Lighting design

Lux Level?
• The light given off by any source, whether it's a lamp, a
computer screen or the sun itself, carries an intensity and
brightness as defining features of it.
• Calculating the l​ ux levels​ can give you a greater idea of how
powerful a light bulb is or how effective a light source is in using
energy.
• There are straightforward formulas for doing so.
Lux Level?
• Lux is a unit for measuring ​illuminance​, the amount of light that hits
an area, for a particular surface.
• Because light spreads in all directions from its source, the "surface
area" for light at a particular point in space may seem confusing.
• In calculations of lux, you imagine a spherical surface area through
which the light travels and use the point of interest as a point on the
surface area.
• Other units of illuminance that scientists and engineers use
include ​phot or foot-candle​, with 1 Phot equal to 10000 lux and 1
foot-candle as 10.7639 lux.
• Light Level or Illuminance is the total luminous flux incident on a surface
per unit area. The area - the work plane - is where the most important
tasks in the room or space are performed.
• Illuminance can be expressed as

E=Φ/A
Where,
E = light intensity, illuminance (lm/m2, lux)
Φ = luminous flux - the quantity of light emitted by a light source (lumen, lm)
A = area (m2)
• Luminance
• Luminance is the only basic lighting parameter that is perceived by
the eye. It describes on the one hand a light source’s impression of
brightness, and on the other, a surface and therefore depends to a
large extent on the degree of reflection (color and surface).
What is the difference between lumen and
lux?
• The lumen is a unit of luminous flux; lumens correspond to the
amount of light emitted by a source, such as a lightbulb or a candle,
regardless of direction.

• Lux is used to measure the amount of light shining on a surface. A

high amount of lux corresponds to a brightly lit surface.

• Lux and lumens are related by the formula lumens = lux × area
How Much Light Do I Need?
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sfbXx13JgeU
 Lighting Design
• Match the light to the task, not to the room
• Providing the level of illumination (lux) is the priority.
• Do not forget the colour of light, CRI & CCT.
• Use minimum energy for given level of illumination.
• Codes and standards
• Also remember lamp output depreciation, mortality rate.
• Level of maintenance of lighting system
Lighting Design Cont:

Human needs

Architecture
Economics and from
Environment composition
style
Luminous Flux (lm)
• The total quantity of visible light emitted by a light
source per second.

Illuminance
• The luminous flux (lumens) falling on a surface
per unit area normal to the surface

• 1.0 lumen/m2 = 1.0 lux

 Approximate Levels of Illuminance

• Full moon : 1 lux

• Street lighting : 10 lux
• Sun light under shading : 5000 lux
• Sunlight direct : 100,000 lux
• Office room, well lit : 500- 1000 lux
• Reading room : 300-500 lux
• Living room : 150-300 lux
• General space : 150-350 lux
Luminous Flux of Typical Light Sources
Type of Lamp Flux level (lm)

Incandescent lamp (100W) 1400 lm

CFL (18W) 1000 lm

Fluorescent (36W) 2400 lm

Metal halide (1000W) 120,000 lm

CRI (Color Rendering Index)
• Color rendering index of a light source is a measure of degree of color
shift objects undergo when illuminated by the light source, as compared
with the color of the same objects when illuminated by a reference
source.
• The value of CRI varies from 20 to 99 for common light sources.
• The higher the number, the better the color rendering.

Color Temperature
 In the case of a light source like Incandescent lamp which is a blackbody
radiator, the color temperature is identical to the filament temperature.
 Many other light sources such as fluorescent lamps do not primarily emit
light because of the temperature of the source and the emitted radiation do
not follow the form of a blackbody radiation, and are assigned what is
known as a correlated color temperature.
Correlated Color Temperature
Polar Curves
Light Distribution Curves
Average Illuminance Method
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 (𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠)
• Luminous efficacy =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑊)

𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑙𝑢𝑥)

• Uniformity Ratio (0.7) =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑙𝑢𝑥)

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠

• Average illuminance =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑚2)

• Installed Lumens= (lumen output) x (No of lamp)

Average Illuminance Method
• Total Useful Lumens = (Utilization factor) x (Maintenance factor) x (Installed lumens)
Cont:

N = number of lamps required.

