LIGHTING

“Our understanding of the world is through our five senses; sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell. Over 80
per cent of our experience of the world comes via our sight”.
 Lighting is an essential service in all the industries. The power consumption by the industrial
lighting varies between 2 to 10% of the total power depending on the type of industry.
 Innovation and continuous improvement in the field of lighting, has given rise to tremendous
energy saving opportunities in this area.
 Lighting is an area, which provides a major scope to achieve energy efficiency at the design stage, by
incorporation of modern energy efficient lamps, luminaires and gears, apart from good Operational
practices.
What is Light?
To see we need light, and light is an emission of electromagnetic radiation. Light is:
 The part of electromagnetic spectrum that can be perceived by the eye.
 Region of visible light extends from 380 to 760 nanometers

1. Lighting Fundamentals:
1.1 Illuminance(E):
Illuminance is a measure of the amount of light falling on a surface (Unit – lux).
1.2 Luminous Flux
Quantity of light emitted by a light source (Unit - lumen).
1.3 Luminance (L):
This is a measure of the amount of light reflected by an object and is measured in cd/m².
1.4 Glare:
Glare is the result of excessive contrasts of luminance in the field of view. When the ability to see is
impaired this is called disability glare. Discomfort glare refers to the discomfort or distraction
caused by bright luminaries.
1.5 Lux:
One lux is the illuminance at a point on a surface which is 1 meter from, and perpendicular to, a
uniform point source of one candela.

2. General Requirements:
Adequate lighting is required to ensure that oil and gas facilities/any projects can be operated and
maintained safely at all times. However, different areas require specific lighting levels and lighting
quality to suit the tasks required in each area. The following must be taken into account to ensure
the lighting levels meet the required quality: Glare, diffusion, light direction, shadows, uniformity,
color, luminance, and luminance ratios.

3. Lighting Standards:
Industrial Areas such as Oil & Gas, Power Plant, Chemical Plant, and Nuclear Plant etc. are
illuminated by Lighting Fixtures as per requirement of lux level listed in International Standards
IEC, API, IENSA, CIE, BS, CIBSE etc.

4. Types of Light Sources:

4.1 Incandescent Lamp
Incandescent lamps produce light by means of a filament heated to incandescence by the flow of
electric current through it. The principal parts of an incandescent lamp, also known as GLS (General
Lighting Service) lamp include the filament, the bulb, the fill gas and the cap.
4.2 Gas Discharge Lamps
 The light from a gas discharge lamp is produced by the excitation of gas contained in either a
tubular or elliptical outer bulb.
 The most commonly used discharge lamps are as follows:
 Fluorescent tube lamps (FTL)
 Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)
 Mercury Vapour Lamps
 Sodium Vapour Lamps
 Metal Halide Lamps
4.3 Fluorescent
Fluorescent lamps shall be used for low mounting height (6-7mtrs) & small road width. These
fluorescent lamps are either standard tubular or compact fluorescent lamps (CFL)
4.3.1 High intensity discharge (HID):

a. Mercury Vapour (MV)

Mercury Vapour lamps have got high luminous efficacy & longer life. These shall be used
where colour rendering is less important.

b. Metal Halide (MH)

Metal Halide lamps shall be used where good colour characteristic is required. Also these shall
be used to reduce glare.

c. High Pressure Sodium Vapors (HPSV)

High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps shall be used where colour rendering is not important &
when high luminous efficacy is required.
4.3.2 LED Lamps
LED lamps are the new trends in lighting and are now very much preferred over halogen or other
standard lamp types due their advantages. The Advantages are as below:
 Energy efficient
 Long Life
 Compact Size
 Fast Switching
High no. of LED can be wired in single circuit due to their lower wattage rating and this will reduces
the no. of circuits hence the reduction in the size of distribution board. Due to reduction in circuit
Overall length of cable reduces hence it is cost effective also.

