0098-6814 - V00 - WTG - Full-Scale - and - DFIG - Platforms - SC - SG - Models - Shortform

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DOCUMENT: DESCRIPTION:
[0098-6814] Representation of Vestas Full-Scale and DFIG Platforms by Reduced

Transient Model of Synchronous Generator
Representation of Vestas Full-Scale and

DFIG Platforms by Reduced Transient
Model of Synchronous Generator
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DOCUMENT: DESCRIPTION: PAGE
[0098-6814] Representation of Vestas Full-Scale and DFIG Platforms by Reduced Transient Model of 2/19
Synchronous Generator
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performance of the wind turbine model is expected only to be indicative to the performance of the actual
wind turbine generator.
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Version History
Version Date Initials Description of changes
no.
00 13-11-2020 ARGUN First published version
Table of Contents
CHAPTER: DESCRIPTION: PAGE:
1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 4
2 Terms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................ 5
3 Simulation Description .................................................................................................... 6
3.1 Full-Scale Converter Wind Turbine.................................................................................... 7
3.1.1 Full-Scale Converter Operation During Short Circuit ......................................................... 7
3.1.2 Synchronous Model of Full-Scale Converter Wind Turbine............................................... 7
3.1.3 Synchronous Model Assumptions ..................................................................................... 7
3.2 DFIG Wind Turbine ............................................................................................................ 8
3.2.1 DFIG Operation During Short Circuit ................................................................................. 8
3.2.2 Synchronous Model of DFIG Wind Turbine ....................................................................... 8
3.2.3 Synchronous Model Assumptions ..................................................................................... 8
4 Synchronous Generator Parameter Estimation ............................................................ 9
4.1 Market Needs ..................................................................................................................... 9
4.2 Calculation Procedure for IEC short circuit parameters .................................................... 10
4.3 Generator models in RMS tools ......................................................................................... 11
4.4 Generator models in EMT tools ......................................................................................... 11
4.5 Graphical method............................................................................................................... 11
5 Synchronous Generators Parameters ........................................................................... 12
6 Transformer Parameters ................................................................................................. 17
7 Appendix ........................................................................................................................... 18
7.1 IEC Short Circuit results .................................................................................................... 18
8 References ........................................................................................................................ 19
1 Introduction
When studying fault currents and protection settings for wind power installations, the industry standard is to
employ software packages, where sources are represented by their synchronous generator impedances.
Hence, it is of importance to be able to represent also non-synchronous wind generators by synchronous
generators. Therefore, this document is intended to use for those who are using such software packages.
This document derives the synchronous generator parameters for representation of the short-circuit current
contribution of Vestas full-scale and DFIG wind turbines. The synchronous generator parameters presented
in the short circuit document are generic for both 50 Hz and 60 Hz systems. The derivation is based on a
comparison between waveforms of detailed model of Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) and the reduced model
of Synchronous Generator (SG) both implemented in EMT environment of PSCAD. The objective is to
estimate the SG subtransient reactance in such a way that the peak of instantaneous current at the first cycle
after occurrence of short circuit fault satisfactorily match following symmetrical three phase fault. The negative
sequence impedance is also provided. In the simulations, the synchronous generator is not equipped with the
Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) and Governor, therefore constant field voltage and mechanical torque are
applied to the synchronous generator as this is not considered by classical short circuit current calculations.
This document is primarily based on two platforms; full-scale 4 MW WTG with CubePower converter
technology and 2 MW DFIG WTG with VCS converter technology but are valid for other full-scale platforms
such as 3 MW platform with FlexPower technology, 5-6 MW platform with EnVentus technology and Offshore
platform with FlexInverter technology and their respective power modes considering the accuracy associated
with the methodology.
It is important to highlight that the equivalent impedance of a controlled current source such as a full-scale
converter highly depends on factors such as operating point, residual voltage during the fault, control mode
and point in time after the onset of the short circuit fault. Therefore, the parameters shall be treated with great
care and for critical cases be confirmed by time domain dynamic simulations. This is particularly relevant for
weak systems and faults electrically close to the wind turbine.
2 Terms and Abbreviations

