MODULE-4

ILLUMINATION
LIGHT
• In the beginning of 19th century, it was not possible to do daytime work after sunset due to lack of adequate light.
• During middle of 19th century, a gas mantle was used as source of light.
• In the year 1900, the electric filament lamps came into the field as a source of light.
• These electric lamps are preferred upon gas mantle as sources of light due to cleanliness convenience, steady light output and
reliability.
• Due to many advancements in good sources of illumination, today every work which can be done in daylight, can equally be
done during night time with same efficiency.
• The best illumination is that which produces no strain on the eyes.
• A form of radiant energy from natural sources like sun & Stars, and artificial sources like candle, electric lamp etc.
• It travels in a form of an electromagnetic wave, so it has wavelength and is known as speed.
• Like other electromagnetic radiation, it can be reflected and refracted.
• Lighting is an application of light to illuminate objects, surfaces, scenes, pictures and people.

• LIGHT: It is a radiant energy that provides visual sensation.

Lighting Design Considerations

Quantity of Light Energy Consumption Quality of Light

Illumination Efficacy Colour & temperature
Lumen Economic/Cost Consideration/Sustainability Colour rendition
Lux/Foot-candle Glare
Quantity of Light
Illumination:
• The distribution of light on a horizontal surface. The purpose of all lighting is to produce illumination
Lumen:
• A measurement of light emitted by a lamp. For example, a 100 watt incandescent lamp emits about 1600 lumens.
Lux/Foot-candle:
• A measurement of the intensity of illumination.
• A Foot-candle is the illumination of the inside of a sphere of 1Sqft radius produced by one lumen.
• A Lux is the illumination of the inside of a sphere of 1Sqm radius produced by one lumen.
• For finding one’s way around at night, 5-20 lux may be sufficient.
• For regular home and office work 30-50 lux of illumination is sufficient.
• For detail work 200 lux of illumination or more allows more accuracy and less eyestrain.
Energy Consumption
Efficacy:
• The ratio of light produced to energy consumed. It’s measured as the number of lumens produced divided by the rate of electricity
consumption (lumens per watt).
Economics:
• The economic consideration of both the initial and operating cost.
• The compatibility of the lighting system with the architectural design.
Quality of Light
Colour temperature:
The colour of the light source.
• By convention, yellow-red colours are considered warm, and blue-green colours are considered cool.
• Colour temperature is measured in Kelvin (K) temperature.
• The higher Kelvin temperatures (3600–5500 K) are what we consider cool and lower colour temperatures (2700–3000 K) are considered warm.
• Cool light is preferred for visual tasks because it produces higher contrast than warm light.
• Warm light is preferred for living spaces because it is more flattering to skin tones and clothing.
• A colour temperature of 2700–3600 K is generally recommended for most indoor general and task lighting applications.
Colour Rendition:
How colours appear when illuminated by a light source.
• Colour rendition is generally considered to be a more important lighting quality than colour temperature.
• Most objects are not a single colour, but a combination of many colours.
• Light sources that are deficient in certain colours may change the apparent colour of an object.
• The Colour Rendering Index (CRI) is a 1–100 scale that measures a light source's ability to render colours the same way sunlight does.
• The top value of the CRI scale (100) is based on illumination by a 100-watt incandescent lightbulb.
• A light source with a CRI of 80 or higher is considered acceptable for most indoor residential applications.
Glare:
Brightness can be used for a variety of purposes, from producing a sense of drama to creating sparkle and glitter elements in a space. The brighter
a task is, the easier it is to see and the lower the amount of light that is required. But if not properly controlled, high brightness can produce levels
of glare that either impair or prevent a desired task being performed. The excessive brightness from a direct light source that makes it difficult to
see what one wishes to see.
