inecw

Thy
t in(Osm
)S;&n- SY)|V;|Val - =C;
N
N
Sudies Flow Poow Melhod
- N-R
the be na be
32
mous laks
T(y2):
Melhod Rophson NewTon-
malrix bian coJa fnd say uis beCan Vany Simil
Fx evauas
dz dz
dfzqz Fyd fz d (1*juo)] (-+js) La)- s
d dy
dfe Fdfy
0.030I +j 64)(o4
221 8 6tj2 D.66 |-
d d
fz d fd joo
o4
(-l+j4)
1. -
-0.t)6.3
aonnn
ey follousng omidw
 Assume
aboe shousn k nil lh fov
ange phaai magnueR voliage
2 bus
Valus dyed mo The btan melhod
0 NRUsung elimul,
c!iagcnal
Zi0.5jo.9p bns,) (Dmt ||V)
Sm |V. Yn |
elemnts Diagona
2. , 02 thod. m - N alion 1st olend
lFag vo dilumune stant volta fat Assum
the at the |Yn --
-6i) Sim
&n (0int Vi||Va)
244 |2
2·8653
06661
J, fmi To
PV |D5
ack 1 ToTal N.
e Bus buses
bws
daa Bus
-0| J'o!
J
2-3
o-o1 J'o1 |-3
|-2 ted) (Pspei
) X(pu) (pu) R cod Bus
psuh-shuduet
data une
-pal Sch p wheu
Sch
book) fomula
(given
m J4
J3
ffomulas
ov Similan
Ja J,
S;) S,- +(Oin les By
au e4s match ms the milhod RN
=1 n f,(IVI,
6) 9-
(vI,6) f, P-
N edement Diagonal
 0.9 2- |S.
fos NR method,
= - 0.95

a P0 (load)
1, =0.9 -I8 polan fam bus

gehralion
P= o.45 pu

047| - i0-84 9
o-5+j0.9
- 0.97o6 / -60.9
2
Y, = y2= 0.9708 - 60 .4
-0.970 2 o ||9. o2°
cale
o.970S /-60.9
(O,+ 62S.)
(sfep 0.9708 x D.9 x 1 cos ||9-0 2° +0 -(-18))
0 970S L-60.q - o.470 8 /4.02

-0.97oS / |9.01 0 970s-6o.q Srmitdy

-0 6342 + o -38

-0- 2 5677 1
Assme

vveLor

+ S4-S) t
P:
h Cal |Y.I|v, |V| sm (O,,+ S, - S.)
D110s X o.4 x I Sin ( u4-02 + 0-(-I6))
-[ 0470 S x 0.9 X 0.9
sm(60.9 ) 1
 -(-02 567) = -069 ru V
AP- -0.95
A= -03S -(o. 091)= -025 pu

prly the allorseny tst fo onengenee

|APT = |P:S-P:| < blenaru. -(-IR))

0-595

the po es maTch at ¬ach bus wscd to

+ 8,-S2)
Speu ty lhu tolranu whch s
1 r
00L pu fr Aial & jlacuu poues - 6o.)+ D9 70S x
=2 Xo.9708 X o9 ces (
Lond fo cach bus is Sasfud cos(4 o2+0 +I§)
talenane
tu solulon pouen flow eqlionu has - 0.|3q6
bun oblaind I! not t k= ktl
+6,-5.)
Lompue
Ya lv||V.| cos (o,,
fhd Ja coblan mir

|1:02 + IS )
09708 XO. 9XI(os

I-0.634 2
 0595 0-/39 6
- 0.69 |

-0 2S - 0"639 0.865

- 0:69I

-b
det (3)

- 0.) 34

0 634 DS4 S

| 432 -O,2 3
-)8 2o
| -058I

-0?3|

- 0.9774

-|8 0 . 9 3 I -I8.93)

|.8774
7.4.3 Acceleration of Convergence
Ihe rate of convergence of Gauss-Siedel method can be inCreased by applyio
acceleration factor as already discussedin Section 6.5.1.3. After every iteration a
COrrection factor is applied to each load bus voltage as followS:

