Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3—1997
(Incorporating Amendment Nos 1 and 2)
AS 1418.3
Australian Standard™
Australian Standard™
COPYRIGHT
© Standards Australia International
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the
publisher.
Published by Standards Australia International Ltd
GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 0 7337 1527 3
AS 1418.3—1997 2
PREFACE
This edition of this Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards
New Zealand Committee ME/5, Cranes, to supersede AS 1418.3—1990.
This Standard is a result of consensus among representatives of the Joint Committee to
produce it as an Australian Standard.
This Standard incorporates Amendment No. 1 (Sept. 1998) and No. 2 (June 2002). The
changes required by the Amendment are indicated in the text by a marginal bar and
amendment number against the clause, note, table, figure or part thereof affected.
This edition incorporates the following changes:
(a) The format has been revised in accordance with Standard Australia's procedures.
(b) The content has been amended to allow for the new edition of AS 1418.1, Cranes
(including hoists and winches) Part 1: General requirements, published in 1994, and
for ISO developments.
(c) An appendix has been added showing clearances required between the cranes and
fixed elements.
(d) The appendix on ‘Statutory Approval’ has been removed in response to the changing
role of regulatory organizations.
(e) Items specific to safe use issues have been removed. These will be included in a
dedicated part of AS 2550, Safe use of cranes.
(f) Editorial changes.
The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the
application of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part
of a Standard, whereas an 'informative' appendix is only for information and guidance.
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3 AS 1418.3—1997
CONTENTS
Page
SECTION 3 STRUCTURE
3.1 BASIS OF DESIGN..................................................................................................... 7
3.2 SLENDERNESS RATIOS OF BRIDGE SECTION .................................................... 7
3.3 DEFLECTION............................................................................................................. 7
3.4 SPAN TO WHEELBASE RATIO ............................................................................... 8
SECTION 4 STABILITY......................................................................................................... 8
SECTION 8 CLEARANCES
8.1 HANDRAIL CLEARANCES .................................................................................... 20
8.2 CLEARANCE ABOVE CRANE OR CRAB ............................................................. 20
8.3 CLEARANCE BELOW UNLADEN CRANE WITH POWER-DRIVEN
TRAVEL OR TRAVERSE MOTION........................................................................ 20
8.4 CLEARANCES BETWEEN CRANE AND PLATFORMS....................................... 20
8.5 CLEARANCE AT OR NEAR A CRANE RUNWAY ............................................... 21
8.6 CLEARANCE BETWEEN MOVING PARTS OF A CRANE AND A
PLATFORM OR WALKWAY.................................................................................. 21
AS 1418.3—1997 4
Page
8.7 CLEARANCES BETWEEN HOIST UNIT AND CRANE END CARRIAGE
OR RUNWAY ........................................................................................................... 21
SECTION 13 GUARDING
13.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................. 30
13.2 STRENGTH .............................................................................................................. 30
13.3 MATERIAL............................................................................................................... 30
13.4 FIXED GUARDS ...................................................................................................... 30
13.5 REMOVABLE GUARDS.......................................................................................... 30
13.6 INSPECTION POINTS ............................................................................................. 30
13.7 MARKING ................................................................................................................ 30
13.8 TRAVEL MOTION WHEELS .................................................................................. 30
13.9 COLOUR................................................................................................................... 30
APPENDICES
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STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
A2
Cranes, hoists and winches
Part 3: Bridge, gantry, portal (including container cranes) and jib cranes
1.1 SCOPE
This Standard sets out requirements for bridge, gantry, semi-gantry, and portal cranes
defined in AS 2549. It also covers container and heavy-duty cranes.
It is complementary to AS 1418.1, but the requirements given herein take precedence over
corresponding requirements in that Standard.
NOTES:
1 Guidance on information to be supplied with enquiry, order, or tender is given in
Appendix A.
2 Additional requirement for heavy duty cranes are given in AS 1418.14.
1.3 APPLICATION
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Cranes using fixed platforms for servicing shall comply with Sections 1 to 6 and 8 to 13
inclusive. Cranes using mobile platforms for servicing shall comply with Sections 1 to 5
and 7 to 13 inclusive.
NOTE: Throughout this Standard the ‘servicing’ implies routine servicing only (i.e. does not
include crane breakdowns).