• A bright object in front of a dark background usually will cause glare.
• Bright lights reflecting off a television or computer screen or even a printed page produces glare.
• Intense light sources -- such as bright incandescent lamps -- are likely to produce more direct glare than large fluorescent lamps.
Glare can be described as direct or reflected glare, which can then result in discomfort or disability.
• Direct glare comes straight from the light source.
• Reflected glare shows up on the task itself, such as a computer screen.
• Discomfort glare does not prevent seeing makes it uncomfortable.
• Disability glare prevents vision--a popular example is holding a glossy magazine at a certain angle; a veiling reflection results, impairing our
reading of the page.
Strategies for Reducing Unwanted Glare:
• Indirect lighting that throws more light upward than downward, diffusing the light and reducing glare on computer screens.
• Parabolic louvers, special lenses or other diffusing media on fixtures that diffuse the fixture's light output.
• Relocating the light source.
• Relocating the task or changing its orientation until the glare is removed.
• Changing the surface reflectance of the task.
• Use blinds or shades on windows to control the amount or transmittance angle of sunlight entering the space
• Visual comfort probability (VCP) is a rating on a scale of 0-100 given to indoor fixtures to indicate how well accepted they are likely to be by
the area's occupants. A VCP rating of 75, for example, indicates that 75% of the occupants in the poorest location would not be bothered by
direct glare.
• Brightness Ratios in a space can affect how it is perceived. While high ratios of bright to dark in the space can produce contrast or a sense of
drama, it can also be visually fatiguing during transient adaptation, which describes the eye adapting to changes in brightness. This can reduce
productivity and can even be hazardous.
• Uniformity: Uniform light and brightness levels across a space can be desirable but may also be boring; in such cases, sparkle elements, color
and/or other methods can be employed to create visual interest without causing fatigue.
Factors to be considered in design of interior lighting Quantity & Quality of Light:
1. Provision of adequate illumination level:
• Different spaces need different quantity of light depending on the work to be carried over in that space or room.
• The light should also give proper color sense of the object.
2. Uniform Illumination:
• The space or room should get uniform illumination at its every nook and corner.
• This reduces the unnecessary fatigue.
• Concentrated light should be provided at the work and general lighting for the remaining space.
• The brightness level ratio between the place of concentrated light and the general light should not be more than 3:1.
3. Color of the light:
• The illumination should provide original color sense.
• The color of object is generally same as that of the color of the light.
• To observe original color of the objects, fluorescent tubes should be used which give day light.
4. Shadow less illumination:
• There should be no shadow in the room, otherwise the illumination is said to be defective.
• The shadow can be avoided by using more no. of lamps, keeping more height of the lamps and by using glare over the lamps.
5. Glare free illumination:
• There should be no glare in the room or space.
• The glare may be direct from the light source or it may be through reflection from polished objects placed in the room.
• Both the glares are to be avoided as it gives a discomfort to the eyes.
• Glare can be eliminated by proper designing of the illumination.
6. Mounting height:
• The mounting height should be kept about 3.75m from the ground and it should be installed at the horizontal run of the wiring which is
kept about 3.00m or they should be hanged from ceiling so that height of the lamp is not more than 3m in any case.
7. Space-height ratio:
• This is the ratio between spacing of two successive lights and the mounting height of the lights.
• Proper designing permits this ratio between 1 and 1.5, for example if height of the room is 3m, the spacing between light may be either
3m or max. as 4.5m.
8. Utilization factor:
