ABSTRACT

Due to escalating urbanization and population growth around the world, there is a
significant demand for the construction of tall buildings, and earthquakes have the
capacity to causing the damage to those tall structures. Seismic Base Isolation is one
of the most prevalent techniques for shielding a building from earthquake forces. It is a
collection of structural elements that should substantially decouple a superstructure from
its substructure,which is resting on the shaking ground, thereby protecting the integrity
of a building or structures. Superstructure typically move like rigid bodies rather than
collapsing even whenthe earth is moving violently. The installation of isolators at the
base of buildings significantly increases the time period of the structure, decreasing the
resonance of structureand improving the building's seismic performance. In this study a
Non-Linear Dynamic Analysis (Time History Analysis) is performed of a high-rise
(G+14) Storey RC building with dynamic isolators (lead-rubber-bearing), in
comparison with Fixed base system of thesame building for Different Ground Motion
Data (El Centro and Corralit) using ETABS software. The results obtained from the
analysis are collatted in terms of base shear, storey displacement, storey drift, storey
stiffness, and storey acceleration. Storey stiffness for the isolated base structure
decreases and it promotes structural flexibility. When compared to a fixed foundation
building, the isolator considerably reduces the stiffness and acceleration ofthe stories in
both the X and Y directions.

Keywords: Nonlinear Time History Analysis, Base Isolation, Lead Rubber Bearing,
StoreyDisplacement, Storey Stiffness, Storey drift, Base Shear.
.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter- 1 Introduction 3-6

Chapter-2 Literature Review 7-10
Chapter-3 Objectives 9
Chapter-4 Methodology 12-19
Chapter-5 Possible Outcome 19

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Genaral

In the modern world, population growth and population density is increasing very
rapidly, which causes the amount of space accessible for people to continue decreasing
daily. The invention of multi-storey structures is a result of the need for more comfort
in a less space. When constructing and erecting a multi-storey building in a seismically
active area, early safeguards must be taken due to the unpredictable behaviour of
earthquake. Because, the traditional approach to designing earthquake-resistant
structures in not economic which involves making buildings stiff and strong in order
to absorb all the lateral stresses produced by earthquake ground motion. As a Structural
Engineer has to take action to save lives and at least damage buildings during an
earthquake. Base isolation is the most recent advancement in earthquake protection
projects; it cannot stop ground movement but helps to reduce its consequences on
structure.

India is categorized into four (II, III, IV, and V) seismic zones, whereas zones III, IV, and
V covering over 60% of the country's surface area. The earthquakes are catastrophic and
can resultin considerable structural damage or even collapse. As the tectonic plates which
lies on the asthenosphere are always slowly moving due to friction, they become trapped
at their edges, which results in this natural hazard. Large strain energy is released at the
margins where tensionoverpowers friction and propagates as seismic waves throughout
the earth's crust in alldirections

Figure 1.1. Approaching of seismic waves to the ground

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1.2 Base Isolation
Among the passive techniques for controlling structural vibrations in earthquake
engineering, base isolation stands out as a highly potent method. On the evolution of
earthquake-resistant buildings, a concept born to separate or at least reduce the acceleration
of the earthquake which is channelled into the building. By placing structures on the base
isolation system, will prevent horizontal earthquake acceleration which is transferred to
structure. This produces a outstanding reduction in the seismic acceleration on each floor
(floor acceleration) and inter storey drift. The basic principle of base isolation system is to
provide flexibility in the base of the building and at the same time provide damping to
prevent amplification caused by the earthquake. This will significantly help in reducing
structural damage and non-structural damage, providing vital safety equipment in the
building, and reducing the seismic acceleration transferred to the building. Isolation can be
achieved through a variety of methods, such as rubber bearings, friction bearings, ball
bearings, spring systems, and alternative approaches. Its purpose is to enhance the ability
of a building or any structure to withstand a potentially catastrophic seismic event, either
through initial meticulous design or subsequent adjustments. In certain instances, the
implementation of base isolation can significantly elevate both the seismic performance
and overall durability of a structure.