AS
1892 Portable ladders
1892.2 Part 2: Timber
2321 Short-link chain for lifting purposes (non-calibrated)
2549 Cranes—Glossary of terms
2550 Safe use of cranes
2550.1 Part 1: General requirements
A2 2670 Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration (all parts)
3990 Mechanical equipment—Steelwork
4024 Safeguarding of machinery
4024.1 Part 1: General principles
AS/NZ
1891 Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices
1891.1 Part 1: Safety belts and harnesses
3711 Freight containers
3711.3 Part 3: Corner fittings
ISO
12482 Cranes—Condition monitoring
12482.1 Part 1: General
1.5 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions given in AS 2549 and that below apply.
1.5.1 Container crane
Rail-mounted crane equipped with a spreader assembly for engaging and lifting freight
containers.
1.6 SAFETY
The design of bridge, gantry and portal cranes in relation to materials, construction and
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equipment shall eliminate as far as practicable the potential hazards associated with all
specified operating conditions.
NOTES:
1 Examples of potential hazards associated with bridge, gantry and portal cranes are given in
Appendix B.
2 General guidance on the safe use of cranes is given in AS 2550.1.
S E C T ION 3 S T R UC T UR E
3.3 DEFLECTION
3.3.1 Limits
The limits of vertical static deflection and lateral deflection shall be as specified in
AS 1418.1.
For semi-portal cranes, the vertical static deflection of the crane bridge of 1/500 span, as
specified in AS 1418.1, is acceptable only if precautions are taken for the kick-out of the
leg.
NOTE: Subject to the client’s approval, the deflection for cranes greater than 30 m span may
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exceed the 60 mm requirement to a limit of L/500 providing due consideration is taken of the
effects on the function of the crane.
3.3.2 Leg spread of gantry cranes
The design shall be such that the load shall not induce binding of wheel flanges on the rails.
3.3.3 Natural frequency
The natural frequency shall be equal to or greater than 2.4 Hz—
A2 (a) The vibration frequency of the crane structure, in any horizontal direction, shall be
not less than 2.4 Hz. The vibration frequency shall be calculated using the higher of
the lateral deflection values calculated according to AS 1418.1.
For cranes equipped with an operator’s cabin, the limits of vibration amplitude at the
centre of gravity of the cabin are dependent on the sustained frequency of vibrations
and the design shall be in accordance with AS 2670.
The vibration frequency in the first mode of vibration of a flexural element shall be
calculated in a rational manner.
A2 For a girder, the following simplified equation for fundamental natural frequency may
be used:
16
f= . . . 3.3.3(a)
δ
where
F = natural frequency, in hertz
δ = vertical (or horizontal) deflection, in millimetres
In the above equation, the value of δ for cantilever cranes shall include the flexure of
the boom and the support posts.
(b) due to torsional vibration of the bridge structure.
3.3.4 Lateral forces on portal cranes
Lateral forces on portal cranes due to oblique travel may be disregarded where the structure
has sufficient inherent flexibility to prevent any effective transfer of such loads through the
structure; however, lateral forces due to inertia shall be taken into account.
3.3.5 Camber
Camber is not necessary to maintain serviceability.
A2 3.3.6 Jib cranes
The calculated deflection of jib cranes shall not exceed L/300 where L is the length of the
jib plus length of freestanding post.
Where the deflection is measured in situ by test methods, the permissible deflection may be
increased as follows:
(a) Where the jib crane is mounted on a rigid support, 50% to allow for such effects as
deformation of the anchoring bolts, baseplate, slew rings or other bearings and
fasteners.
(b) Where the jib crane is mounted on a flexible support, 100% to allow for such effects
as deformation of the anchoring bolts, baseplate, slew rings or other bearings and
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5.1 MECHANISMS
A2 The mechanism which drives each motion shall comply with AS 1418.1.
1 See also Appendix D for illustrations of typical crane drive mechanisms.
2 Cranes are designed and built for a limited rated life, which may be extended or reduced
depending upon their usage. Devices are available to enable actual recording of rated life of
the crane to enable assessment of the remaining rated life. Guidance on this is given in
ISO 12482.1.
5.2.2.1 General
Limitation of travel motion is generally not necessary, but where large masses or high-
travel velocity produces a large amount of kinetic energy which needs to be absorbed but
results in impractical buffers, the size of the buffers may be reduced by using limit switches
and anti-collision devices.