5. Lamp Types and Its Characteristics

Lamp Type Wattage Rated Lamp Coefficient Lamp Colour

Life Lumen of Cost Rendering
(Hrs.) Depreciation Utilization Index (CRI)
(LLD)

Incandescent 25-100 750- 0.85-0.75 Very low 100

High
4000 Excellent

Fluorescent 15-215 24000 0.80-0.24 Medium Low 62-80 Good

Mercury Vapour 50-1000 24000+ 0.85 Medium Low 40-55 Poor

Metal Halide 32-1500 20000 0.80 Medium 65-75 Good

High

High Pressure 35-1000 24000+ 0.95-0.73 High 20-70 Fair

High
Sodium Vapour

Note: The above mentioned values / figures are indicative and shall be used for reference only.
The actual characteristics shall be confirmed with Lighting manufacture/catalogue.

6. Lamp Selection Factors:

The following factors should be considered in choosing a lamp type:-
(A) Lumen output quantity
(B) Ballast efficiency
(C) Color Rendering Index (CRI)
(D) Lumen maintenance
(E) Rated lamp life
(F) Lamp coating - clear, phosphor coated, diffuse coating
(G) Stroboscopic Effect
(H) Lamp re-strike capability after a brief power outage
7. Luminaire
Luminaire is a device that distributes filters or transforms the light emitted from one or more lamps.
The luminaire includes all the parts necessary for fixing and protecting the lamps, except the lamps
themselves. In some cases, luminaires also include the necessary circuit auxiliaries, together with the
means for connecting them to the electric supply. The basic physical principles used in optical
luminaire are reflection, absorption, transmission and refraction.
7.1 Control Gear
The gears used in the lighting equipment are as follows:
7.1.1 Ballast:
A current limiting device, to counter negative resistance characteristics of any discharge lamps. In
case of fluorescent lamps, it aids the initial voltage build-up, required for starting.
7.1.2 Ignitors:
These are used for starting high intensity Metal Halide and Sodium vapour lamps.
7.2 Luminaire Light Control Accessories

A control medium provides proper light distribution and comfortable luminance by controlling
light distribution. Control mediums include lenses, diffusers, reflectors, refractors, and shielding.
The combined effect of these control mediums are tested and presented in the form of
photometric data.
7.2.1 Lenses

Lenses control high-angle luminance between 45 to 90 degrees from the nadir to attain a specific
light distribution pattern. Lenses can also be designed to create high contrast, suppress EMI, and
provide directional control. Prismatic lenses are the most widely used.

In locations where veiling reflections are an issue, such as in a control room where CRTs are
present, refractive grid lenses can be utilized to literally eliminate all light out of fluorescent
luminaires except for “straight down” at nadir. The result is that the reflected image of the
luminaire can no longer be seen in the CRT screen, thus resolving the problem.
7.2.2 Diffusers

Diffusers are used where general diffusion of light is desired, and usually have a transmittance of
approximately 40 to 60 percent. The most typical diffuser is the “drop dish” opalescent acrylic
unit that provides some uplight to illuminate the ceiling.
7.2.3 Reflectors

Reflectors are used to direct light in useful directions. While luminaires with internal reflectors
that are not subject to dirt are not subject to this problem, reflectors used in dirty locations are
among the worst culprits in wasting light energy, with slight improvement in performance
available by using ventilated reflectors. However, highly polished reflectors fitted into
fluorescent luminaires increase the light reflected from the reflector by as much as 12%. Often,
lighting designers and engineers apply reflectors to pendant-mounted and stanchion-mounted
HID luminaires because of the modified shape of the light output curves created by the reflectors.
But when outdoors, these reflectors soon become coated with dirt and similar materials, at which
time they absorb light instead of reflecting it. Accordingly, for locations requiring a non-
symmetrical light pattern, refractors should be used instead of reflectors. Outdoors, the refractors
should have smooth outer surfaces that will not readily “catch” dirt.
7.2.4 Refractors

Refractors are special HID fixture lenses that literally “aim” the light in the correct directions
from the HID lamp source. Along piperacks, “long and narrow” refractors can be shown to
literally eliminate 25% of the luminaires that would have been required had symmetrical units
been selected. When used for stanchion-mounted luminaires, refractors can be selected to direct
light only onto the walkway below, without wasting it elsewhere.
7.2.5 Shielding

Light Shielding refers to mechanical interference such as fixture louvers and baffles to
reduce/block source luminance in specific directions. As with refractors, this can be extremely
important when keeping ground-based floodlights from interfering with the vision of aircraft
pilots in the vicinity of the airport.