• All the light emitting from a lamp is not utilized but some is wasted through door, windows, absorption by ceiling, floor, curtains etc.
• This factor is taken as 50% for calculation purposes, in other words only 50% light is utilized and remaining is wasted.
9. Depreciation factor:
• There is considerable loss of light emitted by a source with time or when it is covered by dust or dirt.
• this factor is considered as 20% of depreciation in light with time.
• This is due to weakening of lamp filament, blackening of interior surface of the lamp etc.
10. Efficiency of lamps:
• The efficiency of a lamp to convert input power in lumen is called its efficiency. It is measured in lumens per watt.
Design Considerations: Design
Function Layout
Approach
Design Approach:
• Lighting is designed based on the space functional requirement and user behaviour. Select possible lamps available in the market to meet the
objective.
• Designer should estimate the basic lighting requirement based on the lux requirement for each lamp category and select lamp with best life
cycle cost and energy saving potential.
• Consider Maintenance factor – The installed lighting should be design to meet the design requirement for a period of time. A gradual
decrease of illuminance is observed in all lighting technologies with time because of following reasons:
• Lamp output reduction (Lamp lumen maintenance factor)
• Dirt on luminaire (Luminaire maintenance factor)
• Dirt on room surfaces (utilization factor)
Function:
• Visual Function- The key components within visual function are:
• Luminous Flux (Lumens): The amount of light coming from the light source (lumens). It is measured in lumens. Lumen is used for
comparing how bright the light source is. ( e.g. 60 W incandescent bulb is about 850 lumen). The amount of light that travels in certain
direction from the source is called “luminous intensity” (measured in candles).
• Illuminance – The lighting level at the working desk or a space should be adequate and comfortable.
• Uniformity of Illuminance: Uniformity is an integral fundamental for visual performance and discomfort. Variation on illuminance not
only hampers the overall appearance of a space, but also to the comfort levels and energy consumption.
• Architectural Integration: Integration of lighting could play an important role in overall architectural design. Designer may choose a suitable
luminaire like recessed luminaire, suspended luminaire, spot lights, wall mounted, floor standing luminaire, ceiling mounted etc. Each type is
for a particular design approach and chosen as per the requirement and installation provisions.
• Energy Efficiency: Lamp technologies, luminaire specifications, and controls are the key approach to ensure energy efficiency in the lighting
design. These measures control the lighting power density on the work plane/ space and operational timings for maximized returns.
• Costs (Capital and Operational) – Capital cost and operational cost are, directly or indirectly, linked to each other. Effort should be made to
maximize these two in terms of life cycle cost analysis where an increased capital cost saves the operational expenditure, thereby paying back
the additional capital cost in a desired time period.
Layout:
• Design flexibility: Design flexibility is an advance approach which allows a space and lighting design to be used for different functional
requirements at different time. The key benefit for the same is the effective use of materials and space. Advance lighting design should be
flexible to:
• Use lights as per requirement: Use of occupancy sensors and dimming controls are required to use lights when occupied as per the
desired lux level prescribe for a specific purpose.
• Reconfiguration of lighting system: reconfiguration helps to reduce the electrical and mechanical effectively with the use of modular
wiring and removable lighting system to suit different functional requirement.
LAWS OF ILLUMINATION:
The illumination on a surface depends upon the luminous intensity, distance between the source and surface and the
direction of rays of light.
i) Illumination is directly proportional to the luminous intensity of the source.
ii) Inverse square law – The illumination of a surface is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the
surface from the source of light. It is true only if the source is a point source.