5.2.2.2 Crane anti-collision
Where two or more cranes operate on a common runway or over the same area and the
possibility that the crane structures can come into contact with each other, then anti-
collision equipment should be provided. The anti-collision equipment should be
incorporated in each crane's long travel control system to prevent the cranes from
approaching each other closely, except at or below slow speed.
5.2.2.3 Crab trolley anti-collision
Where two or more crabs/trolleys operate on a common bridge structure and there is the
possibility that the crab/trolley structures can come into contact with each other, then anti-
collision equipment should be provided. The anti-collision equipment should be
incorporated in each crab/trolley’s control system to prevent the crabs from approaching
each other closely, except at or below slow speed.
(e) Interlocks shall be provided to prevent operation of hoist motion unless all twistlocks
are fully open or fully closed.
(f) Where limit switches are positive in operation in one direction only, two such
switches shall be provided, each one utilized for operation in the positive direction
only.
S E C T ION 6 AC C E S S FR OM F IX E D
P LAT FOR M S
Where a limit switch is provided to limit speed of motion of the crane when it is
approaching the servicing position, the switch shall be positioned so that the crane comes to
rest near the servicing platform. The limit switch shall not initiate operation of an isolator.
6.2.2 Access for servicing
6.2.2.1 Power driven cranes
Permanent means of access of service personnel to those parts of the crane which need
servicing (see AS 1418.1 and AS 2550.1) shall be provided with the crane situated at its
servicing position so that there is no need to move the crane during servicing. Such parts
include the following:
(a) Hook or hookblock, or attached lifting beam.
(b) Rope-reeving system, including—
(i) return sheaves;
(ii) rope equalizer; and
(iii) rope guides.
(c) Gearboxes (to inspect oil level).
(d) Bearings (which need regular lubrication).
(e) Brakes.
(f) Fluid couplings, clutches, gear-change mechanisms, and the like.
(g) V-belt and similar drives.
(h) Electrical equipment such as—
(i) brushgear;
(ii) commutators and slip rings;
(iii) contactors;
(iv) control and switch panels;
(v) fuses and fuse boxes; and
(vi) limit switches, particularly hoisting.
Where the purchaser of a crane requires facilities for servicing additional items of
equipment such as lighting and other ancillaries, such facilities shall comply with the
relevant Part of AS 1418.
6.2.2.2 Manually operated cranes
Where a manually operated crane can be safely serviced from a portable ladder, permanent
means of access for servicing need not be provided. In such circumstances, provision shall
be made to ensure that the crane, or part of crane, against which the ladder is placed shall
not be capable of movement while it is being serviced. The height of the serviceable item
shall not exceed 6 m.
Temporary platforms to access high items shall require additional guarding.
6.2.3 Height for serviceable items
The maximum allowable height for any serviceable item above a service platform or
walkway shall be 1.9 m.
(c) Adjacent standing or walking surfaces (see AS 1418.1) on the end carriage of more
than 300 mm difference in height shall be connected by steps.
(d) Standing and walking surfaces shall be not less than 300 mm clear width (in plan),
inside the handrail system; servicing surfaces shall be not less than 450 mm clear
width.
(e) A handrail shall be provided alongside any obstruction which has to be stepped over
(see Clause 6.3.3.3).
(f) The handrail system provided along the end carriage shall have a horizontal
clearance, outside the handrail from any fixed object, of not less than—
(i) where the handrail is of open type not less than 900 mm high .............. 225 mm;
(ii) where the handrail is panelled or meshed (50 mm × 50 mm) not less than
900 mm high................................................................................... 100 mm; or
(iii) where the handrail is panelled or meshed (50 mm × 50 mm), is not less than
1.5 m high, and is either extended not less than 300 mm past each end of the
end-carriage (i.e. the crane width) or returned at each end along the walkway
not less than 150 mm, and with a handrail not less than
900 mm high......................................................................................... 50 mm.
These positions are indicated in Figure C1.
except that this may be reduced locally to not less than 600 mm past
unavoidable obstructions such as cabinets, mechanisms, or the like, provided
that the handrailing is continuous past the reduced-width section; or
(ii) where the surface is more than 450 mm below the upper surface of the
crane-bridge member (i.e. the platform or walkway is of the lowered or well
type) ................................................................................................. 600 mm.
