US DOE Industrial Energy Efficiency

Fundamentals of Energy Efficient Lighting

Presented By:
Ken Currie, PhD, P.E.
September 19, 2013

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Building Lighting Energy

2
Building Lighting Codes

3
Lighting Type First Cost

4
Lighting Type Life Cycle Cost

5
Lighting Energy Efficiency

6
Efficient Lighting

7
Amount of Light

8
Other Considerations

9
 Lighting Topics

Terminology
Light and Color
Lighting Levels/Standards
Lamp Sources
Controls
Trends
Principles of Energy Management
Case Studies

10
Lighting Terminology

IESNA
Lumens
Lamp Efficacy
Lamp Loss Factors
Lighting Levels
Foot-candle (Lux)
Lamp Rated Life

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 Electromagnetic Spectrum

Cosmic Gamma Infra- Micro- Electric

Rays Rays X-Rays UV Red Waves TV Radio Power

.00001 nm .001 nm 1 nm 10 nm .0001 ft. 1 ft. 1 mi.

. 01 ft. 100 ft. 3100 mi.

Ultraviolet Visible Spectrum Infrared

C B A HEAT

300 400 500 600 700 1000 1500

Wavelength (Nanometers)

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 Electromagnetic Spectrum

Violet: 380 - 450 nm*

Blue: 450 - 490 nm
Green: 490 - 560 nm
Yellow: 560 - 590 nm
Orange: 590 - 630 nm
Red: 630 - 760 nm
* nm = 10-9 meters

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Solar Spectrum

14
Lamp Radiation Spectrum

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Light & Color

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 Color Temperature

Color Temperature is noted in

degrees Kelvin* or °K
3,000°K - Warm White
3,500°K - Neutral
4,100°K Cool White

* The Kelvin Scale is defined as Celsius plus 273.

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 Color Temperature Definition

• the electromagnetic radiation emitted from an ideal black body

• 1,700 K Match flame

• 1,850 K Candle flame, sunset/sunrise
• 2,700–3,300 K Incandescent lamps
• 3,000 K Soft White compact fluorescent lamps
• 3,200 K Studio lamps, photofloods, etc.
• 3,350 K Studio "CP" light
• 4,100–4,150 K Moonlight
• 5,000 K Horizon daylight
• 5,000 K tubular fluorescent lamps or Cool White/Daylight CFL
• 5,500–6,000 K Vertical daylight, electronic flash
• 6,500 K Daylight, overcast
• 5,500–10,500 K LCD or CRT screen
• 15,000–27,000 K Clear blue poleward sky

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 Typical Color Temperatures

Incandescent ……... 2,750°K – 3,400°K

Fluorescent ……….. 2,700°K – 6,500°K
Mercury vapor ….. 3,300°K – 6,000°K
Metal Halide ……… 3,000°K – 4,300°K
High Pressure
Sodium …………...... 1,900°K – 2,200°K
Induction …………… 3,000°K – 4,000°K

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Color Temperature

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 Color Rendering Index (CRI)

Color Rendering Index is a scale

from 0-100 that indicates the
accuracy with which a lighting
source can reproduce colors. The
higher the CRI value the more
accurate the color reproduction.

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 Color Rendering Index (CRI)

Typical high CRI values: 80 to 90

Typical good CRI values: 65 to 80
Typical poor CRI values: <65
Note: The CRI for standard Low Pressure
Sodium lamps is extremely poor.

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 Typical CRI Values
Incandescent …………….. 100
Fluorescent ………………. 60 - 90
Mercury vapor …………….15 - 30
Metal Halide ……………… 60 - 90
High Pressure Sodium ….. 10 - 60
Low Pressure Sodium ….. Negative
Induction ………………….. 85
LEDs……………………………. 30 - 60
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Color Rendering Index - Example

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 Rated Life of a Lamp

The rated life of a lamp is defined as

the point at which 50% of a test
sample fails.

