ROAD SAFETY AUDIT

STAGE 5 (OPERATIONAL)

11 – 13 OCTOBER 2016

Kementerian Kesejahteraan Bandar,
Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
CNS Consultant
18-2, Jalan Reko Sentral 4, Reko Sentral,
43000 Kajang, Selangor D.E.
Tel/ Fax: 03.8741.0857, 017.881.6269
Email: irsulaiman@yahoo.com
 - STAGE 5 AUDIT -

 Stage 5 Audit is the Audit of an existing road or a

newly opened/completed road project.

 For a newly opened/completed road project, it is

done within 1 to 3 months of the road being officially
opened to the public.

Source : Guidelines For the Safety Audit of Roads In Malaysia, 1997

 Typical Cross Section

Source: Guidelines On Traffic Control and Management Devices

(Part 4 - Pavement marking and Delineation) – REAM GL 8/2004
TYPICAL CROSS SECTION

Lane width should be measured from inner part of edge line to center of lane line using a
measuring tape

Marginal strip and shoulder width should be measured from the inner part of the
edge line markings to the vertical edge of the kerb or pavement.
 TYPICAL CROSS SECTION

Paved shoulder for use by motorcyclists should

be about 2.0m to 2.5m wide for non expressways
and 3.0m wide for expressway

Source : REAM Manual on Design Guidelines for

Motorcycle Facilities

The minimum width of shy line is 1.0m

Source : REAM GL 9/2006 Guidelines on Design and

Selection of Longitudinal Traffic Safety
barrier
Horizontal Alignment

Typical alignment along a high speed

facility along a rural road
 Horizontal Alignment

Super elevation/Normal camber – 2.5%

(Measured by using an Inclinometer)

Source : Arahan Teknik Jalan 8/86

Assessing the road curvature by the

use of a ball bank and/or by visual
inspection/appraisal

Source : AASHTO A Policy on Geometric Design

of Highways and Streets 1990
 Vertical Alignment

Typical grade line along a high speed facility

Vertical Alignment

Grades – Generally <6%

(Measured by using an Inclinometer)

Source : Arahan Teknik Jalan 8/86

 Visibility and Sight Distance

Assessing the road profile/k value by

visual inspection/appraisal
- Pole to pole ~ 30 to 40m

Inadequate sight distance on road

gradient at Permatang Pauh
interchange
 Visibility and Sight Distance

The entrance view of the R&R facility is restricted

by bridge piers that reduce motorists’ sight
distance within this area.

The provision of NJB along the median with small

radius curve can sometimes pose a sight distance
and safety issue

Foliages situated along the road especially on the slip

road of interchanges often obstruct the visibility
 DELINEATION

Spacing of about 3.6 to 6.0m

Source : Arahan Teknik Jalan 2B/85

DELINEATION

1.2 m

Dimensions (mm):
900x750 / 750x600 / 600x450

Suitability with regards to road environment, maintenance and operations

 Roundabout

Basic principles of roundabout design:- Source : AUSTROADS Part 6 Roundabouts

a. Hard in easy out

b. Circulating speed of less than 50 km/hr
c. Use of give way signs and give way lines
d. Use of yellow transverse bars
e. Provision for pedestrians
 Elevated U Turn

The provision of an elevated U Turn will allow for free flow

traffic, but can create weaving issues along an expressway
like road environment, e.g. Middle Ring Road 2
 At-Grade U Turn

There is a need to provide advance signs to allow motorists to weave

from the slow lane to the U-Turn lane

Source : Arahan Teknik Jalan 8/86

Exit and Entry Layout, Auxiliary Lanes
and Lane Continuity

Inappropriate provision of auxiliary

lanes without proper and/or
adequate merging or diverging
length

Source : Arahan Teknik Jalan 12/87

 Island Size and Shape

Use of guide island to provide storage for

pedestrians and safe maneuvers at
intersections
(Minimum width of 1.2m and minimum
length of 20m)

Source : Arahan Teknik Jalan 11/87

Islands should have an ideal

minimum size of 15 m sq or an
absolute minimum size of 8 m sq,
to allow for storage of pedestrians
and signal pedestals

Source : Arahan Teknik Jalan 11/87

Kerb Types

150mm

Use of semi mountable kerb (150mm height) along high speed roads
(Operating speeds > 70 km/hr)

Source : Arahan Teknik Jalan 8/86

 Road Marking and Delineation

Typical road marking

along an expressway

The use of yellow bars need to be

carefully considered along expressways
Road Marking and Delineation

Source :
ARR 173 Effect of
Yellow Bar Markings on
Drivers Braking
Behaviour

Yellow Box Yellow Bar Thickness (3 to 5mm),

(RTR 1959 - 8a) placement & spacing

Reflective Retro Pavement Marking (RRPM)