(b) The horizontal distance between a moving crab or other part of a crane, and other
equipment or fixed parts of the crane on or above a platform, walkway, or servicing
surface on the crane bridge shall be not less than 450 mm (see Figure C3), except that
for end or return handrails (see AS 1418.1)—
(i) where the crab stops level with the end return handrail (in plan), the horizontal
clearance shall be not less than 150 mm; or
(ii) where the crab passes the end return handrail (in plan), the horizontal clearance
shall be not less than 300 mm.
Where (i) or (ii) apply and a handrail return would be less than 150 mm in length, it
may be omitted.
(c) The width between any two fixed items which could form a foot trap, on a standing or
walking surface (see AS 1418.1) of a platform or walkway shall be not less than
150 mm.
www.standards.com.au © Standards Australia
AS 1418.3—1997 16
(d) Access to crane platforms shall be provided by static platforms located at the top of a
ladder or stairway which shall have a clear horizontal distance of at least 600 mm
with no obstructions at the point of transfer, e.g. gates, chains, baulk bars
(see Figure C4).
6.3.3.3 Obstructions on a platform or walkway
No permanent obstruction shall be situated at or adjacent to an entry or exit point of a
platform or walkway. The height and width (in direction of stepping over) of obstructions at
other locations on a platform or walkway shall be not greater than the following
corresponding sizes:
S EC TION 7 AC C ES S FR OM M OB ILE
P LAT FOR M S
7.1 GENERAL
The mobile platform may be of a variable height or a fixed height, and shall comply with
AS 1418.10 or AS 1576, as appropriate.
NOTES:
3 It is recommended that fixed-service platforms should be installed.
4 For platforms complying with AS 1418.10, a scissors type mobile platform should be used in
preference to other types.
5 Mobile platforms are generally more suitable for servicing of single girder cranes or double
girder cranes with underslung crab than other types of cranes.
Each crane shall have a designated out-of-service position. The floor area under the
servicing position shall be kept free from obstructions in order to allow free movement of
the mobile platform to reach all points to be serviced. The servicing position of the crane
should be at one end of the travel runway with the crane in contact (nominally) with its
end-stops, except in the case of a multicrane runway.
7.5.2 Access for servicing
During servicing, access for personnel (see AS 1418.1) shall be provided with the crane in
its out-of-service position so that there is no need for it to be moved. Parts which require
servicing include the following:
(a) Hook or hookblock, or attached lifting beam.
(b) Rope-reeving system, including—
(i) return sheaves;
(ii) rope equalizer; and
(iii) rope guides.
(c) Gearboxes (to inspect oil level).
(d) Bearings (which need regular lubrication).
(e) Brakes.
platform..................................................................................................1.8 m.
(b) Where use by persons if the area below the crane is restricted—
(i) where the area below is a fixed access platform or walkway and not within
600 mm of a rising ladder (see Clause 6.3.3.1, Item (b)), disregarding the
handrail ..................................................................................................1.4 m;
(ii) where the area below is a fixed (static) access platform or walkway; clearance
from the handrails .........................................................................450 mm; and
(iii) from all fixed objects not readily accessible (to stand on)
to personnel ........................................................................................ 450 mm.
Where the crane does overlap the platform, the headroom over the platform shall not be less
than 1.5 m for a clear horizontal distance of 450 mm, and 1.8 m for a clear horizontal
distance of 300 mm, from the building or crane structure and any projection thereon, and at
the access point to the platform the headroom shall not be less than 1.9 m (see Figure C8).
If shorter clear horizontal distance in cross-travel direction is required for normal crane
operation, then a service stop shall be fitted in order to provide and maintain the nominated
clearance even if the controls are inadvertently operated during servicing of the crane.
S E C T ION 9 E LE C T R IC A L A C C E S S
IS O LA TOR S
9.1 GENERAL
Electrical isolation and protection shall be provided in accordance with AS 1418.1 and this
Section. In general, an access isolator shall be provided at the entry point to the crane, and
adjacent to the access point between parts of a crane, wherever one part of a crane can
move relative to another part.
(b) The mass of the lifting attachment expressed in the same unit as the rated capacity of
the lifting attachment (see Item (a)), e.g.