Lead Rubber Bearing

Figure1.2.1 Component of lead rubber bearing

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 Figure 1.2.2 With stable bilinear behaviour

It consist of laminated elastomeric bearing pad, top and bottom sealing & connecting
plates and lead plug inserted in the middle of the bearing as shown in the Fig 1.2.1. These
are mainly built up for dampers of low elastomers and cores of lead of around 15%-33%
of bearing bonded diameters. Use of combination of lead-plug and laminated-rubber
bearings which produce enormous dissipation energy (hysteretic energy) which leads to
a merging of single component and for the successful system or isolation system the
dampers are essential. Lead-plug bearings shear strain range between the 12.5% and 20%
and it varies as a purpose or function as producer or manufacturer. Usually, these LRB
isolators are of cylindrical in nature of bearings along with steel shims reinforcement.
There will be alternate arrangement of rubber and shims and at isolators both ends steel
plates are provided. Load carrying capacity is enhanced by the steel shims which in turn
stiffened under the vertical loading and which in turn flexible under the horizontal
loading. The rectification of the response of the building is the main essential
(fundamental) principle of base isolation system without any conveying these motions
into the frame. In an ideal system to achieve this flexibility in structure this separation
would be required. But in the existing world there is a necessity to have some contact
between the superstructure and sub structure. So, we provide some device that can help
to reduce the transfer of load through these isolators.

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 Features of Lead Rubber Bearing:
• Flexible in horizontal direction but Stiff and strong in vertical direction.
• Changing the bearing’s shape helps to absorb Seismic Force.
• Allow structure to retain their original shapes and position owing to the high elastic
force of rubber.
• Capable to adjust damping amount just by changing the number of lead plugs.
• Excellent vertical load carrying capacity.
• Reduce the grFeatures of Lead Rubber Bearing:
• Flexible in horizontal direction but Stiff and strong in vertical direction.
• Changing the bearing’s shape helps to absorb Seismic Force.
• Allow structure to retain their original shapes and position owing to the high elastic
force of rubber.
• Capable to adjust damping amount just by changing the number of lead plugs.
• Excellent vertical load carrying capacity.
• Reduce the ground acceleration by extending the structure vibration period.
• High durable and elasticity of the rubber part - not suffer any damages during and
after earthquake.
• With stable bilinear behaviour as shown in the above Fig 1.2.2ound acceleration by
extending the structure vibration period.
• High durable and elasticity of the rubber part - not suffer any damages during and
after earthquake.
• With stable bilinear behaviour as shown in the above Fig 1.2.2

Fig 1.2.3 Fixed and Isolated Base Building

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 CHAPTER 2
LITRATURE REVIEW

2.1 A. B. M. Saiful Islam and Walid A. Al-Kutti carried out a study on “SEISMIC
RESPONSE VARIATION OF MULTISTOREY BASE-ISOLATED BUILDINGS
APPLYING LEAD RUBBER BEARINGS”. The superstructures of the high-rise buildings
are represented by finite element assemblage adopting multi-degree of freedoms. Static and
dynamic analyses are carried out for Fixed base (FB) and base isolated (BI) buildings. The
dynamic analysis in finite element package has been performed by the nonlinear time history
analysis (THA) based on the site-specific seismic excitation and compared employing eminent
earthquakes. The influence of the model type and the alteration in superstructure behaviour of
the isolated buildings have been duly assessed. The results of the 3D multistorey structures
show that the lateral forces, displacement, inertia and storey accelerations of the superstructure
of the seismic prone buildings are significantly reduced due to bearing insertion. The nonlinear
dynamic analysis shows 12 to 40% lessening in base shear when LRB is incorporated leading
to substantial allowance of horizontal displacement. It is revealed that the LRB isolators might
be potential options to diminish the respective floor accelerations, inertia, displacements and
base shear whatever the condition coincides. The isolators with lower force intercept but
higher isolation period is found to be better for decreasing base shear, floor acceleration and
inertia force leading to reduction of structural and non-structural damage. However, LRB with
lower isolator period seems to be more effective in dropping displacement at bearing interface
aimed at reducing horizontal shift of building structure [1].
2.2 Vinodkumar Parma, G.S. Hiremath’s study is carried on “EFFECT OF BASE
ISOLATION IN MULTISTORIED RC IRREGULAR BUILDING USING TIME HISTORY
ANALYSIS”. Base isolation (BI) is a globally recognized method to safeguard buildings from
earthquake damage. By introducing isolators at the base, the technique notably extends the
structure's natural period, minimizing resonance risk and enhancing seismic performance.
This study compares the effectiveness of base isolation in multi-story RC frame buildings with
plan irregularity and vertical irregularity. The investigation centers on a 15-story RC frame
building, utilizing Time History analysis within ETABS 2013 software. Lead Rubber Bearings
(LRB) adhering to UBC 97 code are designed for the analysis of the base isolation system.
Results encompass time period and base shear. Isolated structures exhibit longer time periods