Table 1 - Terms and Abbreviations
Terms Abbreviations
AC Alternating Current
DC Direct Current
I Current
P Active power
PCC Point of Common Coupling
R Resistance
SC Short Circuit
SG Synchronous Generator
WT Wind Turbine
WTG Wind Turbine Generator
X Reactance
Z Impedance
3 Simulation Description
In order to evaluate the accuracy of estimated parameters of synchronous generator in emulating the
behaviour of wind turbine during short circuit faults, the general simulation circuit indicated in Figure 1, is
implemented in detailed using PSCAD simulation tool. The PSCAD version is 4.6.3.
The simulations have been performed as follows:

 Setup test cases according to pre-fault WTG active power and power factor at 1 pu with a remaining
voltage of 0 pu at fault location for a fault duration of 0.1 s1,2.
 In order to apply the fault under the same angle of voltage waveforms of both WTG and SG, the
initial conditions of SG (Voltage Magnitude and phase angle) are tuned bases on trial and error in
such a way to have the same quantities of P and Q for both WTG and SG in the HV measurement
point in steady state prior the fault occurrence. This is crucial to match the initial peak current from
wind turbine.
 The operation mode of SG should be changed from source voltage to a rotating machine (S2M) by
changing PSCAD parameter S2M from 0 to 1 during initializing of SG. Meanwhile, in order to activate
the mechanical dynamics of SG, the rotor should be unlocked by changing the LRR (Locked Rotor)
signal from 0 to 1. Since while the machine is in the ‘locked rotor’ state, the rotor will be spinning at a
constant speed.
 The short circuit fault is applied approximately around time t=5 seconds at positive zero crossing of
phase voltage, to have the maximum short circuit current contribution. The voltage and the current
waveforms measured at fault location during the onsite tests and simulations are compared in each
case. The SG parameter that are tuned are RA, XL, XD=XQ, XDD=XQQ, XDDD=XQQQ, TD0=TQ0,
TDD0=TQQ0.
 Additional calculations are done to derive the negative sequence reactance3
 Peak currents in the document are calculated as per base values.
Figure 1- Fault Test Diagram
1 It is not necessary to define test case as above. Test cases can be defined according to specific grid codes.
2 The short circuit ratio (SCR) and reactance over resistance (X/R) between WTG and grid during the tests is
approximately 4.5 with an X/R at 2.75 in this simulation case. Grid strength was derived according to WECC guideline
[1].
3Negative sequence unsaturated reactance X2: The synchronous generator parameter which contribute to the
behaviour of WTG to an asymmetrical fault.
3.1 Full-Scale Converter Wind Turbine

A simplified electrical single line diagram representation of the wind turbine is shown in Figure 2.
AC DC
G
DC AC
Figure 2 - Simplified single line diagram of the full-scale converter electrical main circuit
3.1.1 Full-Scale Converter Operation During Short Circuit

When a short circuit outside the turbine occurs, the rise of the grid side converter current lasts for a few
milliseconds, i.e. the sub-transient and transient periods expire in less than one fundamental cycle, after this
period the converter starts injecting reactive and active current according to the grid code requirements, and
this is the steady-state period.
Typically, the amount of injected reactive current is inversely proportional to the remaining stator voltage,
being the final steady state value according to the predefined settings.
3.1.2 Synchronous Model of Full-Scale Converter Wind Turbine

Due to the nature of the grid connected power electronic converters, which require a totally different topology
than the synchronous generator, some deviances are expected in the results, i.e. high frequency phenomena
(sharp changes) cannot be represented by a synchronous generator.
Additionally, the synchronous model will use some fictitious impedance values with no physical correlation
with the real wind turbine gains and time constants. Thus, this model should be used only for the purpose of
short circuit calculation and nothing else.
The following pages show the comparison between full-scale converter and synchronous generator simulation
waveforms for the aforementioned cases.
3.1.3 Synchronous Model Assumptions