8. Calculation Parameters

Calculations are affected by the light-loss factors (also called maintenance factors) and the
recommended illumination levels for different activities. Major differences occur because of the
types of luminaires and lamps that are normally used, and the manner in which the coefficient of
utilization is derived.
8.1 Light Loss Factor (LLF) / Maintenance Factor (MF):

The light-loss factor, also called the maintenance factor, is used to increase the initial illumination
level to compensate for the normal deterioration of the lighting system in use. The value can be
calculated for the mean illumination level, which usually occurs at the midpoint of the
luminaire’s cleaning and relamping period. The LLF also can be calculated for the end of the
relamping period, which is when the luminaire reaches its minimum output and the illumination
level is at its lowest point. LLF values may be recommended by the luminaire manufacturer.
8.2 Light Source Selection:

The cost of energy to operate a lighting system is a major factor in selecting the type of lamp and
luminaire. The lamp’s maintained efficacy (lumens per watt, lm / W) and the luminaire
coefficient of utilization and maintained efficiency are the key factors. Low-cost, inefficient
systems can be justified only if the annual use is very low.
8.3 Coefficient of Utilization / Utilization Factor (UF):

The coefficient of utilization is an important factor in the lighting calculation. There are three
major factors that influence the Utilization factor of an interior lighting system: the efficiency and
photometric distribution of the luminaire, the relative shape of the room, and the reflectance of
the room surfaces. These factors are combined in a Utilization Factor table for each luminaire
type.
8.4 Reflectance

With interior lighting systems, light energy literally reflects from one surface to the next, and to
the next, often over one thousand times before it is all absorbed as heat energy by the room
surface. The darker and less glossy the color of the surface, the more light is absorbed with each
reflection. For example, almost no light is reflected from a flat black surface. This issue of
incorrect surface reflectance values causes one of the major errors in interior lighting design.
 The reflectance of room surfaces greatly affects the over-all efficiency of the room in delivering
light to the work. In general, the higher the reflectance, higher is the utilization of light. In
lighting system design, the ability of sidewalls, ceilings, and floors to reflect a part of the incident
light becomes an important consideration.

Recommended Reflectance Values

IES recommended reflectance values for offices, schools and industrial plants are as follows:
Ceiling 70 - 90
Walls 50 - 60
Floors 15 - 30
Furniture 30 - 40
Desk tops 30 – 50
8.5 Uniformity Ratio / Factor

The uniformity of illumination is usually expressed in terms of the ratio (average lux) /
(minimum lux). If not specified anywhere in client specification, then uniformity ratio of 0.25
minimum shall be achieved.

9. Some Good Practices in Lighting

A. Installation of energy efficient fluorescent lamps in place of "Conventional" fluorescent

lamps:
Energy efficient lamps are based on the highly sophisticated tri-phosphor fluorescent
powder technology. They offer excellent colour rendering properties in addition to the very
high luminous efficacy.

B. Installation of Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL's) in place of incandescent lamps:

Compact fluorescent lamps are generally considered best for replacement of lower wattage
incandescent lamps. These lamps have efficacy ranging from 55 to 65 lumens/Watt. The
average rated lamp life is 10,000 hours, which is 10 times longer than that of normal
incandescent lamps. CFL's are highly suitable for places such as Administration buildings,
Offices, Pathways, Building entrances, Corridors, etc.

C. Installation of metal halide lamps in place of mercury / sodium vapour lamps:

Metal halide lamps provide high color rendering index when compared with mercury &
sodium vapour lamps. These lamps offer efficient white light. Hence, metal halide is the
choice for colour critical applications where, higher illumination levels are required. These
lamps are highly suitable for applications such as assembly line, inspection areas, painting
shops, etc. It is recommended to install metal halide lamps where colour rendering is more
critical.