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Rated Life of a Lamp

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 Rated Life of a Lamp

For non-HID lamps (incandescent,

fluorescent, etc.) the test sample
operating time is 3 hours.
For HID lamps (MV, MH, & HPS) the
test sample operating time is 10
hours.

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Lamp Life Comparison

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Light & Distance

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 Light & Distance

The lighting level drops off as the

square of the distance.
E = I/d2
Where:
E = Illuminance (footcandles or lux)
I = Intensity of lighting in Candelas
D = Distance from the source

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 Light & Distance

Therefore, even small changes in the

mounting height of a luminaire can
have a significant impact on the
lighting level.

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 Lumen Maintenance
100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% 50% 100%
% Rated Life
(Lumen output of all light sources depreciates as they age.)

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Lighting Standards
(IESNA Handbook)

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34
Light Meters

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 Lighting Levels

• Specific tasks to be performed

• Time required for each task
• Speed and accuracy
• Age of occupants
• Safety and security
• Aesthetics
• System operating cost

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Break

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Lighting Sources

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 Sources Efficacy
Lighting Source Efficiency

160

140

120

100
Lumens/Watt

80

60

40

20

0
Tungsten LEDwarm Mercury Vapor LEDcool 39Fluorescent Induction Metal Halide HPS LPS
Source Efficacy

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 Incandescent Lamps
Advantages
1. Inexpensive
2. Available in many configurations and colors
3. No warm-up required
4. Not temperature sensitive
5. Easily controlled

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 Incandescent Lamps

Disadvantages
1. Inefficient (10 - 25 lumens/watt)
2. Short lamp life
3. Vibration sensitive
4. Over-voltage sensitive

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Incandescent Upgrades

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 Halogen Lamps

Advantages:
1. Higher efficacy than standard lamps
2. Better color rendering
3. Longer life (2,000 hours)
Disadvantages:
1. Same as standard incandescent
2. Higher price

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Ballast Functions

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 Fluorescent Lamps
Lamps are available it the following
configurations:
T-5 T-12 (being phased out)
T-8 T-17 (PG-17)
T-10
Note: In dual pin configurations, T-8, T-10, and T-12 lamps have the
same pin spacing. Therefore, they can be used in the same fixture.

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 Fluorescent Lamps
T-12 Lamps
Tubular lamp 12/8 of an inch, or 1.5", in
diameter.
This type lamp comes in a variety of wattages
and configurations.
Typical Lamp Wattages: 34W, 40W, 60W, and
95W

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 Fluorescent Lamps
T-8 Lamps
Tubular lamp 8/8 of an inch, or 1.0", in
diameter. This type lamp comes in several
lengths and is typically used with
electronic ballasts.
Typical Lamp Wattages: 32W, 59W and
86W

2800 lumens (32 watt bulb)

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 Fluorescent Lamps
T-5 Lamps
Tubular lamp 5/8 of an inch in diameter.
This type lamp comes in several lengths
and is typically used with electronic
ballasts.
Typical Lamp Wattages: 24W(21.6″),
39W(33.4″) , 54W(45.2″), and 80W(57.0″)

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 Low Mercury Lamps
In 1980 a four-foot T-12 fluorescent
lamp typically contained approximately
100 mg of mercury.
By 2000 that value has
been cut by over 90%.

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 Fluorescent Ballasts

Electromagnetic Ballast (no longer produced)

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 Fluorescent Ballasts

Ballasts perform two basic functions:

1. Provide the higher voltage required to
start lamps

2. Stabilize the lamp current

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Fluorescent Ballasts

Solid State Electronic Ballast

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 Electronic Ballast Advantages

1. Power (energy) savings

2. Reduce heat generation – potentially lower
air conditioning requirement
3. Longer life than electromagnetic ballasts
4. Potentially fewer ballasts required per
fixture
5. Additional control flexibility

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 Electronic Ballasts
Input Wattage Comparison of
Four-Lamp Fluorescent Fixtures
Electromagnetic Electronic
144 110 -124