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than fixed-base structures. The presence of isolators significantly reduces base shear in both
X and Y directions compared to fixed bases. Interestingly, when comparing plan irregular and
vertical irregular base-isolated buildings, the latter displays improved performance in high
seismic zones, demonstrating the advantages of employing base isolators [2].
2.3 Tanveer M, C S Vijaya Kumar, Dr M N Shivakumar In this paper “TIME
HISTORY ANALYSIS OF MULTI STOREY BUILDING WITH AND WITHOUT BASE
ISOLATION.” Base isolation (BI) is a globally employed technique aimed at safeguarding
buildings against earthquake-induced damage. By incorporating isolators at the base of
structures, the technique effectively elongates the structure's natural period, mitigating the
risk of resonance and ultimately enhancing seismic performance. This study involves
comparing the efficacy of base isolation in a multi-story reinforced concrete (RC) frame
building. The analysis employs Time History analysis within the ETABS 2016 software. The
results, encompassing storey displacement, drift, stiffness, and acceleration, are juxtaposed
to evaluate the technique's impact. Notably, base isolation leads to decreased storey stiffness
and heightened structural flexibility. The presence of isolators results in substantial
reductions in storey stiffness and acceleration, both in the X and Y directions, when
compared to a fixedbase building [3].

2.4 Nithin A V, Jayalekshmi R In this study “Seismic analysis of multi storey rc

buildings supported on single and combined base isolation systems.”. The study aims to
compare the performance of buildings using lead rubber bearings (LRB) and friction
pendulum bearings (FPB) individually and in combination, considering both regular and
irregular building plans. Various parameters such as base shear, storey displacements, inter-
storey drifts, and storey rotations are examined using EL Centro, Loma, and Northridge
earthquake records. The research begins with isolator design considerations and investigates
the effective damping variations for different isolation systems. Nonlinear time analysis is
conducted on a twelve-storey reinforced concrete building to assess seismic responses. The
findings reveal that the most effective approach involves combining Friction Pendulum
Bearings on the exterior and Lead Rubber Bearings on the interior, resulting in reduced
responses compared to a model employing only Lead Rubber Bearings. Models with Friction
Pendulum Bearings demonstrate the lowest base shear and inter-storey drift values.

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Meanwhile, Lead Rubber Bearings are particularly effective in minimizing storey rotations
for buildings with irregular plans [4].

2.5 Deepak R. Pant and Anil C. Wijeyewickrema In this paper “PERFORMANCE

OF BASE-ISOLATED REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS UNDER
BIDIRECTIONAL SEISMIC EXCITATION CONSIDERING POUNDING WITH
RETAINING WALLS INCLUDING FRICTION EFFECTS” This study focuses on the effects
of seismic pounding on base-isolated reinforced concrete buildings under bidirectional
excitation. Unlike previous research that mostly examined unidirectional excitation, this study
investigates the interaction between buildings and retaining walls using a newly developed
contact element accounting for friction. A three-dimensional finite element model of a code-
compliant four-story building is used, considering nonlinear behaviour of both the
superstructure and isolation system. The building's response is evaluated for far-fault and near-
fault ground motions, representing design and maximum considered earthquake levels.
Nonlinear analyses are performed with varying isolator properties and separation distances
between the building and retaining walls. This study aims to provide insights into the behaviour
of base-isolated buildings subjected to bidirectional seismic forces [5].