The Full-Scale Converter System will derate the current contribution during residual voltage dips, below 0.20
pu voltage. In the simulations the excitation voltage has been changed to emulate this performance, hence
the data for zero voltage dips at PCC is only valid for the first cycle.
3.2 DFIG Wind Turbine

A simplified electrical single line diagram representation of the wind turbine is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 - Simplified single line diagram of the Variable-speed doubly-fed generator
3.2.1 DFIG Operation During Short Circuit

Upon the rise of the stator current, the rotor current forces the rotor-connected converter to block and its
diodes to freewheel, which charges the DC-link rapidly. The brake chopper compensates by turning on the
DC-link resistor fully. Once the rotor currents fall below their protection levels, the rotor-connected converter
resumes switching and the rotor windings are exposed to a controlled voltage (balanced or not).
3.2.2 Synchronous Model of DFIG Wind Turbine

The variable rotor resistance and the doubly-fed wound rotor asynchronous generators both dissipate
significant power on the rotor side during faults, and therefore shorten the decay times, and reduce the peak
current.
3.2.3 Synchronous Model Assumptions

Synchronous generator parameters that produce currents similar to the doubly-fed generator can be found
through careful data fitting.
4 Synchronous Generator Parameter Estimation

4.1 Market Needs
The comprehensive list of parameters requested by various markets are listed below in Table 2.
Table 2 - Synchronous Generator Parameters
Parameter Unit Symbol

Rated frequency Hz
Rated voltage V
Rated apparent power kVA
Positive sequence resistance pu R
Synchronous – saturated pu Xdv Xqv (Xsat)
Synchronous – unsaturated pu Xdi Xqi (X)
Transient – saturated pu X'dv X'qv (X'sat)
Transient – unsaturated pu X'di X'qi (X')
Subtransient – saturated pu X"dv X"qv (X"sat)
Subtransient – unsaturated pu X"di X"qi (X")
Negative sequence resistance pu R2
Negative Sequence reactance – saturated pu X2v (X2sat)
Negative Sequence reactance– unsaturated pu X2i(X2)
Zero sequence resistance pu R0
Zero Sequence – saturated pu X0v(X0sat)
Zero Sequence – unsaturated pu X0i(X0)
Leakage Reactance pu Xlm
Isc max current during fault detection A
Duration of Isc max Cycles
Isc max current after fault detection A
Ilv max current for low voltage ride through (LVRT) A
Duration of Ilv max Cycles
Initial symmetrical short-circuit current (Ik'')* A
First Peak of short circuit current (Ip)* A
Steady-state short circuit current (Ik)* A
Time to reach steady-state current* ms
Instantaneous Controlled Fault Current Magnitude (Multiple
of full load current) for Turbine Types 3 & 4 pu
Controlled Fault Current Magnitude at 2 to 3 cycles after
fault (Multiple of full load current) for Turbine Types 3 & 4 pu
Controlled Fault Current Magnitude at 4 plus cycles after
fault (Multiple of full load current) for Turbine Types 3 & 4 pu
Grounding resistance pu @100MVA Rground
Grounding reactance pu @100MVA Xground
RSOURCE (PSS/E raw) RSOURCE
XSOURCE (PSS/E raw) XSOURCE
4.2 Calculation Procedure for IEC short circuit parameters

The reference for the following calculation procedure (Equations, Figures, Tables, etc) is the latest version of
IEC-60909-0:2016 and listed below with an example [2].
1. Considering maximum allowed RMS current4 of 𝐼𝑘′′ = 1.077 pu during fault, back calculation of ip with
eq. (1) (eq. (56) in IEC 60906-0:2016) with lowest factor k for series circuit shown in Figure 4 which
has been identified as 1.15. This result in ip of 1.75 pu.
i𝑝 = k√2𝐼𝑘′′ (1)
2. X/R is derived from the following Figure 4 or with eq. (2) or (eq. (57) from IEC 60906-0:2016)
𝑘 = 1.02 + 0.98𝑒 −3𝑅⁄𝑋 (2)
Which results in X/R=1.48.
3. Calculate sub transient short circuit impedance of Z"k with

