ILLUMINATION &MARKET

SURVEY
BUILDING SCIENCE
SUBMITTED BY : SHEETAL BAID & LALIMA GUPTA
SUBMITTED TO : AR. MANISH
Principles of good lighting
Aims of good lighting is
 To promote work and other activities carried on with in the building.
 To promote the safety of people using the building
 To create a pleasing environment in conjunction with the structure and
decoration.

 Realisation of the aims

By careful planning of the brightness and colour pattern, attention can be
naturally drawn to important areas.
 By controlling direct and indirect glare from light sources to eliminate visual
discomfort.
 By minimising flicker from discharge lamps
 Correlating the light throughout the building to prevent excessive
differences between adjacent areas and to avoid accidents.
 By installing emergency light systems where ever necessary.
Types of lighting schemes
1.Direct lighting - More than 90% of light in a room is made to fall on the
working plane with the help of deep reflectors.

2. Semi-Direct lighting - Most of the light produced by the fittings is directed

downwards and a certain amount of light is directed upwards.

3 . Semi-Indirect lighting - % of total light flux is thrown upwards to the ceiling

for diffuse reflection and the rest reaches the working space directly. This
lighting scheme is glare free.

Color:

The sensation of color is due to the

difference in wavelengths of the light
radiations.
Visible light can have a wavelength
between 4,000Aº  and 7,500Aº.
Terms Used in Illumination

Light: defined as radiant energy.

Luminous Flux: defined as total quantity of light energy
emitted per second from a luminous body.

Luminous Intensity: it is the luminous flux emitted by
the source per unit angle.

Lumen: it is the unit of luminous flux.

Candle Power: it is the light radiating capacity of the
source in a given direction. Denoted by CP.

Illumination: when light falls upon any surface, it is
called illumination.

Lux or Metre Candle: it is the unit of illumination.

Candela: it is the unit of luminous intensity.
Plane Angle: The angle subtended at a point by two converging lines
lying in the same plane is called plane angle. It is measured in radians and
equal to the ratio of the length of the arc too its radius, θ = arc/ radius = l/
r radians
Solid Angle : The angle subtended by the partial surface area of a sphere
at its centre is called as solid angle. It is measured in steradians and equal
to the ratio of area of the surface to the square of radius of sphere, ω =
area of surface/ square of radius = A/ r2 steradians

Law Of Illumination

The illumination on a surface depends upon the luminous intensity, distance between
the source and surface and the direction of rays of light. It is governed by following
laws :
1. Inverse square law
2. Lambert’s cosine law
Inverse Square Law : It states that the illumination of a surface is inversely proportional to
the square of the distance of the surface from the source. E α I/d2

Lambert’s Cosine Law This law states that the illumination on any surface is proportional
to the cosine of angle between the direction of the incident flux and perpendicular to the
area. E= I Cos α d 2
Filament or incandescent lamp working principle : as we know
when a room heater is switched on , it gives out red light with
heat at the working temperature of 750 oc and at this
temperature the radiations are mostly in infra red regions. This
working principle is used to develop the filament lamp.
Filament or incandescent lamp when an electric current is
passed through a fine metallic wire , it raises the temperature
of wire. At low temperature only heat is produced but at higher
temperature light radiations goes on increasing. As filament
lamp consists of fine wire of high resistive material placed in
an evacuated glass bulb. This type of lamps are operated at the
temperature of 2500 degree c .

Fluorescent Tube it is a low pressure mercury vapor lamp. It consists of a glass tube 25
mm in diameter and 0.6 m, 1.2 m and 1.5 m in length. The tube contains argon gas at low
pressure about 2.5 mm of mercury. At the two ends, two electrodes coated with some
electron emissive material are placed.
Fluorescent Tube Working : A choke is connected in series with the tube which act as a blast and
provide a high voltage at starting glow in the tube. During running condition the same choke
absorbs some supply voltage and remain a voltage of 110 V across the tube. A capacitor is
connected to improve the power factor.
Advantages of Fluorescent Tube 1. Voltage fluctuation has very small effect on light output. 2.
The luminous efficiency is more as length of rod is more. 3. It gives light close to natural light. 4.
Heat radiations are negligible. 
Disadvantages of Fluorescent Tube 1. Its brightness is less. 2. Initial cost is more 3. Overall
maintenance cost is high.