Road Marking and Delineation

Measurements on Line and Lane Width and Spacing

Vehicle Parking and Bus Stop

4.0 m

Location, width and utilization

Source : Arahan Teknik Jalan 8/86

Traffic Signals

300 mm
Diameter

2.2 m

1.2 m

There needs to be a minimum of five (5)

signal faces (inclusive of a mast arm on the
arrival side to give long distance visibility to
motorist (presumably traveling at higher
speed)) on the major road and four (4)
signal faces on the minor road.

Source : Arahan Teknik Jalan

13/87 & AUSTROADS
Part 5 Traffic Signals
Traffic Signals

(i) The optimum cycle time shall not exceed 120 seconds
(ii) The inter green time shall not exceed 5 seconds
(Amber and all red)
(iii) Signal pedestals must always be placed on proper
islands or behind kerb.
(iv) There need to be adequate lateral clearance for traffic
signals and proper line markings for pedestrians

Source : Arahan Teknik Jalan

13/87 & AUSTROADS
Part 5 Traffic Signals
Traffic Signs

Typical signs along an expressway

Traffic Signs

The letter height for RS5 is 330mm. The letter height for Speed Limit is 240mm.

The letter height for Emergency Telephone is 150mm.

Traffic Signs

The minimum ideal usage of letter height along JKR Roads is 250mm with a
maximum of four (4) number of destinations per signboard.

Source : Arahan Teknik Jalan 2A-2E

Traffic sign blocked by trees

Traffic Signs

Location : Kuala Terengganu FR 003

Source : Arahan Teknik Jalan 2A-2E

Street Lightings

Typical lighting along an expressway

 Street Lightings

All post located in the clear zone to be

made frangible or be shielded by
barriers.

Source :
MS 825 Design of Street Lighting & AUSTROADS Part
12 Roadway Lighting

Level of lighting (Measured by using a Luxmeter)

i) Minimum Average Luminance, L - 2cd/m2

ii) Average Overall Luminance - 0.33

Uniformity,U0
iii) Minimum Longitudinal Luminance - 0.5
Uniformity, Ul
iv) Minimum Discomfort Glare Control - 4
Mark, G

v) Maximum Threshold Increment, TI - 25%

vi) Minimum Illuminance, Ix - 20

 Test Level for Barriers

Source : REAM GL 9/2006 Guidelines on Design and Selection of

Longitudinal Traffic Safety barrier
 Guardrails
The post spacing for the W
Beam Guardrail is 2.0m and
1.0m post spacing at the
2.0m approach to bridge parapet in
line with current design
practices (REAM GL-9/2006)
(Measured using a measuring
tape).

The height of Guardrail should

be 710mm ± 20mm, almost
the same height of a bumper
of a passenger car vehicle, in
order to enhance 710mm ±
effectiveness of the Guardrail 20mm
during impact.

The tolerable thickness of Source : REAM GL 9/2006

Guardrail specified in the Guidelines on Design
3mm design guidelines is about and Selection of
3mm (Measured using Longitudinal Traffic
calipers). Safety barrier
 End Treatment of Guardrails

12

Flared away bull nose end treatment

Source : REAM GL 9/2006

Guidelines on Design
and Selection of
Longitudinal Traffic
Safety barrier

Attachment of Guardrail and bridge parapet

 End Treatment of Guardrails

End treatment at Linkedua E3

Fish Tail Terminal End at N3

Source : REAM GL 9/2006

Guidelines on Design
and Selection of
Longitudinal Traffic
Safety barrier
 Lateral Clearance

≥ 1.0m

The lateral clearance between any rigid posts and W Beam Guardrail is 1.0m to 1.2m, to
allow a deflection by about 1.0m upon impact. There should also be a lateral clearance
of about 600mm from the edge of any traffic signs to the edge of the shoulder or barriers

Source : Arahan Teknik Jalan 2A-2E

Wire Rope

* Height of wire rope:-

• Top rope - 600 mm +/- 10 mm
• Middle rope - 500mm +/- 30 mm

* Post spacing:-
• 3.2m (3 ropes)
• 2.4m (4 ropes)

* Take note that wire ropes

are propriety systems
designed by the individual
suppliers/manufacturers
and are to comply with
NCHRP 350 (TL 3) or
equivalent
Source : REAM GL 9/2006
Guidelines on Design
and Selection of
Longitudinal Traffic
Safety barrier
 Barrier and Railings

Typical barrier along an e high speed facility

 Barrier and Railings

360mm

810mm

Source : REAM GL 9/2006

Guidelines on Design
and Selection of
Longitudinal Traffic
Safety barrier
 Barrier and Railings

This section provides two (2) different types of

bridge barrier e.g. concrete barrier and railing
barrier. The connection between both safety
barrier result in unexpected condition and it is
hazard to the traffic as it is not properly
connected.