Approximate wattage comparisons

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Compact Fluorescent Lamps

Typical Lamp Wattages

9W, 11W, 15W, 18W,
20W, 23W, and 28W
(Larger wattages available)

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Reflectors

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 Reflectors

• Reflectors allow the user to direct most of the light

downward toward surfaces of interest instead of
lighting the ceiling.
• Reduce electric consumption by reducing the
number of lamps required for desired light output.
• 3 Types (Reflective Efficiency)
– Standard Aluminum Reflector (86%)
– Reflective White Paint (91%)
– Enhanced Specular Aluminum (95%)

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HID Lamp Types

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 HID Lamp Characteristics

All HID lamps share certain physical and

operating characteristics.
– All HID lamps utilize an internal arc tube and outer
envelope construction.
– They all require a ballast for operation.
– All HID lamps require a warm-up period.
– They all require a cool-down period before they can
re-strike.
– A stroboscopic effect may occur prior to lamp failure

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Mercury Vapor Lamps

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 Mercury Vapor Lamps

Mercury vapor lamps produce a bluish-green

color light. Due to their lower efficacy and
poor color rendition they are seldom used in
new construction.
Interior applications are minimal. Most
current uses are for outdoor area/ parking
lot lighting.

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Metal Halide Lamps

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Metal Halide Lamps

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 Metal Halide Lamps

All MH lamps offer a number of

advantages over MV lamps, including:
- Higher efficacy (~ 100 lumens/watt)
- A crisp clear white light
- Excellent color rendition (CRI 70 - 80)
Also, reduced wattage lamps are available for selected sizes of standard
MH lamps.

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 Metal Halide Lamps

Disadvantages for MH lamps include:

- Shorter lamp life for equivalent sizes,
when compared to other HID sources (6,000
to 16,000+ hours)
- Higher lamp cost
- Orientation sensitive

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 Metal Halide Lamps

Disadvantages for MH lamps include:

- Color shift near the end of lamp life
- NEC 2005 requirements: The use of metal
halide lamps must be
- enclosed to provide contamination barrier
or
(Type S lamps)
- used in a lamp holder that will only accept
ANSI Type O (shrouded) lamps

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Probe-Start Metal Halide Lamps

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Pulse-Start Metal Halide Lamps

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Electronic-Start MH Lamps

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 Metal Halide Lamps

• UV Protection

• Can Explode

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HPS Lamps

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 HPS Lamps

High pressure sodium lamps have

been used extensively for both
interior and exterior applications.
Due to their high efficacy (~120
lumens per watt).
Since the mid 70’s HPS fixtures have
been used extensively for street
lighting.

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 HPS Lamps

High pressure sodium lamps provide a

golden-yellowish color light. This is due to
the fact that they do not produce light in
the blue spectrum (450 - 490 nm). While
not a concern in exterior applications,
some find the resulting color
unacceptable for interior use, especially if
color is a consideration.

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HPS Lamps

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 HPS Lamps

In many applications high pressure

sodium lamps are being changed
to fluorescent. Often, a 460 Watt
HPS lamp can be replaced with a
210 Watt T-5 fluorescent fixture or
a 220 Watt T-8 fixture

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LPS Lamps

Typical LPS Lamp Design

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 LPS Lamps

Low Pressure Sodium is not an HID

source. It is a gaseous discharge
type lamp, similar in operation to
fluorescent lamps.

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 LPS Lamps

While very efficient, (producing

about 160 lumens/watt), LPS
lamps are a monochromatic light
source. They produce only one
color of light, a dirty yellow.

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LPS Color

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 LPS Color

Color reproduction is so poor that

under the Coloring Rendering Index
scale the CRI for low pressure
sodium is Negative.