Compact fluorescent Lamp( CFL) The compact

fluorescent lamps are becoming more and more
popular now a days because of their low power
consumption, low running cost, longer life,
attractive look, smooth light and low
maintenance. These lamps are available in
different sizes and designs. They have single
rod, double rod, triple rod or spiral rod. These
lamps are available in different power rating
e.g. 5, 7, 9, 11, 18 and 24 watt 220 V
•Advantage of CFL 1. Low energy consumption. 2. Low maintenance cost 3. It stars
instantly 4. It does not heat the surroundings 5. Excellent color properties 6. Low operating
cost 7. More life
•Applications of CFL The compact size, longer life, low running and maintenance cost,
instant glow makes these lamps suitable for all places where uniform illumination is
required. It is used in offices, shops, hotels, hospitals, cinema halls, residential buildings
etc.

Lighting Schemes Lighting schemes are classified according to the location,

requirement and purpose etc. are as under :
1. Direct lighting
2. Indirect lighting

Direct Lighting : As is clear from the name, in this system

almost 90 to 95 % light falls directly on the object or the
surface. The light is made to fall upon the surface with the help
of deep reflectors. Such type of lighting scheme is most used in
industries and commercial lighting. Although this scheme is
most efficient but it is liable to cause glare and shadows.
Indirect Lighting : In this system, the light
does not fall directly on the surface but more
than 90 % of light is directed upwards by
using diffusing reflectors. Here the ceiling
acts as a source of light and this light is
uniformly distributed over the surface and
glare is reduced to minimum. It provides
shadow less illumination which is useful for
drawing offices and composing rooms. It is
also used for decoration purposes in cinema
halls, hotels etc.

General Lighting : This system employs such type of luminaries, shades and reflectors
which give equal illumination in all the directions.
•Design of Indoor Light Scheme While designing a good lighting schemes, the following
points must be kept in mind :
1. It should provide adequate illumination.
2. It should provides uniformly distributed light all over working plane.
3. It should avoid glare and shadows as far as possible.
4. It should provide light of suitable colors.

•Factors required for Light Scheme The following factors are required to be considered
while designing the lighting scheme :
1. Illumination level
2. Quality of light
3. Co efficient of utilization
4. Depreciation factor 5. Space height ratio
Market survey
Major Players
• Philips India Ltd. • Crompton Greaves Ltd.
• Bajaj Electricals Ltd. •Wipro Consumer Care and Lighting
Ltd.
• Havells India Ltd. • Seimens Ltd.
• Halonix India Ltd. • G.E. India Ltd.
• C&SofIndia
Types Ltd. :
Lighting
Ambient Lighting also known as general lighting provides an area with overall
illumination.
Such as surface and recessed wall light and up
light Task : Lighting helps you perform routine chores (such as reading, cooking food
etc.) which should be free of distracting glare and shadows bright enough to prevent eye
strain.
Such CFL, Tube light
Accent Lighting offers a complete service for all aspects of interior or exterior lighting
whether contemporary or traditional. To be effective, it require as least three times as
much light on the focal point as the general lighting surrounding it.
Such as Pendant traditional and conventional light, Wall mounted picture light
 Price Lifestyle Space Function

 Regular Usage : Outdoor:

High Price :
Incandescent, CFL Street light and flood
LEDs light
Mid Price : Luxurious Living :
Ceiling recessed, Indoor :
CFL and Fluorescent Audience/ Seating
Low Price : Surface Mounted Light,
Wall Light, Linear and Area – For
Incandescent lamps Gymnasium, for
Track system 
sports arena
Manufacturing
Facility: High Bay
and Low Bay Lights 
Light Source Philips Competitors (Bajaj, Local Players
Havells, Halonix)

Incandescent bulbs (10 watt) 20 20 15

Compact Fluorescent Lamps 140 140 110

(CFLs- 14 watt)

T8 Luminaries (36 Watt) 540   540 440 

T5 Luminaries (28 Watt) 840 850 760 

High-Intensity Discharge 100 100 80 

(Halogen)

Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 385 870 (3 Watt) 230

(2Watt)

Price Comparison Source: Retail Shop (All Figure In Rs.)