𝑍𝑘′′ = 𝑐 ∗ 𝑉𝑝𝑢 ⁄𝐼𝑘′′ = 0.93 (3)
Here, voltage factor has been chosen as 1 because the customer will specify when choosing
minimum or maximum short circuit study according to Table 1 in IEC 60906-0:2016.
4. The equivalent sub transient short circuit reactance and short circuit resistance can be calculated as
𝑅 = 𝑍𝑘′′ ⁄√1 + (𝑋/𝑅)^2 (4)
𝑋 = 𝑅 ∗X/R (5)
X/R is derived from the following IEC figure
Figure 4 Factor k for series circuit as a function of ratio X/R
4 Maximum allowed RMS current of 𝐼𝑘′′ = 1.077 pu during fault can be calculated as
𝐼𝑘′′ = √𝐼𝐷,𝑚𝑎𝑥
2 2
+ 𝐼𝑄,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.077
Assuming according to control settings of the full scale V136 4.2 MW CP WTG the maximum allowed
reactive current during fault is 1.0 pu and maximum allowed active current is 0.4 pu.
Figure 5 Definition of peak current according to IEC 60909-0:2016
4.3 Generator models in RMS tools

RMS tools such as Power Factory and PSS/E use per unit quantities based on rms stator currents. The SG
parameters given in this document are RMS quantities and therefore the values can be used as it is without
any conversion.
4.4 Generator models in EMT tools

The base values of voltage and current in the three-phase system is the RMS phase voltage Vao, and RMS
phase current ia0.
Therefore, SG parameters given in this document can be used in PSCAD tool without any conversion.
4.5 Graphical method

Graphical method described in textbooks can be used to calculate SG parameters [4]. In this method short
circuit current envelope will be used to calculate Xd” and Xd in the linear form and Xd’, Td’ and Td” in
logarithmic form.
5 Synchronous Generators Parameters

Table 3 Synchronous Generators Parameters for WTGs based on full converter technologies (RMS values)
Parameter Unit Symbol 50 Hz 60 Hz

Platform FC/CP/EV/FI FC/CP/EV/FI
Rated frequency Hz 50 60
Rated voltage V 650/720/640 650/720/640
Positive sequence resistance pu R 0.25 0.30