-v) (7.42)
and V becomes
vkl = y +Avk*l (7.43)
with c being the acceleration factor. Its value depends upon the system. For typical
systems, the range of 1.3 to 1.7 is found to be satisfactory.
Example 7.1 For the power system network shown in Fig. 7.3, compute the bus
voltages using the Gauss-Seidel iteration method. Line reactance and loads are
shown in the figure. Bus 1 is the slack bus and buses 2 and 3 are the load and
voltage-control buses, respectively. Assume tolerance equal to 0.0000 1.
1 j0.2
Pa1.0 pu
j0.4 j0.25
|V,|=1.005 pu
+P21.0 pu
V=1.04Z0 2 n = 0 . 8 pu

Fig. 7.3 Three-bussystem for Example 7.1

 Power Flow Studies 279

Solution
The Yyus Matrix of the system can be assembled by inspection and is given as
-7.5 2.5 5.0

Yus = 2.5 -6.5 4.0

5.0 4.0 -9.0|
Iteration 1:
Assume an initial estimate of voltage equal to (1.0 + j0.0) on the load bus 2.
Using Eq. (7.37),
-1.0+ j0.8
-=-1.0+ j0.8
1.0- j0
From Eq. (7.36),

Y2
-1.0 +j0.8-(G2.5 x1.04 +j4.0 x1.005) =0.8954- j0.1538
(-j6.5)
Since bus 3 is a voltage-controlled bus, real power P and magnitude of the bus
voltage are specified. Using Eq. (7.18), reactive power , at the bus is computed
as follows

- Im(v xi)=im 1.005x(, +,+)|

=
Im(1.005 +j0) x{js0x(1.04 +j0)
+j4.0x(0:8954 j0.1538)+(-j9.0)x (1.05S +j0)}|
= 0.2647

S (1.0- j0.2647) (1.0- j0.2647) = 0.9950 - j0.2635

(1.005- j0)

(0.9950 j0.2635)-jS.0 x(1.04 +jo)+ j4.0(0.8954 j0.1538)

(-j9.0)
= 1.0050 + j0.0422
 Power Flow Studies 281
280 Power System Analysis
bus 3is held constant,, thereal part of V} is sofiteration is repeated tillthee voltages converge to within the specified
Sincethe voltage magnitude at
process
as per Eq. (7.41)
smodified The
(olerance
asfollows:
which in the present case is 0.00001. The voltages at buses 2 and 3 are

e = y(1.005) -(0.0422)' =1.0041 Iteration

1.0400 +j0.0000 0,8954-j0.1538 1.0041 + j0.0422
Hence,
2 1.0400 + j0.0000 0.8557 -j0.1180 1.0034 +j0.0563
V =1.0041 +j0.0422 3 1.0400 +j0.0000 0.8519 - j0.1200 1.0032 +j0.0602
Iteration 2: 4 1.0400 +j0.0000 0.8507 -j0.1201 I.0032 +j0.0602
5 1.0400 +j0.0000 0.8505 j0.1202 1.0032 + j0.0602
-1.0+ j0.8 =-0.9357+ jl.0542
(0.8954- j0.1538) 44 MATLAB Programme for Power Flow Studies
From Eq. (7.36) by Gauss-Seidel Method Using Y,us
-(a+) The MATLAB programme function písg for computing the bus voltages by the
Gauss-Seidel iteration method is as follows.
funetion [Ybus, VN]=pfsg (nbus, nlns, ld, pfbd, accrucy):
RProgramme for performing power flow studies
-1.0+ j0.8-2.5x1.04 +j4.0x(1.0041 +j0.0422)] PArt-I : Assembly of Ybus from 1ine datta
(-j6.5) Ybus zeros (nbus);
VP(nbus,1) =0;
= 0.8557 -j0.1180 (nbus, 1) =0;
tor k=l:nlns;
m=ld(k, 1):
n=ld(k, 2) :
=Im [(1.0041+j0.0422) x 0.5 x (1.04 +j0) +j4.0 Ybus (m, m) =Ybus (m, m) +l/ld (k, 3)+ld (k, 4):
x (0.8557 -j0.1180) + (- j9.0) x (1.0041 +j0.0422)}] Ybus (n, n) =Ybus (n, n) +1/ld (k, 3) +ld(k, 4) ;:
=-0.38 Ybus (m, n)=-1/ld (k,3):
Ybus (n,m) =Ybus (m, n);
1+j0.38 1+ j0.38 end