2.6 A.B.M. Saiful Islam and Mahmoud Sodangi study on “RUBBER BEARING
ISOLATION FOR STRUCTURES PRONE TO EARTHQUAKE - A COST
EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS” explores the effectiveness, design, and practical feasibility of
base isolation systems to reduce seismic demands on buildings of varying elevations. Thus,
static and dynamic analyses were conducted based on site-specific bi-directional earthquakes
for base-isolated as well as fixed-based buildings. Remarkably, it was discovered that isolators
used in low-rise to high-rise structures tend to significantly decrease the structural responses
of seismic prone buildings. The higher allowable horizontal displacement induces structural
flexibility and ensure good structural health of the building stories. Reinforcement from vertical
and horizontal members can be reduced in significant amounts for BI buildings. Thus, although
incorporating base isolators increases the initial outlay, it considerably diminishes the total
structural cost [6].

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2.7 Alfonso Vulcano “COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EARTHQUAKE AND WIND
DYNAMIC RESPONSES OF BASE-ISOLATED BUILDINGS”. This paper aims to analyze
the dynamic response of base-isolated structures exposed to severe earthquakes or wind loads
to achieve an optimized design for the base-isolation system. The study focuses on three- and
five-story reinforced concrete framed structures, which are isolated using high-damping-
laminated-rubber bearings (HDLRB). Through a systematic numerical investigation, the study
examines how the structures behave under earthquake and wind conditions, considering
various degrees of isolator deformability across a broad range of values. The obtained results
demonstrate distinct responses in different scenarios, contributing to a deeper understanding of
the interplay between isolator flexibility and structural behaviour [7].

2.8 Hassan Darwich and Hala Damerji “EFFECT OF LEAD-RUBBER BEARING

ISOLATORS IN REDUCING SEISMIC DAMAGE FOR A HIGH-RISE BUILDING IN
COMPARISON WITH NORMAL SHEAR WALL SYSTEM”. Seismic isolation has been
introduced in building construction to increase the structural stability and to protect the
nonstructural components against the damaging effects of an earthquake. In order to clarify the
influence of incorporating lead rubber bearing isolators in the seismic response and in reducing
seismic damages; a comparative study is performed between a fixed base system (shear wall
system) and an isolated base system (Lead Rubber Bearing) on an irregular high rise reinforced
concrete (RC) building located in Beirut consisting of 48 storeys almost asymmetric
orthogonally. For this purpose, a non-linear analysis of a real earthquake acceleration record
(EI Centro seismic signal) is conducted, so that the mode shapes, the damping ratio and the
natural frequencies of the two models are obtained using ETABS software. The results prove a
substantial elongation of the building period, as well as a reduction in the building
displacement, the roof acceleration, the inter-storey drift ratio and the base shear force of
isolated building relative to fixed-base building. This study proves that this technology is
applicable to high rise buildings with acceptable results [8].

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 CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES

1. To analyze a Multistoried RC framed Building (G+14) with and without Rubber Base
Isolator.
2. To study the seismic behavior of multistoried RC framed Building under Nonlinear
dynamic analysis (Time History Analysis) for different Ground Motion Data (El Centro
and Corralit).
3. To collate the results obtained by analysis of multistoried building with and without
rubber base isolator

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 CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

4.1 Modeling of Multistoried Building (G+14) in ETABS

A 15 storey building of dimension 30m in X direction and 30m in Y direction (6 of 5m bays
inX and Y direction ) having each storey height 3.2m. Thus 6 models were modeled as follows:

Model 1. Equivalent Static Analysis of Fixed Base.