(i) TARE 100 kg;
(ii) TARE 1 t; or
(iii) TARE 1 tonne.
(c) Name or mark of the manufacturer or distributor of the attachment, where applicable.
(d) Manufacturer's serial number, where applicable.
(e) Details of steel-wire rope used on the lifting attachment, i.e.
(i) nominal size;
(ii) grade (quality);
(iii) construction; and
(iv) length.
(f) Details of chain (see AS 2321) used on the lifting attachment, i.e.
(i) nominal size; and
(ii) grade (quality).
Marking shall be in the English language, and values shall be in SI units (see AS 1000).
11.3 MANUALS
11.3.1 General
The following manuals shall be provided.
(a) The crane operator’s manual.
(b) The maintenance manual.
(c) The logbook.
(d) The spare parts book.
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NOTE: Attention is drawn to AS 1418.1, which specifies details of the electrical equipment and
control system that are to be provided.
11.3.2 Crane operator's manual
The crane operator’s manual shall be a formal publication, covered in a durable material
and of a size suitable for its use. It may be combined with another manual or be an
individual manual. It may be cross-referenced to other manuals of the crane. It shall present
the following information in plain English with explanations and definitions by words or
diagram where there is risk of misunderstanding:
(a) Ready identification of the make, model and serial number of the crane or where
appropriate, the range of serial numbers to which the information applies.
(b) All technical data of importance to the crane operator to ensure correct operation of
the crane.
(c) Description of and location of all safety devices, settings and adjustments.
(d) Instructions on the duties of the crane operator prior to operation, during operation
and after use.
(e) Instructions on restrictions in environmental conditions of wind and temperature.
(f) Description of safety precautions to be observed during maintenance and servicing of
the crane.
12.1 INSPECTION
Prior to its being commissioned, the crane shall be inspected in accordance with AS 1418.1.
12.2 COMMISSIONING
12.2.1 General
The following tests shall be carried out during the commissioning of cranes:
(a) Pre-operational inspection and testing.
(b) No-load operation and testing.
(c) Load testing.
The required performance of the crane should be agreed between the owner and supplier of
the crane. Normally, the required performance will be lifting, lowering, and moving the
maximum rated capacity at the rated speeds, smoothly with sufficient frequency to
represent the normal operation of the crane.
Safety procedures and precautions for each phase of inspection and testing should be agreed
between the owner and supplier of the crane prior to commissioning.
12.2.2 Pre-operational inspection and testing
Pre-operational inspection and testing (including alignment checking) shall be carried out to
ensure that all systems and items comply with the relevant drawings and specifications, and
shall include the following:
(a) Checking of runway tracks for level and alignment.
(b) Visual examination of all components, assemblies and drives and checking for
correctness of fitting including tolerances, clearances, alignments, and adjustments.
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(c) Checking of greasing, oil levels, hydraulic systems, and pneumatic systems.
(d) Visual examination of welded and bolted connections of structures and torque check
all critical bolted connections.
(e) Checking of all safety guards and their fittings.
(f) Checking of details and correctness of electrical safety devices, circuits, earthing,
insulation cubicles, and cabling.
12.2.3 No-load operation and testing
Following satisfactory inspection and testing in accordance with Clause 12.2.2, no-load
operation and testing shall be carried out, and shall include the following:
(a) Cranes with pendant or cabin operating control These shall be as follows:
(i) The individual parts of the equipment shall be run under ‘manual’ control to
check the proper operation of alarms and warning devices, the tracking of the
crane, the operation of safety devices and the smooth acceleration and stopping
of the crane.
(ii) The crane shall be travelled and traversed over the full length of runways to
check physical clearance from fixed obstructions.
(iii) Pressure pipework shall be checked for leaks.
12.2.5 Reports
Accurate and complete reports of all testing shall be prepared. Such reports shall record all
the information checked during the test including clearances, temperatures, voltages,
currents, heat generation, noise levels, starting times, acceleration durations, stopping
times, settings and other control set points.
13.1 GENERAL
All guards shall be designed to prevent persons from reaching into the danger zone. This
requirement shall include preventing personnel from reaching over, under, around or
through any guard into the potentially dangerous area and shall be in accordance with
AS 4024.1 except where otherwise stated.