D. Installation of High Pressure Sodium Vapour (HPSV) lamps for applications where
colour rendering is not critical:
High pressure sodium vapour (HPSV) lamps offer more efficacies. But the colour rendering
property of HPSV is very low. Hence, it is recommended to install HPSV lamps for
applications such street lighting, yard lighting, etc.
 E. Installation of LED panel indicator lamps in place of filament lamps:

Panel indicator lamps are used widely in industries for monitoring, fault indication,
signaling, etc. Conventionally filament lamps are used for the purpose, which has got the
following disadvantages:
o High energy consumption (15 W/lamp)
o Failure of lamps is high (Operating life less than 1,000 hours)
o Very sensitive to the voltage fluctuations. Recently, the conventional filament lamps are
being replaced with Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs).
o The LEDs have the following merits over the filament lamps.
o Lesser power consumption (Less than 1 W/lamp)
o Withstand high voltage fluctuation in the power supply
o Longer operating life (more than 1,00,000 hours)
It is recommended to install LEDs for panel indicator lamps at the design stage.
9.1 Light distribution
Energy efficiency cannot be obtained by mere selection of more efficient lamps alone. Efficient
luminaires along with the lamp of high efficacy achieve the optimum efficiency. Mirror-optic
luminaires with a high output ratio and bat-wing light distribution can save energy. For
achieving better efficiency, luminaires that are having light distribution characteristics
appropriate for the task interior should be selected. The luminaires fitted with a lamp should
ensure that discomfort glare and veiling reflections are minimised. Installation of suitable
luminaires depends upon the height - Low, Medium & High Bay. Luminaires for high intensity
discharge lamp are classified as follows:
o Low bay, for heights less than 5 meters.
o Medium bay, for heights between 5 – 7 meters.
o High bay, for heights greater than 7 meters.

Mounting arrangement of Fixtures

 There are different types of mounting arrangement for Light fittings such as Pole mounted,
Ceiling Mounted, Bracket Mounted, Suspended etc.
 Junction Boxes are provided for connecting the wires/cables to the Light fittings.

10. Lighting System

System layout and fixing of the luminaires play a major role in achieving energy efficiency. This
also varies from application to application. Hence, fixing the luminaries at optimum height and
usage of mirror optic luminaries leads to energy efficiency.
10.1 The Lighting Design Process
It is important that a design process be followed to avoid the tendency of rushing straight into a
luminaire selection before determining what is required.
10.1.1 Identify the requirements
o Task Requirements
o lluminance
o Glare
o Mood of the space
o Relation to shape of space
o Things to be emphasized
o Things to hide
o Direction of light
10.1.2 Determine the method of lighting

o Recessed / surface mounted / direct-indirect / up lighting

o Prismatic / Low brightness / mellow light

10.1.3 Select the lighting equipment

10.1.4 Calculate the lighting parameters and adjust the design as required
10.1.5 Determine the control system.
10.1.6 Check that the fittings to be installed are those that the design was based on

MOST IMPORTANT
Inspect the installation upon completion and, if possible, a few months after occupation, to
determine what worked and what didn’t. This is the only way to build up experience to apply to
future designs.

11. Calculation Methods:

A. Indoor Lighting Calculation

Lumen Method Calculation

B. Outdoor Lighting Calculation

1. Beam Lumen Method.
2. Point by point method.
3. Street/ Roadway Lighting calculation
11.1 Lighting Design Softwares:
There are many lighting software packages available in market/online (web). The following list
includes some of the software available. The list is not exhaustive, nor should it be taken as a
recommendation or endorsement of a package. It is included to give an indication of the extent of
the software available
1. Dialux
2. Visual
3. AGi32
4. Chalmite

Dialux

This software is extensively used in many past & ongoing projects. This is a commercial flux
transfer programs based on European Lumdat photometric file format. The program models
interior and external lighting.
o DiaLux is software launched by Dal Gmbh in 1994.
o The lighting design tool which is continually updated and adapted to the requirements of
planners.
o DiaLux enables the user to design the lighting calculation in an easy way without any
manual calculations.
o Versatile and easy to use.
o Free of cost.
11.2 Typical Dialux Output Report
(This article gives the basic fundamental and selection criteria of lighting system. However, lighting
system is wide subject which includes normal/emergency lighting, road lighting, Mast lighting etc.)