Model 2. Equivalent Static Analysis of Isolated Base (Lead Rubber Bearing)

Model 3. Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis (Time History) of Fixed base for Corralit ground
motion data.
Model 4 . Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis (Time History) of Isolated base for Corralit ground
motion data.
Model 5 . Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis (Time History) of Fixed base for El Centro ground
motion data.
Model 6 . Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis (Time History) of Isolated base for El Centro ground
motion data.

Table4.1.1 Material properties of building:

Grade of concrete M30

Grade of steel Fe500
Modulus of Elasticity of concrete, E 27386.13 MPa
Modulus of Elasticity of Steel, E 200000 MPa
Density of Reinforced Concrete 25 kN/m3
Density of Brick masnory 20 kN/m3
Daiphragms D1 (Rigid)

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Table 4.1.2 Properties of Base Isolator ( Lead Rubber Bearing ):

Vertical Stiffness 1660250.23 kN/m

Effective Damping 0.1

Effective Horizontal Stiffness in X, Y direction 4590.82 kN/m

Yield Stiffness 38696.08 kN/m

Yield Force 150 kN

Post Yield Stiffness Ratio 0.10

Table 4.1.3 Section properties of building:

Size of building 30m X 30m

Number of storeys 15

Storey height 3.2m

Column size 0.6m X 0.6m

Beam size 0.3m X 0.45m

Slab thickness 0.125m

Wall thickness 0.23m

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4.2 Loads:

Dead Load

Floor Finish= 1.5kN/m2

Wall Load = 14 kN/m

Live Load = 2 kN/m2 (As per IS 875-Part 2)

Seismic Load (As per IS 1893 (Part-1) 2016)

Seismic zone= IV

Zone Factor Z= 0.24

Importance Factor I= 1.2 (Residential Building)

Response Reduction Factor R= 5 (RC building with special moment resisting frame(SMRF))

Soil Type= II

Wind Load (As per IS 875-Part

3)Wind Speed, Vb= 50 m/sec

Terrain Category= 3

Structure Class= B Risk

Coefficient,k1= 1

Topography, k3= 1

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 Fig. 4.1.1 Plan view of Fixed Base Model

Fig. 4.1.2 Elevation of Fixed Base Model

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 Fig. 4.1.3 Plan View of Isolated Base Model

Fig. 4.1.4 Elevation of Isolated Base Model

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 4.3 Load Combination

The design is based on Indian Standard Codes and is analysed for Dead, Live, Wind, and
Seismic load conditions while taking into consideration relevant load combinations
recommended by the codes IS 456-2000, IS 875 (Part 5)-1987, and IS 1893-2016 (Part 1).
Vertical loads are transferred to the soil via columns and footings, which include dead and
superimposed loads. The ETabs software is used to analyse the structure for both vertical
and lateral loads. Floor slabs are thought to function as a rigid diaphragm transferring lateral
forcesto lateral load resisting elements. The following table shows the Load Combinations
used in analysis.

Load Combinations Limit State of Collapse Limit State of Serviceability

DL+SDL LL WL/EL/TL DL+SDL LL WL/EL/TL

DL+LL 1.5 1.5 - 1 1 -
DL+WL 1.5 or 0.9 - 1.5 1 - 1
DL+EL 1.5 or 0.9 - 1.5 1 - 1
DL+TL 1.5 - 1.5 1 - 1
DL+LL+WL 1.2 1.2 1.2 1 1 1
DL+LL+EL 1.2 1.2 1.2 1 1 1
DL+LL+TL 1.2 1.2 1.2 1 1 1
DL+WL+TL 1.2 - 1.2 1 - 1
DL+EL+TL 1.2 - 1.2 1 - 1
DL+LL+EL+TL 1.2 1.2 1.2 1 1 1

Table 4.3.1 Load Combinations

The following load combinations are considered as per IS 1893-2016 (Part 1) for
analysis:
1) 1.2 [DL+IL+(THX + 0.3THy)]
1.2[DL+IL+(THy+0.3THx)];

2) 1.5 [DL+(THX + 0.3THy)]

1.5 [DL+(THy + 0.3THx)];

3) 0.9[DL+1.5(THX+0.3THy)];

0.9 [DL+1.5(THy + 0.3THx)].

