THE SEVENTEENTH AND THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

The Crown and the Parliament: Family ties weakened after the Tudors. Royal birth was
not important as used to be. The Stuarts quarrelled with Parliament and brought about the
civil war. The monarchy weakened and parliament monarchy came out. The Crown was
dependent on the co- operation. The new science age arrived, also reason. But James insisted
on his policies and religion. But He was not free from Parliament because of the money
need.H was bad at choosing the ministers. It caused quarrel between James and the parliament
because of Money and the limitation of him. Thirty Years War caused the debate and
Parliament was against the Catholics in the war. But James did not accept it because he was
attracted to Catholic Church.
Money always had been an issue between Charles I and Parliament. He tried to raise money
through the merchants, but he was restricted by Parliament via law. At first, he accepted that
Parliament was law, but then he ruled without it and balanced the budget. He made accept his
authority for a long time.
Religious Disagreement: Charles was Catholic and against Puritans. His wrong decisions
caused anti- catholic feeling in Britain. He tried to make a peace with Scots because his army
was not powerful as theirs. He accepted Parliament a little while , but then Irish Catholics
rebelled against Scots and English Protestants. The civil war came out again and Ulster
turned out a civil war area because Irish people worked with them in a peace a long time. The
civil wars caused the trade interruption and the raising of taxes. Briefly, society was affected
by wrong decisions and the civil war.
Republican Britain: Oliver Cromwell was against Charles I and his beliefs. Charles
supported Scots against Parliament and the Puritans was against him. Charles execution was
bad for Parliament reputation. Cromwell was against Anglican Church adn the monarchy.
King Charles II was not good at ruling and rebellion like his father. H was defeated and
SCotland was under The English rule anymore. But then parliament and army debate came
out because they wanted religious freedom and folloe their beliefs. It was thr basic human
rights.Cromwell’s belief was against Catholics so he was not supported by society and he
used the army to maintain law. After his death Charles II came back to london and supported
parliament and gave them positions. He also supported Louis XIV.
Charles ll : he wanted peace between religious groups such as puritans and catholics, but
Parliament did not accept it because it was Anglican. Puritans were beside the king against
Parliament. Charles also was interested in Catholic church so it was a danger for Parliament.
Thus, TEST ACT was passed and prevented Catholic from public Office.
There were two political parties Tories and whigs. Whigs were opposite to monarchy also
catholicism. Tories were supporters of crown and church.
There was a crisis over Catholicism and the crown. James was a catholic and parliament was
not content with it. Thus, itwas passed act to forbide Catholics.
Foreign relations: England had always a trade competition with Spain holland and France.
England also wanted to limit France power. Britain was a small land but it had colonies in
America and also sugar and slave trade.
REVOLUTION IN THOUGHT: Some sects and Nonconformists helped social reforms and
trade unionism.
There was a scientific revolution and also in medicine. It was supported by Charles ll.
The spreading of literacy and printing brought about appearing newspapers.
Life was hard for poor as a result of Thirth Years Wars because it damaged agriculture.
Canals and rivers became more important for trade. Transport revolution brought about
selling and buying. Also new class came out aristocrats.
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: England was strong and had a navy to protect itself.
Government was afraid of French revolution effect over england. It was restricted
byMethodism and defeating Napoleon. It prevented the riot of working class.
Walpole provided a financial power to England and the new bank made trade lawful.He
supported the parliament and the cabinet system. That means he supported the limitation of
the king by constitution.Catholic king never accepted, the king was dependent on Parliament.
Radicalism and the loss of American colonies: It came out a quarrel between Britain and
colonies because government decided a taxation on them without American permisson.
American Independenc War brought on a disester over England. Radicals supported colonists
and democracy ideas spread over the country.
REVOLUTION: Food production increased and made easier to feed people.
Machines came out for jobs instead of hands. It made production faster and provided
mass production.It was vital for industrial revolution.
With machines coming out, fuel need increased to make iron and steel. Also the use of
coal increased, too. With iron production new machinery industry became possible. It
made possible to make bridge, boats and chapels. Thus, people were not dependent on
natural power anymore. Rapidly, cotton and woollen cloth industry changed in a good
way because British uniforms, equipment and weapons need increased. New waterways
made life cheaper and made economy comfort.