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 Induction Lamps
• Electromagnetic transformers create a field around a glass
tube containing a gas
• The high frequency ballast creates a flow of free electrons
which collide with mercury atoms and increase their energy
state
• When the mercury atoms return to their lower energy state
they emit ultraviolet radiation
• The UV radiation is converted to visible light as it passes
through a phosphor coating on the surface of the tube

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 Induction Lamps
• Induction lamps are basically electrodeless fluorescent
lamps
• Without electrodes the life of the lamp can be extended to
100,000 hours
• Efficacy is 85 lumens/watt
• CRI is 85

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 Induction Lamps

Advantages:
1. Efficient (~50% less energy consumption)
2. CRI of 85
3. Longer life (100,000 hours)
4. Instant On & Off
5. 85+ Lumens per Watt

84
 Induction Lamps

Disadvantages:
1. Contains Mercury
2. Slow Start in the Cold
3. Cannot be dimmed or focused
4. Produces UV Light

85
Induction Lamps

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Break

87
LED Lamps

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 LED Lamps
LEDs are made from semi-conductor materials on a die

89
 LED Lamps
An Individual LED Die is Very Small

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 LED Lamps

Making White Light with LEDs

- Can mix light from Red, Blue and Green LEDs

- Can use phosphor conversion

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LED Lamps – Mix RBG Light

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LED Lamps – Phosphor Conversion
Excited
Phosphor
Emits White
Light

Blue LED
Excites the
Phosphor

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 LED Lamps
Phosphor Conversion is Similar to Fluorescent Lamp Operation

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LED Lamps – White Light with Phosphor Conversion

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LED Lamps – Efficacy

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LED Lamps – Packaging

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LED Lamps – Packaging

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LED Lamps – Packaging

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LED Lamps – Packaging

100
LED Lamps – Lamp Life

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LED Lamps

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LED Lamps

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LED Lamps

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LED Lamps - Applications

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LED Lamps - Applications

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Lamp Comparison

107
Lamp Comparison

108
 Exit Signs

Types of Illuminated Exit Signs

- Incandescent
- Fluorescent
- LED
- Tritium
- Photoluminescent

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Illuminated Exit Signs

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 Incandescent Exit Signs
Incandescent signs typically utilize
two 20 or 25 watt tubular lamps.
Inefficient and short lamp life
(2,000 hours).

111
 Fluorescent Exit Signs

Fluorescent signs typically utilize

one or two lamps.
More efficient that incandescent
with longer lamp life (6,000
-10,000 hours).

112
 LED Exit Signs

In new or retrofit applications two

lamps are typically used.
Very efficient (4-8 W/fixture),
excellent lamp life
(20 years).

LED retrofit lamp

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 Tritium Exit Signs

No energy required, rated life 10 -20 years

However, disposal problems exit

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 Photoluminescent Exit Signs

No energy required, glow in the

dark (non-tritium) exit signs
Rated life 5 -25 years depending on
model
Should comply with
UL924 for exit signs

Courtesy of American Permalight

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Exterior Lighting

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 Exterior Lighting

• LED Street Lights

• Wall Packs
– High Pressure Sodium
– Mercury Vapor
– Metal Halide
– Induction
• Controls
– Photocells
– Timers

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Lighting Controls

118
 Occupancy Sensors
Most sensors in commercial
applications utilize either passive
infrared (PIR) or ultrasonic
technology. There are hybrid
sensors employing both
technologies.

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 Occupancy Sensors
Typical sensor fields of view

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 Timeclocks

Timeclocks can be effectively utilized

for basic on/off operation of lighting
fixtures. By utilizing low voltage
relays, large numbers of fixtures can
be controlled by a single timeclock,
thereby making it very cost effective.

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 Timed Switches

Timed Switches are switches that

incorporate a timed function, to
ensure that the fixtures are turned
off after a preset interval of time,
typically one to two hours.

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 Timed Switches

They are available in both standard

toggle switch and programmable models.
Prior to the controlled fixtures being
turned off, these switches will provide a
warning; in the form of blinking lights or
an audible beeping sound (or both on
some models).