Synchronous – unsaturated pu Xdi Xqi (X) 2.08 2.5
Transient – unsaturated pu X'di X'qi (X') 1.67 2.0
Subtransient – unsaturated pu X"di X"qi (X") 1 1.2
Negative sequence resistance pu R2 See note5 See note5
Negative Sequence reactance – unsaturated pu X2i(X2) 1/k6 1/k6
Zero sequence resistance pu R0 - -
Zero Sequence – unsaturated pu X0i(X0) 999* 999*
Leakage Reactance pu Xlm 0.833 1.0
Isc max current during fault detection A 1.07 x Istator 1.07 x Istator
Duration of Isc max Cycles 4 4
Isc max current after fault detection A 1.07 x Istator 1.07 x Istator
Ilv max current for low voltage ride through (LVRT)7 A Istator Istator
Duration of Ilv max8 Cycles See note9 See note9
Initial symmetrical short-circuit current (Ik'')* A 1.07 x Istator 1.07 x Istator
5 Negative sequence resistance can be assumed as equal to positive sequence stator resistance.
6 k: FRT_CTRL_k_factor_NEG
7 The maximum total reactive current injection when operating in LVRT mode
8 The time that WTGs will be able to inject Ilv current during the fault.
9 Duration of Ilv is continuous during LVRT hence depends on fault duration.
First Peak of short circuit current (Ip)* A 1.75 x Istator 1.64 x Istator
Steady-state short circuit current (Ik)* A 1.07 x Istator 1.07 x Istator
Time to reach steady-state current* ms 14 14
1.75 1.64
Instantaneous Controlled Fault Current Magnitude (Multiple of
full load current) for Turbine Types 3 & 4 pu
1.07 1.07
Controlled Fault Current Magnitude at 2 to 3 cycles after fault
(Multiple of full load current) for Turbine Types 3 & 4 pu
1.07 1.07
Controlled Fault Current Magnitude at 4 plus cycles after fault
Grounding resistance pu @100MVA Rground N/A N/A
Grounding reactance pu @100MVA Xground N/A N/A
RSOURCE (PSS/E raw) RSOURCE 0.25 0.30
XSOURCE (PSS/E raw) XSOURCE 1 1.2
Note:
 The saturated and unsaturated impedances are assumed equal.
 Power mode PO1 of 4MW platform (4.2MW Full converter WTG) has been used as the base case for detailed analysis and parameter extraction.
 The SG reactances between 50 Hz and 60 Hz has an approximate relationship of 1.2 due to the frequency ratio.
 The same values are valid for all other full converter platforms (fx FP 3MW and EV 5MW) with ±10% deviation in peak current contribution.
 Ampere quantities are referred to terminal voltage of 720 V system and multiplication of calculated stator current as listed below (**)
 Deviation of power modes are derived based on maximum and minimum values across 4MW Power Modes and has a value ±4% for equivalent
impedances and ±1% for current values in pu.
 Zero sequence impedances are dependent on earthing configurations are not calculated here. Please consider turbine transformer.
 Base impedances are calculated for various WTG platforms and the method is described below (**). SG equivalent impedances are calculated based on
4 MW CP platform and pu values need to be converted to ohmic values using base impedances of their own for other platforms.
 SG equivalent reactances for Offshore WTGs based on Flex Inverter technology will remain same but will have a ±20-30 % deviation in peak currents
depending on the fault insertion time.
(*) Zero sequence reactance will have a large value due to WTG transformer arrangement.
(**) Real quantities of impedance parameters and currents can be calculated using base values from the general specification for respective WTGs.
Base impedance (Zbase)=Rated voltage2/Rated apparent power; Stator Current (Istator)=Rated apparent power/√3[WTG LV base voltage]
Table 4 Synchronous Generators Parameters for WTGs based on DFIG technologies (RMS values)
Parameter Unit Symbol 50 Hz 60 Hz
Platform VCS/VCSC VCS/VCSC

Rated frequency Hz 50 60
Rated voltage V 687 687
Positive sequence resistance pu R 0.075 0.065

Synchronous – unsaturated pu Xdi Xqi (X) 0.63 0.54
Transient – unsaturated pu X'di X'qi (X') 0.5 0.43
Subtransient – unsaturated pu X"di X"qi (X") 0.3 0.26
Negative sequence resistance pu R2 See note10 See note10
Negative Sequence reactance – unsaturated pu X2i(X2) 0.3 0.26
Zero sequence resistance pu R0 - -
Zero Sequence – unsaturated pu X0i(X0) 999* 999*
Leakage Reactance pu Xlm 0.25 0.217
Isc max current during fault detection A 2 x Istator 1.8 x Istator
Duration of Isc max Cycles 4 4
Isc max current after fault detection A 2 x Istator 1.8 x Istator
Ilv max current for low voltage ride through (LVRT) A Istator Istator
Duration of Ilv max Cycles See note11 See note11
Initial symmetrical short-circuit current (Ik'')* A 2 x Istator 1.8 x Istator
First Peak of short circuit current (Ip)* A 3.35 x Istator 3.58 x Istator
Steady-state short circuit current (Ik)* A 2 x Istator 1.8 x Istator
Time to reach steady-state current* ms 15 15
3.35 3.58
Instantaneous Controlled Fault Current Magnitude (Multiple of
full load current) for Turbine Types 3 & 4 pu
10 Negative sequence resistance can be assumed as equal to positive sequence stator resistance.
11 Duration of Ilv is continuous during LVRT hence depends on fault duration.
2 1.8
Controlled Fault Current Magnitude at 2 to 3 cycles after fault
2 1.8
Controlled Fault Current Magnitude at 4 plus cycles after fault
Grounding resistance pu @100MVA Rground N/A N/A
Grounding reactance pu @100MVA Xground N/A N/A
RSOURCE (PSS/E raw) 0.075 0.065
XSOURCE (PSS/E raw) 0.3 0.26
Note:
 Please note that saturated and unsaturated impedances are assumed equal.
 VCS 2MW platform WTG is used as the base case for parameter extraction
 Although the deviation of power modes is not derived, the values are expected to be within ±2% based on analysis done with full converter WTGs.
 Ampere quantities are referred to terminal voltage of 687 V system and multiplication of calculated stator current as listed below (**).
 Zero sequence impedances are dependent on earthing configurations are not calculated here. Therefore, a large value can be used as an approximation.
 Negative sequence resistance is not derived can be approximated as equal to positive sequence values where necessary.
 Please note that the SG reactance between 50 Hz and 60 Hz has an approximate relationship of 1.2 same as frequency ratio.
 Base impedances are calculated for various WTG platforms and the method is described below (**). SG equivalent impedances are calculated based on
2 MW VCS platform and pu values need to be converted to ohmic values using base impedances of their own for other platforms.
(*) Zero sequence reactance will have a large value due to WTG transformer arrangement.
** Real quantities of impedance parameters and currents can be calculated using base values from the general specification for respective WTGs.
Base impedance (Zbase)=Rated voltage2/Rated apparent power; Stator Current (Istator)=Rated apparent power/√3[WTG LV base voltage]
Note: Negative sequence impedance (X2)