E - Illuminance
I - Luminous intensity in Lux
d – Distance from source in meters

iii) Lambert’s cosine law – The illumination on any surface is proportional to the cosine of the angle between the normal
angle at that point and the direction of the luminous flux.
• Some time surface is not normal to the direction of light but, inclined by some angle.
• The area over which the light is spread is then increased/decreased in the ratio.
TYPES OF LAMPS:
There is three basic lamp family :
1. Filament lamp.
2. Discharge lamps.
3. LED
Filament Lamp:
1. Incandescent:
The incandescent light bulb or lamp is a source of electric light that works by incandescence,
which is the emission of light caused by heating the filament. They are made in an extremely wide range
of sizes, wattages, and voltages.
An incandescent bulb typically consists of a glass enclosure containing a tungsten filament.
An electric current passes through the filament, heating it to a temperature that produces light.
Incandescent light bulbs usually contain a stem or glass mount attached to the bulb's base which allows the electrical contacts to run through the
envelope without gas/air leaks. Small wires embedded in the stem support the filament and/or its lead wires.
The enclosing glass enclosure contains either a vacuum or an inert gas to preserve and protect the filament.
• Incandescent lighting is a bad choice for energy saving projects.
• Incandescent is the least efficient of another lighting lamp types.
• Approximately 90% of the energy that is consumed in an incandescent lamp is release in the form
of heat while only 10% is converted to visible light , but it’s still the most cheap type.
• Color rendering factor is amount 100% , but it’s not comfortable for human eyes.
Disadvantages:
• It is energy inefficient.
• It has very short lamp life time i.e. about 1000 hours typically.
• It is warm source of light and hence requires air conditioning to cool the room.
• It has higher operating cost.
• It is very fragile and hence needs to be handled very carefully.
• It generates low lumen per watt. Ordinary incandescent bulbs produces
about 5 to 20 lumens per watt. This means it has lower efficacy.
Working of Incandescent Lamp:
• Hot Wire-Filament sealed in a glass jar (bulb)
• Electric current pass through the wire heats it to incandescence and the wire emits light.
• Inside gas is argon with nitrogen.
• Operating life is 1000hrs, efficiency increased by using.
• Light output is 15lumens/watt
• A tungsten filament at the center of the lamp, electricity heats this filament upto about 2500 degrees Celsius.
2. Halogen (Tungsten) :
Advantages :
• Halogen lamps are low cost to produce.
• Longer life than a conventional incandescent.
• Instant on to full brightness , no warm up time , and it is dimmable .
Disadvantages:
• Extremely hot (easily capable of causing severe burns if the lamp is touched).
• The lamp is sensitive to oils left by human skin, if we touch the bulb with our bare hands the oil
left behind will heat up once the bulb is activated, this oil may cause an imbalance and result
in a rupture of the bulb.
• Not as efficient as (Metal Halide lamps).
Gas Discharge Lamps:
This family has many different types , such as:
1. Fluorescent Lamps
2. High Pressure Sodium [HPS]
3. Low Pressure Sodium [LPS]
4. Mercury Vapour Lamp
5. Metal Halide
Fluorescent Lamps:
- A fluorescent lamp, or fluorescent tube, is a low-pressure mercury- vapour gas-discharge lamp that uses
fluorescence to produce visible light.
- An electric current in the gas excites mercury vapor, which produces short-wave ultraviolet light that then
causes a phosphor coating on the inside of the lamp to glow.
- A fluorescent lamp converts electrical energy into useful light much more efficiently than incandescent lamps.
- The typical luminous efficacy of fluorescent lighting systems is 50–100 lumens per watt, several times the
efficacy of incandescent bulbs with comparable light output.
- Fluorescent lamp fixtures are more costly than incandescent lamps because they require a ballast to regulate the
current through the lamp, but the lower energy cost typically offsets the higher initial cost.
- Compact fluorescent lamps are now available in the same popular sizes as incandescent and are used as an
energy saving alternative in homes.
Because they contain mercury, many fluorescent lamps are classified as hazardous waste.
- As per waste segregation norms fluorescent lamps be segregated from general waste for recycling or safe
disposal.
- Fluorescent Tubes: the most famous types of fluorescent tubes are TL-5 and TL-D
- Compact Fluorescent : The most famous types of Compact Fluorescent are
Integrated type- Low Lumen/watt 18 watt → 900 Lumen
Non Integrated type- High Lumen/watt 18 watt → 1350 Lumen
CFL (Compact Fluorescent Lamp):
• A CFL is energy-saving light and is designed to replace incandescent Lamp.
• Some types fir into light fixtures formerly used for incandescent lamps.
• The lamps use a tube which is curved or folded to fit into the space of an incandescent bulb and a
compact electronic ballast in the base of the lamp.
• Compared to general incandescent lamps CFL gives same amount of visible light. But uses:
• One-fifth to one-third of electric power.
• Lasts right to fifteen times longer.
• With high purchase value, can save five times its purchase price in electricity costs over the
lamp’s lifetime.
• Complicated in disposal, due to toxic mercury in it.
• Special collection and disposal establishment is required for its disposal.
• Energy efficient.
• Lifespan of 6000-15000hrs.
• Not designed for outdoor use.
• Takes few seconds to achieve full brightness, unlike incandescent lamp which takes fraction of
second for full brightness.
Sodium Discharge Lamps:
High Pressure Sodium [HPS]:
Advantages:
• Very efficient lamp.
• Powerful lamp for use of large areas.
• Lumen output does not drop with age (such as in LEDs or Incandescents)
Disadvantages:
• Worst color rendering of any lamp 20%.
• Sodium is a hazardous material which can combust when exposed to air.
Low Pressure Sodium [LPS]:
This family has the same setting of High Pressure Sodium but with better color rendering with 45% .
Advantages:
• Good efficiency.
• Color rendering is better than high pressure sodium but still bad in around 40 %.
• Some lamps last far longer than 24,000 hour mark , sometimes 40 years.
Disadvantages:
• Like many lamps it contains traces of mercury which must be disposed properly.
• HPS streetlights have a better lumen per watt rating.
• Human skin looks green under the light, it is poor for color film/photography.
• Warm up time required to start the lamp.