13.2 STRENGTH
The construction of a guard shall be robust and shall not collapse if personnel climb upon it.
The minimum mass to be supported by a guard shall be 75 kg.
13.3 MATERIAL
Where mesh or slatted guards are employed, the material used shall be sufficiently rigid to
prevent separation of the mesh or slats by finger pressure.
13.7 MARKING
All removable guards or inspection covers shall be clearly marked—
DANGER—ISOLATE POWER BEFORE REMOVING OR OPENING GUARD .
13.9 COLOUR
Travel motion wheel guards shall be painted in high visibility colours in accordance with
AS 1318.
APPENDIX A
INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED WITH ENQUIRY, ORDER, OR TENDER
(Informative)
Sheet 1 of 2
Enquirer: Supplier:
1 Type of crane required
2 Clearance diagram (including height and span of crane track if existing, hook approaches and
hook path)
4 Site details:
(a) Foundation
6 Operating conditions:
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locality;
hazardous conditions
Sheet 2 of 2
7 Application of cranes:
(a) Span
(ii) lowering
12 Special requirements of design and manufacture (e.g. painting, corrosion proofing, auxiliary
equipment required):
(a) Existing cranes
3 Crane performance:
(ii) lowering
5 Electrical details:
APPENDIX B
LIST OF TYPICAL HAZARDS
(Informative)
This Appendix lists typical hazards of which a designer should be aware when designing a
bridge, gantry or portal crane. The list is for information only and is not exhaustive. There
are other potential hazards that are not listed. These hazards are applicable to the situations
described and could involve risks to persons if not reduced or eliminated. Typical hazards
are as follows:
(a) Mechanical hazards These can include the following:
(i) Crushing.
(ii) Shearing.
(iii) Cutting or severing.
(iv) Entanglement.
(v) Drawing-in or trapping.
(vi) Impact.
(vii) High pressure fluid ejection.
(viii) Ejection of parts.
(ix) Loss of stability.
(x) Slip, trip and fall.
(xi) Hazards to exposed persons due to uncontrolled movement.
(xii) Hazards due to rolling over.
(xiii) Inadequate means of access.
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(xiv) Hazards due to towing, coupling connecting, transmission and the like.
(b) Electrical hazards One of the prime concerns is that of electrical contact.
(c) Hazards generated by neglecting ergonomic principles in machine design
(d) Hazard combinations
(e) Hazards caused by failure of energy supply, breaking down of machinery parts and
other functional disorders These can include the following:
(i) Failure of energy supply.
(ii) Failure or malfunction of control system.
(iii) Errors of fitting.
(iv) Overturn, unexpected loss of machine stability.
(f) Hazards caused by missing or incorrectly positioned safety-related
measures/means These include the following:
(i) Guards.
(ii) Safety-related (protection) devices.
(iii) Starting and stopping devices.
(iv) Safety signs and signals.
APPENDIX C
ACCESS AND CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR FIXED PLATFORMS
(Normative)
Figures C1 to C9 illustrate access and clearance requirements for fixed platforms.
NOTE: Some of the details in these Figures have been simplified to enable relevant dimensions to
be shown clearly.
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A2 APPENDIX D
TYPICAL CRANE DRIVE DIAGRAMS
(Informative)
Typical denomination
for running gear
No. of wheel pairs
and drive systems
Crane drive (see Note) Remarks
diagrams
Synchronized
Total
FF FL or coupled
NW
NS
EFF EFL 2 —
EFF EFL 2 —
EFF EFL
Depends on — Additional details can be found in a
wheel load Demag publication by Dr Hanover on
distribution — ‘Crane Travel Behaviour’
EFF EFL
WFF 2 2
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WFF 2 1
EFF EFL 4 —
AS 1418.3—1997
REVISED TEXT
REVISED TEXT
SUMMARY: This Amendment applies to the Title, Clauses 1.4, 3.3.3(a), 3.3.6 and 5.1 and Appendix D
46
`NOTES
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47
NOTES
AS 1418.3—1997
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48
NOTES
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Electronic Standards
All Australian Standards are available in electronic editions, either downloaded individually from our Web
site, or via on-line and CD ROM subscription services. For more information phone 1300 65 46 46 or
visit us at
www.standards.com.au
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 15 Aug 2007