This synchronous generator equivalent parameter is used to calculate the negative sequence current
contribution from a WTG to an asymmetrical fault. The parameter is only applicable for the markets where
WTGs are enabled with negative sequence k-factors. However, when k-factor is disabled (ie. k=0), negative
sequence impedance (X2) can be assumed as having a large ohmic value (>10 p.u.).
The asymmetrical current injection is based on the detected negative sequence voltage. The negative
sequence impedance has been derived based on sequence component of voltage and current; X2= V2/I2
and can be assumed = 1/Kneg.
However, there are many different parameter settings affecting this assumption, such as CC_LIM, IC_LIM.
Therefore, for special instances where X2= 1/Kneg is not valid, please contact Vestas for consultancy.
In addition, if the current injection exceeds the convert current limit, both positive sequence and negative
sequence will be reduced proportionally in order to be within current limit.
6 Transformer Parameters
Transformer data used for the results presented in this document is based on below table. Since SG
parameters given in this report are given at the LV terminal of the SG and are based on MVA base of the
generator. In order to derive represented SG impedance and parameters at MV and HV terminals these LV
parameters needed be converted to turbine and grid transformer base respectively.
Table 5 Wind Turbine Transformer (full converter)

Description Parameter Value Unit
Frequency f 50/60 Hz
Transformer Rating Sn Pwtg MVA
Winding 1 Voltage (L-L, RMS) Vn1 * kV
Winding 2 Voltage (L-L, RMS) Vn2 33 kV
Positive Sequence Leakage Reactance X 0.0986 pu
Iron losses Po 0.001 pu
Copper Losses Pcu 0.00882 pu
Vector Group - Dyn5 -
* * 3MW, 0.65 kV and in 4 and 5-6 MW, 0.72 kV
Table 6 Wind Turbine Transformer (DFIG & FI)

