of the conflict.
D. proposed solutions or conditions for reconciliation.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
74. The phenomenon wherein a mutually agreeable proposal is dismissed if offered by either
side is known as
A. proactive deregulation
B. proactive devaluation
C. reactive devaluation
D. reactive deregulation.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Hard
75. Negotiation researchers report that most disputants experience ____________.

A. sympathy for the opposing side.
B. optimistic overconfidence.
C. pessimistic doubt.
D. empathy for the opposing side.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: A-08 Arbitration
ModA-26
76. David and Julie fought over naming their new puppy, until finally they went to Mom to get
her to decide on a settlement. David and Julie relied on ____________ to resolve their conflict.
A. mediation
B. bargaining
C. conciliation
D. arbitration

Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
77. Jean Paul and Michelle go to a third party to try and get their conflict resolved. The conflict
resolution practitioner listens to both of them, then develops a settlement which he then asks
them both to sign. This process is known as
A. mediation.
B. arbitration.
C. conciliation.
D. win-win negotiation.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
78. McGillicuddy and others (1987) note that when people knew they would face an arbitrated
settlement if mediation failed, they
A. remained just as inflexible as before.
B. tried harder to resolve the problem, and thus were more likely to reach agreement.
C. exhibited even more hostility to each other.
D. displayed "optimistic overconfidence".

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
ModA-27
79. In some disputes, the third-party chooses one of the two absolute offers, in order to motivate
each party to make a reasonable proposal. This process is called
A. conciliation.
B. mediation-by-proxy.
C. final-offer arbitration.
D. third-party justification.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
80. Charles Osgood's GRIT (graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction)
strategy is an alternative to conflict that promotes _____________ rather than retaliation.
A. contact
B. conciliation
C. communication
D. correction

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: A-09 Conciliation
81. Osgood's strategy called GRIT is an acronym for

A. gain and relative integrative tactics
B. good reconciliation in trust
C. graded and residual individual tension.
D. graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
ModA-28
82. Which of the following is not one of the steps in Charles Osgood's GRIT (graduated and
reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction) strategy?
A. Build up first-strike capability to negotiate from a position of strength.
B. Announce your conciliatory intent.
C. Carry out several verifiable conciliatory acts.
D. Maintain retaliatory capability.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
83. Research by Lindskold and associates on the GRIT (graduated and reciprocated initiatives
in tension reduction) technique has found that
A. its effectiveness is limited to minor conflicts only.
B. conciliation does enhance negotiations but only when parties surrender their self-interest.
C. announcing cooperative intent does boost cooperation.
D. maintaining equality of power does not protect against exploitation.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
84. According to the text, Lester B. Pearson helped negotiate a deal between several countries
in a conflict crisis over the Suez Canal. His attempts relied on getting all parties to
___________ one another.
A. make concessions to
B. forgive
C. resist
D. attribute positive motives to

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
ModA-29
85. The Alaskan halibut fishery has implemented ‘catch shares', guaranteeing each fisher a
percentage of each year's allowable catch, which has reduced competition and overfishing. This
is an example of which of the following?
A. appeals to altruistic norms
B. regulation
C. non-zero-sum-games
D. "small is beautiful"

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
86. Evolutionary psychologist Robin Dunbar believes that a group size of about 125-150 people
is NOT the optimum size for which of the following?
A. business organizations
B. religious congregations
C. military fighting units
D. college classrooms

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
87. Negotiators who were instructed to mimic the others' mannerisms, elicited which of the
following?
A. more trust
B. greater discovery of compatible interests
C. mutually satisfying deals
D. criticism

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
ModA-30
88. Dan wants to buy a new car, but he wants the best possible price. Which of the following
strategies should Dan use to get what he wants?
A. mediation
B. arbitration
C. bargaining
D. conciliation

Blooms: Analyze
Difficulty: Easy
89. What is the main difference between mediation and arbitration?

A. Only mediation uses a neutral third party.
B. Only an arbitrator can impose a settlement.
C. Only mediation looks at both sides of the conflict.
D. arbitrators use coercive techniques.

Blooms: Analyze
Difficulty: Easy
90. Which of the following is an example of a social trap?

A. The Prisoners' Dilemma
B. "catch shares"
C. zero-sum games
D. "Community Wall Game"

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
ModA-31
91. Workshops that promote healing and reconciliation have worked for which of the following
groups?
A. Arabs and Israelis
B. Pakistanis and Indians
C. Tutsi and Hutu
D. Russians and Chinese

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
92. Which of the following gestures would NOT begin easing down the tension ladder, to a
rung where contact, cooperation, and communication become possible?
A. a soft answer
B. a warm smile
C. a gentle touch
D. gossip

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
True / False Questions
93. According to the text, harmony occurs when justice and mutual respect prevail, but also
when, "everyone knows their place" in an unjust world.
TRUE

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
ModA-32
94. An arbitrator is a neutral third party who resolves conflict by facilitating communication
and offering suggestions.
FALSE

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
95. Agreements that reconcile both parties' interests to their mutual benefit are known as
integrative agreements.
TRUE

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
96. A situation in which the conflicting parties, by rationally pursuing their own self-interest,
become caught in mutually destructive behaviour is known as a social trap.
TRUE

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
97. When tensions rise, views of the enemy are less simplistic and stereotyped, and
seat-of-the-pants judgments become less likely.
FALSE

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
ModA-33
Short Answer Questions
98. Compare and contrast the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Tragedy of the Commons.
Answers will vary.

Blooms: Analyze
Difficulty: Medium
99. Describe three ways that individuals can be induced to cooperate and resolve social
dilemmas.
Answers will vary.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
100. Define equity and equality and discuss how both are related to perceptions of justice.
Answers will vary.

Blooms: Remember
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Hard
ModA-34
101. Explain how misperceptions influence conflict and provide an example to demonstrate
factors that influence views about conflict.
Answers will vary.

Blooms: Analyze
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Hard
102. Define bargaining, mediation, and arbitration and discuss the similarities and differences
between these peace-making processes.
Answers will vary.

Blooms: Analyze
Difficulty: Hard
103. Pretend you are a marriage counsellor that is giving advice to a couple that has a great deal
of destructive quarrels. You instruct them that if managed constructively, conflict can provide
opportunities for reconciliation and more genuine harmony. Based on the work of Gotlib and
Colby (1988), you give the couple a list of "Do's" and "Do Not's." Identify 5 of the 8
recommendations for each column (i.e., 5 things to do, 5 things to avoid).
Answers will vary.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
ModA-35
104. State and explain three ways, which the text lists under controlled communication, that
conflicting parties have to resolve their differences.
Answers will vary.

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
105. Identify what the "GRIT (graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction)"
technique is and describe the three main steps of this technique.
Answers will vary.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
ModA-36

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Module A - Social Psychology in Conflict and Peacemaking

Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to your text, in its most positive sense genuine peace is

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2. Which of the following is true of peace?

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8. In the tragedy of the commons, the "commons" refers to

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9. A common excuse for non-cooperation is,

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10. In research on social dilemmas, it has been found that

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26. In research by Dawes on social dilemmas, it was found that

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31. Equity exists when

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36. Individualistic cultures are to __________ as collectivistic cultures are to __________.

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37. Equity is to _________________ as equality is to __________________.

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42. Groups in intractable conflict often engage in

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43. Groups in intractable conflict engage tend to NOT

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47. In times of tension, as during an international crisis,

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49. Destructive mirror-image perceptions operate in conflicts between/among

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36. Individualistic cultures are to as collectivistic cultures are to .

37. Equity is to _ as equality is to __.

57. Mediation is to as arbitration is to .