Mercury Vapour Lamp:

- A mercury-vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp that uses an electric arc through vaporized mercury to produce light.
- The arc discharge is generally confined to a small fused quartz arc tube mounted within a larger borosilicate glass bulb. The
outer bulb may be clear or coated with a phosphor; in either case, the outer bulb provides thermal insulation, protection from
the ultraviolet radiation the light produces, and a convenient mounting for the fused quartz arc tube.
- Mercury vapor lamps are more energy efficient than incandescent and most fluorescent lights, with luminous efficacies of 35
to 65 lumens/watt.
- Their other advantages are a long bulb lifetime in the range of 24,000 hours and a high intensity, clear white light output. For
these reasons, they are used for large area overhead lighting, such as in factories, warehouses, and sports arenas as well as for
streetlights.
- Clear mercury lamps produce white light with a bluish-green tint due to mercury's combination of spectral lines. This is not
flattering to human skin color, so such lamps are typically not used in retail stores. "Color corrected" mercury bulbs overcome
this problem with a phosphor on the inside of the outer bulb that emits white light. They offer better color rendering than the
more efficient high or low-pressure sodium vapour lamps.
- They also require a warm-up period of 4 – 7 minutes to reach full light output. Mercury vapor lamps are becoming obsolete
due to the higher efficiency.
Metal Halide [ MBI ]:
Advantages:
• Compared to HPS & LPS lamps, Metal halide lamps offer similar advantages,
but have different characteristics. The efficacy of MBI lamps is comparable to that of
HPS & LPS lamps, and they are available over a wider range of power ratings, 50 to 2000 W.
• They have a cooler, whiter, color appearance than HPS & LPS lamps.
• They have better color rendering properties than HPS & LPS lamps around ( 70-90 ) %.
Disadvantages :
• A disadvantage of MBI lamps, when compared to HPS & LPS lamps, is that they have a shorter service life ,
this should be weighed against the advantages of better color rendering.