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Scheduling Controls

124
Centrailzed Controls

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 Photocells

Photocells are low cost reliable

controls that utilize a photo-
sensitive element to control on/off
operation of a fixture or fixtures.
While primarily used in outdoor
applications they can also used in
building atriums.

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Light Control Panels

Typical Industrial Lighting Panel

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 Lighting Control Panels

Today, control panels have become

very sophisticated, with control
capabilities far beyond basic on/off
operation, i.e. “smart panels”.

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Daylight Harvesting

129
Building Automation Systems

130
Twilight Switch

131
HVAC Impact

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Basic Principles of Lighting Energy Management

1. If you don’t need it, turn it off

- Employee Awareness, Sensors,
Timers, Photocells, Timed Switches, Energy
Management Systems, etc.
2. Proper maintenance
- Group cleaning and relamping

133
Basic Principles of Lighting Energy Management

3. Enhanced lighting control

- Photocells and occupancy sensors
4. More efficient sources
- Electronically ballasted fluorescent fixtures,
- Compact fluorescents
- Induction lamps
- Light emitting diodes (LEDs)

134
Case 1: Manufacturer

135
Case 1: Manufacturer

136
Case 1: Manufacturer

137
 Case 2: Dairy Product Processor

Electric Rates: Usage: $.0400/kWh Demand: $0.0/kW

Operating Hours of Fixtures: 8,760 hours/yr

Background:
Portions of the production area are lit with (125) 2x4 T12 fixtures
(4 – 4’ T12 lamps with magnetic ballasts)
Power Rating: 144-watts
Annualized Maintenance Cost per fixture: $17.11

Recommendation:
Replace with (125) 2-lamp T8 fixtures with (1) parallel-wired
electronic ballast and reflectors.
Power Rating: 55-watts
Annualized Maintenance Cost per fixture: $6.63

138
 Case 2: Dairy Product Processor

Savings:
Usage: 97,455 kWh/yr $3,898 / yr
Demand: 134 kW/yr $0 / yr
Maintenance: $1,310 / yr
Total Savings: $5,208 / yr

Implementation Cost: $11,100

TVA Rebate: $9,746

Simple Payback Period: 2.13 years (0.26 yrs)

139
 Case 3: Automotive Components Manufacturer

Electric Rates: Usage: $.040/kWh Demand: $0.0/kW

Operating Hours of Fixtures: 8,760 hours/yr

Background:
(31) Exit fixtures are equipped with (2) 20-watt lamps each
Power Rating: 40-watts
Annualized Maintenance Cost per fixture: $25.81

Recommendation:
Replace with (31) LED exit fixtures, each with (2) 2-watt LED lamps
Power Rating: 4-watts
Annualized Maintenance Cost per fixture: $9.32

140
Case 3: Automotive Components Manufacturer

Savings:
Usage: 9,776 kWh/yr $391 / yr
Demand: 13 kW/yr $0 / yr
Maintenance: $511 / yr
Total Savings: 902 / yr

Implementation Cost: $1,513

TVA Rebate: $978

Simple Payback Period: 1.68 years (0.59 yrs)

141
 Case 4: Auto Parts Manufacturer

Electric Rates: Usage: $.065/kWh Demand: $12.47/kW

Operating Hours of Fixtures: 8,736 hours/yr

Background:
There are (114) 400-watt metal halide fixtures throughout the facility
Power Rating: 450-watts/fixture
Annualized Maintenance Cost per fixture: $19.71

Recommendation:
Replace with (114) 220-watt T8 fluorescent fixtures
Power Rating: 220-watts
Annualized Maintenance Cost per fixture: $11.76

142
 Case 4: Auto Parts Manufacturer

Savings:
Usage: 229,058 kWh/yr $14,889 / yr
Demand: 314.6 kW/yr $3,924 / yr
Maintenance: $906 / yr
Total Savings: $19,719 / yr

Implementation Cost: $45,326

TVA Rebate: $22,906

Simple Payback Period: 2.30 years (1.14 yrs)

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Questions ???????????

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