E = illuminance level required (lux)
A = area at working plane (m2)
F = average luminous flux from each lamp (lm)
UF= utilisation factor, an allowance for the light distribution of the luminaire and the
room surfaces (0.5-0.7).
MF= maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of
deterioration and dirt (0.7-0.8).
Rh= d/h , Spacing to height ratio (Rh=1 uniform distribution, Rh = 1.5-1.7 industrial
application)
Assignment 1
An Office area measures length, width & height 30 m ,10m &
4m. Height to the working plane is 1m from finished floor level.
The 500lux illumination required. Utilisation factor 0.6, Lamp
Maintenance Factor 0.75, Use appropriate lamps to provide
required light level.
Find the followings
I. Number of lamps required. & draw a suitable lighting layout
for office area.
II. Find the rated current of a lamp and draw a suitable line
diagram for office area.
Indoor Light Levels
• The outdoor light level is approximately 10000 lux on a clear day. In a
building in the area closest to the windows the light level may be reduced
to approximately 1000 lux.
• In the middle area it may be as low as 25 - 50 lux. Additional lighting is
often necessary to compensate low levels.
• According EN 12464 Light and lighting - Lighting of workplaces -Indoor
workplaces, the minimum illuminance is 50 lx for walls and 30 lx for
ceilings.
• Earlier it was common with light levels in the range 100 - 300 lux for
normal activities. Today the light level is more common in the range 500 -
1000 lux - depending on activity.
• For precision and detailed works the light level may even approach 1500 -
2000 lux.
Recommended light levels for different types
Design Considerations
• Basic lighting calculations that are required to carry out a lighting
design.
• Luminous flux, luminous intensity, illuminance, luminance, color rendering,
color temperature
• Glare, working plane, surface reflectance
• Indoor lighting: calculations are done for both the direct and inter-reflected
light; room geometry; maintenance.
• Outdoor lighting: light falls directly on the working plane.
Design Considerations
• Lighting design checklist
• Safety (e.g., emergency escape lighting)
• Task requirements
• Lighting scheme to provide suitable quantity and direction for the task; colour rendering;
glare problems
• Lighting appearance
• Architecture/Interior design
• Energy efficiency
• Lighting equipment, controls, daylighting
Design Considerations
• Lighting equipment checklist
• Lamps
• Operating characteristics, lamp size/shape, color
• Luminaires
• Size and shape, light distribution, glare control, ballast
• Operating environment (e.g., corrosive, dusty)
• Lighting controls
• Manual switches, time switches, dimming, daylight linked controls, occupant sensing
CIE luminaire types and their light
distributions
How many lumens per square foot do I need?
• In the first step of your calculations, you need to choose the type of
area and activity that you want to illuminate.
• The next thing you need to determine is the illuminated area. In the
case of a bedroom or a bathroom, it will simply be the room's total
area.
• If you're trying to figure out LED lighting for your kitchen counter, the
illuminated area will be calculated as the length of the counter
multiplied by its width.
• Once you know all these values, you have to determine how many
lumens you need. We use the following equation:
• lumens=lux⋅area
• You can use illumination units of lux or foot candles. If you want to
recalculate between these units, remember that one foot-candle
equals 10.764 lux.
• Also, the number of lumens various light bulbs produce will vary with
given wattage.
Lighting calculation formula
• Once you know how many lumens you need, you can start figuring
out how many light bulbs will suffice to illuminate your surface. To do
it, use the formula below:

• BL stands for the number of lumens that a light bulb emits. You can
usually find this number on the bulb packaging.
• It's a much better indicator of the bulb's luminosity than the wattage,
as LED lights often need less power than regular light bulbs.
Summary
1. Choose the area of the house that you want to illuminate. Let's say
you're planning the lighting for your kitchen, including the kitchen
counter.
2. Check the optimal lighting level. For the whole kitchen, it is 108 lux,
and for the counter (detailed tasks) – 538 lux.
3.Determine the dimensions of your illuminated space. The whole
kitchen is a rectangle of length 4 m and width 2.5 m, so that you can
calculate the area as:
A1​= 4 x 2.5=10 𝑚2
The counter is 4 meters long and 60 cm wide:
A2​= 4 x 0.6=2.4 𝑚2
4. Multiply the required illumination level by the area to figure out how
many lumens you need:
L1​= 108 x 10 = 1080 lumens
L2​= 538 x 2.4 = 1291 lumens
5. Then, choose the type of light bulb you want to use. Let's assume you're
using a standard bulb that emits 800 lumens for the kitchen and small
LED lights that emit 200 lumens each above the counter.
6. Divide the total number of lumens by the efficiency of the bulb and
round up to figure out the number of bulbs you need:

You will need two light bulbs (800 lumens each) to illuminate the whole
kitchen and additional 7 LED lights (200 lumens each) above the counter.
3 BASIC TYPES OF LIGHTING
• One room can serve multiple purposes. It can be a place where you
can relax, work on the computer, do arts and crafts, cook, share a
meal with friends, and much more…
• This is why lighting features need to correspond to the setting or
application of the room.
• three types of lighting has a particular function to fulfill specific
needs, which are:
• Ambient lighting
• Task lighting
• Accent lighting
Ambient Indoor Lighting
• General or ambient lighting is intended to light up a room in its
entirety. It provides a uniform level of illumination throughout the
space independently of other lighting sources.
• Moreover, its purpose is to ensure safe and easy traffic, as well as to
create an overview of the room. The ambient light ‘bounces’ off the
walls to illuminate as much space as possible.
• Types of fixtures that can provide general ambient indoor lighting:
• Chandelier
• Ceiling mounted fixture
• Wall-mounted fixture
• Traditional recessed fixtures and / or LED downlights
• Track light
• Floor lamp
• Table lamp
Ambient Outdoor Lighting
• Outdoor lighting is usually installed in order to ensure visibility and
increase security around a building.
• It is also recommended to light up the exterior of the building,
entrances and stairs to reduce and perhaps eliminate the risk of injury
that can occur when entering and leaving the building.
• Types of fixtures that can provide general ambient outdoor lighting:
• Spotlight
• Hanging fixture
• Garage and canopy lighting
• Post lantern
• Wall lighting
• Recessed fixture used in overhanging structures
• Streetlights
Task Lighting
• Task lighting illuminates the tasks a person carries out in each space
such as reading, cooking, computer work.
• A brighter light is required in a smaller focal point of the room for
these sorts of tasks.
• For a more pleasant illumination, it is often best to avoid harsh lights
or lighting that casts troublesome shadows.
• It is also practical to install a single switch for focal lighting,
independent from the room’s overall lighting switch.
Types of Fixtures that Provide Task Lighting:
• Directional gimbal recessed fixture or downlight
• Pendant lighting
• Slim line bar and undercabinet
• Tape and extrusion
• Portable or desk lamp
Lighting design using software
Basic Steps in Dialux Evo
• Get the architectural layout
• Import the luminaire files to the project (light fitting details from
manufacturer)
• Setup / enter the design constraints and considerations
• Complete the virtual model
• Simulate and generate the lux calculation report.
• https://www.lighting.philips.com/main/support/support/tools/produ
ct-selector
• https://www.dialux.com/en-GB/free-dialux-basic-course
Assignment
• Choose an architectural layout and plan the lighting design for it to
meet the required lux levels.