LED:
Today most efficient way of illumination and lighting, with an estimated energy efficiency of 80%-90% when compared to traditional lighting and
conventional light bulbs. This means that about 80% of the electrical energy is converted to light, while a 20% is lost and converted into other
forms of energy such as heat.
Basic advantages of LED Light:
• Energy efficient - LED’s are now capable of outputting 135 lumens/watt.
• Long Lifetime - 50,000 hours or more if properly engineered.
• Rugged - LED’s are also called “Solid State Lighting (SSL) as they are made of solid material with no filament or tube or bulb to break.
• No warm-up period - LED’s light instantly – in nanoseconds.
• Excellent Color Rendering - LED’s do not wash out colors like other light sources such as fluorescents, making them perfect for displays and
retail applications.
• Environmentally friendly - LED’s contain no mercury or other hazardous substances.
• Controllable - LED’s can be controlled for brightness and color.
• LEDs are ideal for use in applications that are subject to frequent on-off cycling, unlike fluorescent lamps that burn out more quickly when
cycled frequently, or HID lamps that require a long time before restarting.
Disadvantages and challenges in using LEDs:
• LEDs are currently more expensive, price per lumen, on an initial capital cost basis, than more conventional lighting technologies. However,
when considering the total cost of ownership (including energy and maintenance costs), LEDs far surpass incandescent or halogen sources and
begin to threaten compact fluorescent lamps.
• LEDs must be supplied with the correct voltage and current at a constant flow. This requires some electronics expertise to design the electronic
drivers.
• LED performance largely depends on correctly engineering the fixture to manage the heat generated by the LED, which causes deterioration of
the LED chip itself.
 Application of Lamps
Type Application
Standard Incandescent - Domestic use
bulbs
– Localized decorative lighting – Reasonable purchase price
Halogen - Spot lighting
Incandescent bulbs
– Intense lighting
Fluorescent tube - Shops, offices, workshops
– Outdoors
HP mercury vapour - Workshops, halls, hangars-
Factory floors
High-pressure sodium -Outdoors
– Large halls
Low-pressure sodium - Outdoors
– Emergency lighting
Metal halide - Large areas
– Halls with high ceilings
LED - Signaling (3-color traffic
lights, “exit” signs and
emergency lighting)
Advantage
- Direct connection without
intermediate switchgear
– Compact size
– Instantaneous lighting
– Good color rendering
- Direct connection
– Instantaneous efficiency
– Excellent color rendering
- High luminous efficiency
– Average color rendering
- Good luminous efficiency
- Acceptable color rendering
– Compact size
– Long service life
- Very good luminous
efficiency
- Good visibility in foggy
weather
– Economical to use
- Good luminous efficiency
– Good color rendering
– Long service life
- Insensitive to the number of
switching operations
– Low energy consumption
– Low temperature
Disadvantage
- Low luminous efficiency and high
electricity consumption
– Significant heat dissipation
– Short service life
-Average luminous efficiency
- Low light intensity of single unit
– Sensitive to extreme temperatures
- Lighting and relighting time of a few
minutes.
- Lighting and relighting time of a few
minutes.
- Long lighting time (5 min.)
– Mediocre color rendering
- Lighting and relighting time
of a few minutes
- Limited number of colors
– Low brightness of single unit
 Methods of Lighting
Ambient lighting:
• Provides an area with overall illumination. Also known as general lighting, it radiates a comfortable level of brightness without glare and
allows you to see and walk about safely.
• In some spaces such as laundry rooms, the ambient lighting also serves as the primary source of task lighting.
• It can be accomplished with chandeliers, ceiling or wall-mounted fixtures, recessed or track lights and with lanterns mounted on the outside of
the home.
• Having a central source of ambient light in all rooms is fundamental to a good lighting plan.

Task lighting:
• Helps you perform specific tasks, such as reading, grooming, preparing and cooking food, doing homework, working on hobbies, playing
games.
• It can be provided by recessed and track lighting, pendant lighting and undercabinet lighting, as well as by portable floor and desk lamps.
• Task lighting should be free of distracting glare and shadows and should be bright enough to prevent eye strain.
• Different strategies for task lighting exist. The three main approaches are:
• Localised average lighting, where a lamp supplies both ambient light and task light.
• Freely adjustable task light such as a gooseneck, balanced-arm lamp or swing-arm light.
• Asymmetric task light, where the lamp is placed at the side of the work area.
Accent lighting:
• Adds drama to a room by creating visual interest.
• As part of an interior design scheme, it is used to draw the eye to houseplants,
paintings, sculptures and other prized possessions.
• It can also be used to highlight the texture of a brick or stone wall, window treatments
or outdoor landscaping.
• To be effective, accent lighting requires at least three times as much light on the focal
point as the general lighting surrounding it.
• Accent lighting is usually provided by recessed and track lighting or wall-mounted
picture lights.

Aesthetic Lighting:
• Lighting itself can be a work of art.
 Luminaires
• Luminaire also known as “Fixture” or “Light Fixture”. A device that projects, defuses and alters the light direction of a given light source.
• Luminaire can also be referred to as “system” as it contains the light source, the housing, the electrical system and main connectors, reflectors
and shielding devices.
• Technical luminaires are optimized for a certain function like distribution according to the task, prevention of glare, where as decorative
luminaires are designed with the focus on aesthetical aspects.
• Choosing luminaires efficiently would provide appropriate luminance, it is an important part of energy efficient lighting design.
• One of the main current and future research trend is innovation in luminaire, to enhance the lighting experience and ensure design flexibilities
in different functional requirements.