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4.4 Ground Motion Data
The following ground motion data are considered for Time History Analysis.
El Centro (X and Y direction)
Corralit-1 (X direction)
Corralit-2 (Y direction)
4.5 Seismic Analysis
The different seismic analysis methods are as follows:
• Equivalent Static Method
The Equivalent Static Method is a simplified approach used in structural engineering for the
seismic analysis and design of buildings and other structures. It is primarily used to estimate
the forces or displacements induced by an earthquake on a structure. This method is often
employed for low-to-moderate seismic hazard regions or for simpler structures with
approximate Natural Period Ta less than 0.4 sec. More sophisticated and time-consuming
dynamic analysis methods might not be necessary. In this Method, the dynamic effects of an
earthquake are approximated by a static equivalent, typically a lateral force or shear applied
at one or more levels of the structure. The equivalent static lateral force is calculated based
on the design earthquake's ground motion parameters and the building's characteristics, such
as its mass, height, stiffness, and mode shapes.

It's important to note that the Equivalent Static Method is an approximation and may not
capture all the complexities of a structure's behaviour during an earthquake. It is satisfactory
for simple structures and regions with lower seismic hazard levels. For more complex
structures or high-seismic hazard regions, more advanced analysis methods, such as
response spectrum analysis or time history analysis, may be necessary to ensure accurate
seismic design.

• Nonlinear Static Analysis (Pushover Analysis)

It is a practical method for estimating structural deformation and damage patterns under
constant vertical loads and gradually increasing lateral loads. Nonlinear static analysis is a
seismic analysis method in which the behaviour of the structure is characterized by a
capacity curve that represents the relationship between the base shear force and the roof
displacement. It is also referred as Pushover Analysis.

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 • Linear Dynamic analysis Method (Response Spectrum Analysis)
Dynamic analysis of structures involves studying the behaviour of structures under dynamic
loads, such as those caused by earthquakes, wind, vibrations, and other external forces. This
analysis is crucial for ensuring the safety, stability, and performance of structures in various
real-world situations. The response spectrum method is a type of linear dynamic analysis.
The peak response of a structure during an earthquake is obtained directly from the
earthquake response in this approach, this is quite accurate for structural design applications
than equivalent static analysis.

• Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis Method (Time History Analysis)

Nonlinear dynamic analysis is the most feasible and precise form of analysis available than
any other method. It is also known as "nonlinear response history analysis," or "nonlinear
dynamic procedure" (NDP). In nonlinear time history analysis, the response of a structure is
computed step by step over a series of time intervals, or time steps, using numerical
integration techniques. This allows for the consideration of factors such as material
nonlinearities (e.g., plastic deformation, stiffness degradation), geometric nonlinearities
(e.g., large displacements, rotations), and other nonlinear effects that might be present in the
system. Ground motion propagation throughout the structure generates complete response
histories for any quantity of interest (e.g., displacements, stress resultants).

Nonlinear time history analysis is particularly useful when dealing with complex and highly
dynamic systems, such as buildings, bridges, dams, and other structures subjected to severe
loading conditions, such as earthquakes or explosions. It provides insights into the structural
performance that linear analysis cannot capture and helps engineers design structures that
can withstand extreme events.

However, nonlinear analysis is computationally more intensive than linear analysis, and
accurate. In this study we used nonlinear time history analysis method as seismic analysis

of building.
Fig.4.5.1 El Centro Ground Motion Data Curve.

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 CHAPTER 5
POSSIBLE OUTCOME

1. Comparative analysis of the structural response in multistory buildings with and

without base isolators under various ground motion scenarios.
2. Evaluation of the effectiveness of base isolators in reducing structural vibrations and
enhancing seismic performance.
3. Identification of critical parameters influencing the building's response to seismic
forces.
4. Development of insights into the importance of different ground motion data on the
structural behavior.
5. Recommendations for the application of base isolators in specific seismic regions
based on the obtained results.
6. Contribution to the understanding of nonlinear time history analysis in seismic
engineering.

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