Fundamentals of

Electrics and Electronics

For Aeronautical Engineers
Spring 2023
 Lecture 3 Contents
• Chapter 3
• METHODS OF ANALYSIS
• Nodal Analysis
• Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources
• Mesh Analysis
• Mesh Analysis with Current Sources

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 Chapter 3- METHODS OF ANALYSIS
• Introduction
With the two techniques to be developed in this chapter, we can
analyze almost any circuit by obtaining a set of simultaneous
equations that are then solved to obtain the required values of
current or voltage. Kirchhoff’s
law

KCL KVL

Nodal Mesh
Analysis Analysis

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 Chapter 3- METHODS OF ANALYSIS
NODAL ANALYSIS
• In nodal analysis, we are interested in finding the node voltages. Given a
circuit with n nodes without voltage sources, the nodal analysis of the
circuit involves taking the following 5 steps:
1. Select a node as the reference node.

2. Assign voltages v1, v2, . . . , vn−1 to the remaining n − 1 nodes. The voltages are
referenced with respect to the reference node.

3. Apply KCL to each of the n − 1 nonreference nodes.

4. Use Ohm’s law to express the branch currents in terms of node voltages.

5. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the unknown node voltages.
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 Chapter 3- METHODS OF ANALYSIS
NODAL ANALYSIS
• Example: Calculate the node voltage in the circuit
1. Selecting a node as the reference or datum node.
2. Assign voltage designations to nonreference nodes.
3. Apply KCL to each non-reference node in the circuit.
1. At node 1: I1 = I2 + i1 + i2
2. At node 2: I 2 + i 2 = i3
4. Apply Ohm’s law to express the unknown currents i1, i2, and i3 in terms of
node voltages.

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 Chapter 3- METHODS OF ANALYSIS
NODAL ANALYSIS
• 4.

• 5. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations (using Cramer’s Rule)

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 Chapter 3- METHODS OF ANALYSIS
NODAL ANALYSIS
• Example:
1. Calculate the node voltage in the circuit

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 Chapter 3- METHODS OF ANALYSIS
NODAL ANALYSIS
• Example:
• 2- Calculate the node voltage in the circuit

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 Chapter 3- METHODS OF ANALYSIS
NODAL ANALYSIS WITH VOLTAGE SOURCES
1. If a voltage source is connected between the
reference node and a non-reference node, we
simply set the voltage at the non-reference node
equal to the voltage of the voltage source.
2. If the voltage source (dependent or independent) is
connected between two non-reference nodes, the
two non-reference nodes form a generalized node
or supernode; we apply both KCL and KVL to
determine the node voltages.

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 Chapter 3- METHODS OF ANALYSIS
NODAL ANALYSIS WITH VOLTAGE SOURCES

Note the following properties of a supernode:

1. The voltage source inside the supernode provides a constraint equation needed
to solve for the node voltages.
2. A supernode has no voltage of its own.
3. A supernode requires the application of both KCL and KVL.

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 Chapter 3- METHODS OF ANALYSIS
NODAL ANALYSIS WITH VOLTAGE SOURCES
• Example:
• 3- For the circuit, find the node voltages

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 Chapter 3- METHODS OF ANALYSIS
NODAL ANALYSIS WITH VOLTAGE SOURCES
• Example:
• 4-For the circuit, find the node voltages

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 Chapter 3- METHODS OF ANALYSIS
MESH ANALYSIS
• Nodal analysis applies KCL to find unknown voltages in a given circuit,
while mesh analysis applies KVL to find unknown currents.

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 Chapter 3- METHODS OF ANALYSIS
MESH ANALYSIS
• Steps to Determine Mesh Currents :

1. Determine Meshes.
2. Assign mesh currents i1, i2, . . . , in to the n meshes.
3. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes.
4. Use Ohm’s law to express the voltages in terms of the mesh currents.
5. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the mesh currents.

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 Chapter 3- METHODS OF ANALYSIS
MESH ANALYSIS
• Applying KVL to Mesh 1:
−V1 + R1i1 + R3(i1 − i2) = 0
or
(R1 + R3)i1 − R3i2 = V1

• For mesh 2, applying KVL gives

R2i2 + V2 + R3(i2 − i1) = 0
or
−R3i1 + (R2 + R3)i2 = −V2

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 Chapter 3- METHODS OF ANALYSIS
MESH ANALYSIS
• Example 5: For the circuit, find the branch currents I1, I2, and I3 using
mesh analysis.

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 Chapter 3- METHODS OF ANALYSIS
MESH ANALYSIS
• Example 6: For the circuit, find the branch currents I0 using mesh
analysis.

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 Chapter 3- METHODS OF ANALYSIS
MESH ANALYSIS WITH CURRENT SOURCES
1. When a current source exists only in one mesh
We set i2 = −5 A and write a mesh
equation for the other mesh in the usual way, that is,
−10 + 4i1 + 6(i1 − i2) = 0 ⇒ i1 = −2 A
2. When a current source exists between two meshes, We create a
supermesh by excluding the current source and any elements
connected in series with it

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 Chapter 3- METHODS OF ANALYSIS
MESH ANALYSIS WITH CURRENT SOURCES

Note the following properties of a supermesh:

1. The current source in the supermesh is not completely ignored;
it provides the constraint equation necessary to solve for the
mesh currents.
2. A supermesh has no current of its own.
3. A supermesh requires the application of both KVL and KCL.

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 Chapter 3- METHODS OF ANALYSIS
MESH ANALYSIS WITH CURRENT SOURCES
• Example 7: For the, find i1 to i4 using mesh analysis

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 Chapter 3- METHODS OF ANALYSIS
MESH ANALYSIS WITH CURRENT SOURCES
• Example 8: For the, find i1 to i3 using mesh analysis

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 Chapter 3- Summary
1. Nodal analysis is the application of Kirchhoff’s current law at the nonreference
nodes. (It is applicable to both planar and nonplanar circuits.) We express the result in
terms of the node voltages. Solving the simultaneous equations yields the node
voltages.
2. A supernode consists of two nonreference nodes connected by a (dependent or
independent) voltage source.
3. Mesh analysis is the application of Kirchhoff’s voltage law around meshes in a
planar circuit. We express the result in terms of mesh currents. Solving the
simultaneous equations yields the mesh currents.
4. A supermesh consists of two meshes that have a (dependent or independent)
current source in common.
5. Nodal analysis is normally used when a circuit has fewer node equations than mesh
equations. Mesh analysis is normally used when a circuit has fewer mesh equations
than node equations.

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