=0.9783 + j0.4197 Ybus

1.0041- j0.0422 itr=0,;

-,5 +%V) COunt=0:

Gauss-Seidal iteration method
VP(1) =input (slack bus voltage'):
for k=2: nbus:
(0.9783 +j0.4197) - j0.5(1.04 +j0)+ j4.0(0.8557 - j0.1180) if pfbd (k,1) == 0;
-j9.0 VP (k) =VP (1):
= 0.9114 + j0.0563 else
In order to keep the voltage magnitude at bus 3 constant at 1.005, the real partof VP (k) =pfbd (k, 3):
end
V is re-computed as follows: end
W}h1le count
Hence,
Re(vi=1005) -(0.0563) =1.0034 Bur-0;
<
nbus-1;

V
itr-ltr+l;
for k=21
nbus i
1.0034 +j0.0563 If pfbd (k.l) =: 0:
-ptbd (k, 5))VP (k)):
*K]= (Dfbd (k.2) -pfbd(k. 4)+" (ptbd (k, 3)
else
 Power Flow Studies 301
300 Power System Analysis
elements of J] are theload buses, compute the real and reactive powers by using Eqs
The diagonal and off-diagonal 2: For
Sp (7.19) and (7.20) respectively. Then compute power residuals using Eqs
(7.86) and (7.87).
=2|V||cos., +|P|mcos(.,-6, +ô,) (7.92) Eor voltage-controlled buses, real power at the buses is calculated by
cing Ea. (7.19). Then compute AP" using Eq. (7.86).
|Vmcos( ,m -, +,,) for m* i (7.93) Sep3: Compute the
elementss of Jacobian matrix by computing the sub-matrices
414}[s]. and [ut].,using Eqs (7.90) to (7.97).
The diagonal and off-diagonalelements of [J] are (7.84), by either forward and backward substitution (Gauss
Slup4: Solve Eq.
elimination) or the MATLAB function () for computing the inverse of a
-2l|lcoso,m-6, +o,) (7.94)
matrix, to obtain AS and AV.
Dun 5: Compute the new estimates of bus voltage magnitudes and voltage angles
-=-vl|mcos(.,m-6, +om) for m
*i (7.95) by using Eq. (7.89).
Con 6: Apply the following test for convergence.
The diagonal and off-diagonal elements of (J4] are lat|-lp-ls tolerance
=-2|V.|. sin@,- l sin(&, -8, +6) (7.96)
m
|act=le-efs tolerance
#i
aly-msin(.,m -,+6,,) for m (7.97) The power mismatch at each bus is used to specify the tolerance which is
Usually of the order of 0.01 pu for real and reactive powers. If the tolerance
condition for each bus is satisfied, the solution of the power flow equations has
7.8.1.2 Computation for System Havíng Both PQand P- VBuses ben obtained, if not, put k = k+1, and go to Step 2.
As already stated in Section 7.3. 1, the voltage magnitude and real power at a
voltage-controlled bus in a power system are specified. Therefore, equations Example 7.5 Use the Newton-Raphson iterative technique to solve Example
7.1.
involving A||and Ag and corresponding columns of the Jacobian matrix
associated with the control buses are eliminated. In other words, ifa power system Solution
follows:
ofn buses contains n, buses specified as voltage-controlled buses, then the number ne bus Matrix in polar of the system is calculated and given as
of buses with real power constraints are equal to (n -1) and the number of buses 7.5000 2.5000 S.0000
baving reactive power control are equal to (n - n, - 1), Thus, the order of the ( 2.5000 6.5000 4.0000
matrix will be 2(n -1)-n,. The order of the sub-matrices will be as folfows bus