Value Value
Description Parameter DFIG FI Unit
Frequency f 50/60 50/60 Hz
Transformer Rating Sn Pwtg Pwtg MVA
Winding 1 Voltage (L-L, RMS) Vn1 0.485 0.64 kV
Winding 2 Voltage (L-L, RMS) Vn2 33 33 kV
Winding 2 Voltage (L-L, RMS) Vn3 0.687 0.64 kV
Positive Sequence Leakage Reactance (#1-#2) X 0.1079 0.1034 pu
Iron losses Po 0.00 0.00 pu
Copper Losses Pcu 0.00 0.02 pu
Vector Group - Ydy Ydy -
Platform: 2 MW and offshore
Table 7 Plant Transformer
Description Parameter Value Unit
Frequency f 50/60 Hz
Transformer Rating Sn Pwtg MVA
Positive Sequence Leakage Reactance X 0.1024 pu
Iron losses Po 0.001 pu
Copper Losses Pcu 0.00882 pu
Vector Group - YY -
7 Appendix
7.1 IEC Short Circuit results
IEC short circuit results are shown in the Table 8 below which is only applicable for 4 MW platform. A similar
parameter table can be derived for other platforms using the method described in section 4 above.
Table 8 IEC parameters
Description Parameter Value Value Unit

Frequency f 50 60 Hz
Nominal Voltage Vn 1 1 pu
Base MVA Sn Pwtg Pwtg MVA
Power factor PF 1 1
Voltage factor Cmax 1 1
Factor k for series circuit k 1.15 1.08
Sub transient short circuit current I´´k 1.077 1.077 pu
Sub transient short circuit impedance Z´´k 0.93 0.93 pu
Short circuit resistance R 0.5207 0.6414 pu
Sub transient short circuit reactance X´´k 0.7342 0.6734 pu
I peak in I RMS base Ipeak * 1.75 1.64 pu
Note: Parameters depends on Ipeak.
8 References
[1] IEC 61400-27-2 ED1 (88/763/FDIS)

[2] IEC 60909- Short-Circuit Currents In Three-Phase A.C. Systems - Part 0:
0:2016 Calculation Of Currents
[3] - Jones, C.V. “The Unified Theory of Electrical Machines”, Plenum Press, N.Y.,
1967, Chapter 20.
[4] E.W.Kimbark, “Power System Stability: Synchronous Machines”

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[0098-6814] Representation of Vestas Full-Scale and DFIG Platforms by Reduced

Representation of Vestas Full-Scale and

2 Terms and Abbreviations

The simulations have been performed as follows:

Figure 1- Fault Test Diagram

3.1 Full-Scale Converter Wind Turbine

3.1.1 Full-Scale Converter Operation During Short Circuit

3.1.2 Synchronous Model of Full-Scale Converter Wind Turbine

3.1.3 Synchronous Model Assumptions

3.2 DFIG Wind Turbine

Figure 3 - Simplified single line diagram of the Variable-speed doubly-fed generator

3.2.1 DFIG Operation During Short Circuit

3.2.2 Synchronous Model of DFIG Wind Turbine

3.2.3 Synchronous Model Assumptions

4 Synchronous Generator Parameter Estimation

Parameter Unit Symbol

4.2 Calculation Procedure for IEC short circuit parameters

3. Calculate sub transient short circuit impedance of Z"k with

X/R is derived from the following IEC figure

Figure 4 Factor k for series circuit as a function of ratio X/R

Figure 5 Definition of peak current according to IEC 60909-0:2016

4.3 Generator models in RMS tools

4.4 Generator models in EMT tools

4.5 Graphical method

5 Synchronous Generators Parameters

Parameter Unit Symbol 50 Hz 60 Hz

Positive sequence resistance pu R 0.25 0.30

Parameter Unit Symbol 50 Hz 60 Hz

Platform VCS/VCSC VCS/VCSC

Positive sequence resistance pu R 0.075 0.065

Note: Negative sequence impedance (X2)

Table 5 Wind Turbine Transformer (full converter)

Table 6 Wind Turbine Transformer (DFIG & FI)

Description Parameter Value Value Unit

Factor k for series circuit k 1.15 1.08

Sub transient short circuit current I´´k 1.077 1.077 pu

Sub transient short circuit impedance Z´´k 0.93 0.93 pu

Short circuit resistance R 0.5207 0.6414 pu

Sub transient short circuit reactance X´´k 0.7342 0.6734 pu

I peak in I RMS base Ipeak * 1.75 1.64 pu

Note: Parameters depends on Ipeak.

[1] IEC 61400-27-2 ED1 (88/763/FDIS)

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