Luminaire Performance:
• A performance of a luminaire is significant for estimating the energy efficiency of the overall lighting system and design.
• It is defined in terms of light output ratio (LOR), i.e. the ratio of lumens emitted by the luminaire to lumens emitted by that luminaire’s
lamps. The efficiency of a luminaire is subject to the lamp type, control gears, optical components, and material of reflective surface.
• High reflective surfaces have improved the LOR enabling the luminaire to transfer more than 70% of lamp output.
• Better the ratio, lesser the number of luminaires required in a space to light the area as per the desired lux level.

Luminaire Components:
• The luminaire system consists of the luminaire itself along with its reflectors, lenses and housings, as well as the lamps and ballasts. System
performance depends on how well all these components work together, as well as many other factors including room finishes, daylight
contribution, room geometry, and task components.
• Lamps and lamp holders or sockets: Efficient luminaires use the most efficient sources appropriate for that luminaire type. Luminaires.
should be selected specifically to take advantage of the source’s unique features, particularly with respect to size and thermal performance.
• Ballasts to start and operate the lamp.
• Reflectors to direct the light: Appropriate use of reflector materials (specular or diffuse) will maximize luminaire efficiency while maintaining
the desired light distribution.
• Shielding/diffusion components (lens, diffuser, louver, or the like) to shield the lamps from the eyes at normal viewing angles, reduce
discomfort and disability glare, and to distribute light evenly.
• Housings to contain the above elements as well as electrical components, such as wiring connections.
The classification of luminaries based on diffuser type:
1. Opal Diffuser: This type is used to protect the luminary against “Moisture”.
2. Prismatic diffuser: This type use to protect the luminary against “ Dust “
3. Louver diffuser: This type use in offices to distribute light and reduce the glare.
The classification of luminaries based on ceiling type:
1. Surface Mounted Lighting
2. Suspended Lighting: It’s used for high ceiling (more than 6.5 m)
3. Recessed Lighting: This type use when there is False Ceiling or Gibson Board ceiling.
 Luminaires
Luminaire Classification:

The classification of luminaries based on Lamp type:

1. Incandescent
2. Tungsten Halogen
3. Fluorescent Lamp
4. Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) etc,.
The classification of luminaries based on Application:
1. General Lighting
2. Down Lighting
3. Wall washer
4. Accent,
5. Ambient,
6. Spot light etc.
The classification of luminaries based on Function:
1. Technical
2. Decorative
The classification of luminaries based on diffuser type:
1. Opal Diffuser: This type is used to protect the luminary against “Moisture”.
2. Prismatic diffuser: This type use to protect the luminary against “ Dust “
3. Louver diffuser: This type use in offices to distribute light and reduce the glare.
The classification of luminaries based on installation type:
1. Surface/Wall Mounted Lighting
2. Suspended Lighting: It’s used for high ceiling (more than 6.5 m)
3. Recessed Lighting: This type use when there is False Ceiling or Gibson Board ceiling.
4. Free standing Lighting.
Luminaires come in variety of size, shapes and wattage, etc.

• Wall washer: They are recessed lights with reflectors that direct the light toward the wall.
They are most often used to highlight art, signage, or other items on a wall.

• Flood Light: A luminaire designed to project or diffuse a comparatively uniform level of

illumination over a large area.

• Downlight: A luminaire consisting of a lamp set in meta cylinder, recessed into or

mounted on a ceiling to direct a beam of light downward.

• Spotlight: A lamp designed to project a strong focussed beam f light on an object or

areas.

• Track lighting: Lighting provided by adjustable spotlights mounted on a long narrow,

ceiling-or-wall mounted metal track.

• Light strip: A rigid or flexible tape with exposed down voltage light sources of 1-10watts

• Drop light
• Chandelier
• Pendants
• Wall sconces
• Floor lamps
• Gooseneck lamps
• Torchlere
 Systems of Luminaires
Indirect up lighting:
Intent: To achieve uniform ambient lighting in a space. Light is reflected off the ceiling to introduce it indirectly into the space.
Quality: Beam spreads from 90 to 100% upwards. Even illumination in the space.
Use: To design a low contrast space with uniform ceiling luminance. Also used in spaces where glare should be avoided.