(n -1) × (n-1) |5.0000 4.0000 9.0000

(n-1) x(n-1- n,) and
(n-1-n,) x(n -1) |-1.5708 1.5708 1.5708
(n-1-n,) x(n-l- n,) [0] = 1.5708 -1.5708 1.5708
7.8.1.3 Algorithm for Power Flow Solution by N-R | 1.5708 1.5708 -1.5708
The procedure for the power Method voltage-conirolled bus,
flow solution of a system by Newton--Raphson Step l:.Assume =0 radians; for the
method is as follows. =1.04 pu: and Sy
Sep l: Initializethe N-R iterative process by setting the iteration counttk=0and lake S =0 radians. powers for bus 2
Siep 2: the real and reactive
set the voltage magnitudes |V]" equal to the slack bus voltage or equalto
10. Set the bus voltage angle 8 cqual to zero for the P-Q or load buses. Employing Eqs (7.19) and (7.20),computed
and the real power for bus 3 are as follows
04 x cos(|.5708)
6.5 × 1
Set the voitage voltagC-controlled 2*1.04 x (2.5 x L.04 x cos-1.5708) +
buses.
angles 8 cqual to zero for the P-V or +4.0 x 1.005 x cos(-1.5708)) =0
 Power Flow Studies 303
302 Power System Analysis
Therefore,the.Jacobian matrix is formulated as follows:
Similarly, P, = 0
6.8848 4.1808 0.00001
0,-1.04 x(2.5 x 1.04 xsin(-1.5708) +6.5 x 1.04 x sin(1.5709%
t 4.0 x 1.005 x sin-1.5708)]=0.1456 J]=-4.1808 9.4068 0.0000
0.0000 -0.0000
6.9000 |
AP, = PP -P, =-1.0 - 0 =-1.0
the following relation is obtained
AP, = PT -P, =1.0-0= 1.0 Siep3: Using Eq. (7.72),
AR
A; = ? -0,=0. 80.1456 =-0.9456
A8,JAB
Use Eqs (7.90) to (7.97) to compute the elements of [V) UJ, VJ, and [J,1. Thue
P, - l.0x1.04x2.5xsin(-1.5708) +1.0 x4.0xsin(-1.5708) =6.8848
The MATLAB facility () for computing the inverse of amatrix is taken advantage
ofto compute the changes in oj, , and V,. Hence,
= 1.0x1.005 x4.0xsin(-1.5708) =-4.1808 6.8848 -4.1808 0.0000 -1.0000 -0.110s]
4.1808 9.4068 0.0000
|A8; 1.0000 0.0572
=1.0x1.005 x4.0 xsin(-1.5708) =-4.1808 0.0000 0.0000 6.9000 -0.9456-0.1370
Sep 4: Using Eq. (7.70), the new ß,, ß, and V, are estimated, that is,
=1.005 x1.04 xS.0 xsin(-1.5708) + 1.0x 4.0 x sin(-1.5708) Þ, =0-0.1105 = -0.1105, , =0+0.0572 =0.0572, and
=9.4068 ,=1.04-0.1370 =0.9030
6.8848 -4.1808]
Sep 5: Clearly, the mismatch in real and reactive powers at buses2 and 3, that is,
-4.1808 9.4608| |AP
abs AP >>0.01
= 2x1.0x 6.5 Xcos(1.5708) +1.04x 2.5 Xcos (-1.5708)
3, 4, andS till the
S hecessary to returm to Step 2 and repeat Steps
+1.0x 4.0 >x cos(-1.5708) =0 absolute values of the real and reactive powers is < or = 0.01.
The rresults of the subsequent iterations are as follows:
= 1.0x4.0 xcos(-1.5708)= 0 AP, AP, AQ, AV,
-0.0279 0.0026 -0.0410
0.9030 -0.1105 0.0572 0.1352 0.0954 -0.1873
-0.0021 0.0001 0.0031
}0,8619
4 -0.1384 0.0598 -0.008 0.0053 -0.0122
<«0.01 <<0.0001 <<0.0001
<<0.0001
0,8589 -0.1405 0,0599 <<0.01 <<0.01
The corresponding values of the J] matrices are given here from atutorial

1.0x (1.04 x 2.5 cos(-1.5708)+1.005 x cos(-1.5708)) =0

lpereratsipoectn ive: 5.9123 -3.5790 -0.95787
- L.0x1.005 x 4.0xcos(-1.5708) =0 -3.5790 8.7964 0.6710
-0,8648 0.6059 5.1907

=-2x1.0 x 6.5 x S.6165 -3.3970 -1.1506|

sin(1.5708)+1.04x 2.5x sin(-1.5700) 3
-3.3970 8.6137 0.7917
+ 1,005 × 4.0x [-0.9917 0.6824 4.6884
sin(-1.5708) =6.9
304 Power System Analysis

5.5945 -3.3835 -1.1643|

-3.3835 8.6001 0.8002
4
-1.0000 0.6872 4.6511||