On the expressway/divided highway

section where embankment greater than
10m depth and heavy vehicles
proportion is relatively high as shown in
the photos, REAM recommends
concrete traffic safety barrier of TL-5
type shall be installed.
 New Jersey Barrier and Crash Cushion

New Jersey Barrier (NJB) is a rigid system

that does not allow for any deflection
and is suitable for use along narrow
median or bridge parapet

1070mm Source : REAM GL 9/2006 Guidelines on Design and

Selection of Longitudinal Traffic Safety
barrier

Crash cushions must be crash tested and fulfill

the requirements of JKR Malaysia, NCHRP 350
and REAM GL 9/2006 or equivalent.
 Median

Typical barrier along a high speed facility -

Minimum TL 3
 Median

Minimum 1.2m

Kerb median
Barrier median

Source : Arahan Teknik Jalan 8/86

 Landscaping and Beautification

Traffic signals completely blocked by

landscaping
(Height shall not exceed 0.6m and clear
trunk height must exceed 1.2m)

Appropriate schedule of trimming the

vegetation may avoid the vegetation
being the factor of reducing or blocking
motorists’ visibility in the area

Source : REAM Manual on Design Guidelines for

Pedestrian Facilities
 Rigid Objects Close to Travel Way

Guardrail is located less than 0.5m to the

bridge pier whereas W-beam deflection Guardrail does not properly protect the
is 0.6m for 1.0m spacing. (Linkedua E3) traffic from the signboard poles. (C2)

Source : REAM GL 9/2006 Guidelines

on Design and Selection
of Longitudinal Traffic
Safety barrier

Horizontal railings along the median

that can ‘spear’ errant motorists
 Other Roadside Hazards

Trees with diameter greater than 150mm are

situated within road clear zone. Traffic need to be
protected from the trees. Safety barrier may be
installed or trees shall be removed away. (N3)
 Other Roadside Hazards

- Rigid poles placed on the footpath

- Inadequate lateral clearance behind the post
of the Guardrail (Minimum 0.6m)

Need to check adequacy of lateral clearance

behind the post of the wire rope (Taking into
account that wire rope can deflect by about 3m)

Source : REAM GL 9/2006

Guidelines on Design
and Selection of
Longitudinal Traffic
Safety barrier
Provision for Pedestrians

Typical facilities for pedestrians along an

urban road with developments and schools
all along
 Provision for Pedestrians

Overhead Pedestrian Bridge (OPB) and walkway/footpath

- Min. width of footpath - 1.2m,
- Minimum vertical clearance - 5.1m
- Need to prevent errant vehicles impacting solid pier in
median

Source : Arahan Teknik Jalan 8/86

and REAM Manual on
Design Guidelines for
Pedestrian Facilities

Pedestrian Crossing Marking (Zebra crossing)

- Minimum width of 1.5 to 1.8m
- Stop line to be placed 3.0m behind the
cross walk line
- Width of stripes is 600mm

Source : Road Traffic Rules 1959

and REAM Manual on
Design Guidelines for
Pedestrian Facilities
 Provision for School Children

Secondary School Primary School

Provision for Pedestrian Facility

Provision of Pedestrian Walkway at R&R (E3)

 Provision for Motorcycles

Use of paved shoulder for use by motorcyclists along a high speed facility
– Minimum of 3.0m
 Provision for Motorcycles

Minimum of 2.0m paved shoulder for use by

motorcycles along non expressways

Source : REAM Manual on Design Guidelines for

Motorcycle Facilities and AUSTROADS Part 15
Motorcycle Safety

Exclusive motorcycle lanes must be dedicated to

motorcycles, without other traffic cutting across the
travelled path of motorcyclists
 Maintenance

The road side drain should be covered to prevent errant

motorists or motorcyclists falling into the drain (C2)

Source : Arahan Teknik Jalan on Common Sense

The bridge railings need to be repaired as soon as

practically possible
(Within 3 to 7 days)

Source : Arahan Teknik Jalan on Common Sense

 ROAD HUMPS

Road Hump at Lay By (Ladang Bikam)