Direct down lighting:

Intent: To achieve uniform ambient lighting in a space. To illuminate the horizontal surface below
the luminaire.
Quality: Beam spreads from 90 to 100% downwards.
Use: To design a low contrast space.

Multidirectional/Diffuse lighting:
Intent: To create a stimulating, high brightness interior.
Quality: Light emitted in several directions.
Use: Reduced shadow and contrast. A high brightness interior.

Semi-direct lighting:
Intent: Light emitted in only upward and downward direction. 60% to 90% of light is downwards.
Quality: Moderate contrast in the space.
Use: To balance up light and downlight, creating a space of moderate contrast.

Semi-indirect lighting:
Intent: Light emitted in only upward and downward direction. 60% to 90% of light is upwards.
Quality: Moderate contrast in the space.
Use: To balance up light and downlight, creating a space of moderate contrast. Used in a space requiring less direct light and glare.
DAY LIGHT INTEGRATION WITH ARTIFICIAL LIGHT

• Using daylight or natural light for indoor illumination is a very sustainable use of light, which not only reduces electrical
energy consumption, but also conserves it, creates healthy indoor for any type of spaces.
• Daylight implementation techniques are approved worldwide now and different types of smart technology and building
systems have come up for this purpose.
• Daylight can be induced in residential spaces to office, commercial and even hospitality interiors. It is a key feature of
sustainability and green buildings. The various techniques not only saves energy and cost, but also make the interior
sophisticated, healthy and brings aesthetic touch.
• Daylight can be integrated almost everywhere, to do that, we need to determine the location of the building and the space,
local climate and availability of sunlight and other architectural factors, like placements of facade, windows, doors,
skylight, roof, materials used, technology, etc.
• Areas where we can use this also depends on function of the space and the occupants’ needs. Commercial workspaces,
educational institutes, malls, retails, restaurants, etc. uses daylight integration using facades, windows and glass roofs.
• But in work spaces where there will be a lot of uses of computers, direct sunlight is not advisable for glare issues.
• Daylight also should match with the lighting system analysis, where a detailed study must be done on how much light we
will receive from the sun and how much artificial lighting is applied.
• WINDOWS. These are the most basic and ancient technique, which allows daylight and ventilation. In modern days, we
can implement south facing windows to utilize the most of natural lighting. Smart solutions like automatic blinds or
sensor consisting windows will only allow how much of natural light is needed for that particular space.

LIGHT SHELF PRISMATIC BLINDS

• FACADES. Widely used in commercial and hospitality environment and large residential spaces. These
also comes in various shapes, functions and technology according to the requirement and location of the
building. It is because the glazed facades can cause glare, privacy issues and excessive heating inside
the room if not installed properly.
• SKYLIGHTS. Can be for both clear and cloudy skies. As these can not be controlled like windows or
facades using curtains, smart technology must be applied where the shade of skylight can be remote
operated and amount of light can be controlled in order to prevent unpleasant glare.
• DIRECT PATHS. These are usually used in large commercial, hospitality or educational buildings,
where a daylight portal is created, which is an opening for the whole building to get access to sunlight
in each floor. Also natural sunlight can be piped and induce in other rooms.

DOUBLE GLAZED FACADE SKYLIGHTS LIGHT PIPES

QUESTIONS Asked in pervious VTU papers:
1. Write explanatory notes on Factors contributing good quality and quantity of light in indoors.
2. What is meant by glare? Explain various methods of controlling glare occurring in interiors.
3. State and explain the laws of illumination.
4. What are Luminaires? Explain methods of luminaires with sketches.
5. What are the advantages of CFL lamps over incandescent lamps?
6. Write short notes on: Sodium discharge lamp, Mercury vapor lamp, LED lamp
7. Explain Methods of lighting with example of spaces?
8. Methods and design elements to integrate the day light and artificial light in indoors.