AKSUM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SHIRE

CAMPUS
FUCLITY OF WATER TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCES
ENGINEERING
WATER RESOURCES PROJECT 5TH YEAR, SECTION “A”

Prepared by:
Name: ID No. Phone No.

1. KASSA BIRHANE ………………1001843 …………….0919450559

2. KIFLOM GEBREEGZIABHER... 1001535……….… 0972139691
3. NEGASI WELAY………………….1858/10……..…….0948523672
4. WEDAJ MEBRAHTU…………....718/09 …………….0942262575
5. ABREHELOM ARAYA …………..0900208 …………..0953483006

FEBRUARY 24/2024
SHIRE, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA
Table of Contents
Table of Contents...........................................................................................................................................ii
List of figures................................................................................................................................................iii
List of Tables.................................................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT...............................................................................................................................iv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................................v
CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................................1
1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................1
1.1 General project description and background..................................................................................1
1.2 Location, and Accessibility............................................................................................................2
1.3 Topography....................................................................................................................................2
1.4 Problem Statement.........................................................................................................................2
1.5 Objective........................................................................................................................................3
1.5.1 General Objective......................................................................................................................3
1.5.2 Specific project objectives.........................................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO............................................................................................................................................4
2 MATERIAL AND METHOD USED.....................................................................................................4
2.1 Material Used................................................................................................................................4
2.2 Methodology used.........................................................................................................................4
2.3 Data collection...............................................................................................................................4
2.3.1 Primary data...............................................................................................................................4
2.3.2 Secondary data...........................................................................................................................5
2.4 Methods of Data Analysis..............................................................................................................5
CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................................................6
3 WATER TREATMENT PROCESS........................................................................................................6
3.1 General..........................................................................................................................................6
3.2 Design of Water Treatment............................................................................................................8
3.2.1 Different parts of the treatment plant.........................................................................................8
3.2.2 Aeration.....................................................................................................................................9
3.2.3 Sedimentation tank..................................................................................................................11
3.2.4 Filtration..................................................................................................................................12
3.2.5 Slow Sand filter.......................................................................................................................13
3.3 Mechanisms of Filtration and Filter Performance.......................................................................14
3.3.1 Slow sand filtration design criteria..........................................................................................14

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 3.3.2 Facility and filter bed...............................................................................................................14
3.3.3 Filtration rate and rate control.................................................................................................15
3.4 Design of raising main.................................................................................................................16
3.4.1 Design of raising main (from outlet of dam to treatment plant)..............................................16
3.4.2 Design of raising main (from treatment plant to existing water reservoir)..............................18
3.5 Building Works............................................................................................................................21
3.5.1 Pump House.............................................................................................................................21
3.5.2 Office and Store.......................................................................................................................21
CHAPTER Four...........................................................................................................................................23
4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................23
4.1 Conclusion...................................................................................................................................23
4.2 Recommendation.........................................................................................................................23
References....................................................................................................................................................24

List of figures

Figure 1 location of Shire Town and the study area.....................................................................................................................

Figure 2 Aeration........................................................................................................................................................................
Figure 3 Theoretical flows through a rectangular sedimentation tank..........................................................................................
Figure 4 Slow sand filter and effluent control..............................................................................................................................

List of Tables

Table 1 Tha raw water quality of Mi-dmu and WHO guide line..................................................................................................
Table 2 comparison of slow sand filter and Rapid sand filter......................................................................................................
Table 3 detail design of slow sand filter (SSF).............................................................................................................................

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, I would like to thank my almighty God for providing and showing me the way
from starting to the completion of this internship program healthfully.
Secondly, I would like to thank Aksum University Department of Hydraulic and Water
Resource Engineering.
Thirdly, I would like to thank Mr. Alemeshet for giving me a detailed description about the
treatment.
Last but not least, I would like to thank my beloved family for their endless moral and
financial support

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In This Report; overall performance of the project for S This report comprises the general
background of Shire town and the study area, the objectives and location of the project.
Over all experience gained from short time project program are tried to be listed, for
example, pipe lines, aeration, backwash, gate valves, overflow tube, and other.
Generally, in this report, the slow sand filter of Mi-dimu treatment plant and its all
components are discussed.
Finally, all the benefits gained from the water resources project program are listed. The
conclusion and recommendation are also listed.

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 CHAPTER ONE

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Project Description and background

Safe drinking water, sanitation, and good hygiene are fundamental to health, survival, growth,
and development. However, these basic necessities are still a problem for many of the world’s
poor people. According to the World Health Organization and UNICEF (2006) report, over a
billion of our fellow citizens do not use drinking water from improved sources, while 2.6
billion lack basic sanitation. Safe drinking water and basic sanitation are so obviously
essential to health. Efforts to prevent death from diarrhea or to reduce the burden of such
diseases as hookworm, schistosomiasis, and trachoma are hopeless to failure unless people
have access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. Lack of basic sanitation indirectly
inhibits the learning abilities of millions of school-aged children who are infested with
intestinal worms transmitted through inadequate sanitation facilities and poor hygiene.
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have set on a common course to push back
poverty, inequality, hunger, and illness. The world has pledged to reduce by half the
proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
Based on that, the Tigray National Regional State has issued a proclamation No. 122/1999 to
recognize urban and rural Water Supply and Sewerage services. According to this regional
proclamation, the Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Services are to be managed by a
decentralized management body called Water Board/water committee. The Water Supply and
Sewerage Services are responsible for routine Operation & Maintenance services. The rural
water supply services are required to cover the Operation and Maintenance costs of the
system. On the other hand, the water demand of the community should also be satisfied, as
water is a base for the livelihood of human beings. These contradicting goals can only be
satisfied if reliable and affordable water supply system is in place and there is an effective
and efficient decentralized operational and management body for the day-to-day water supply
services.
In order to overcome the above shortcomings and to ensure the availability of a sufficient
quantity and acceptable quality of water supply, it becomes very important in a modern
society to plan and build suitable and affordable water supply schemes, which will provide
water to the various sections of the community in accordance with their demands and
requirements.
Hence, the water sector plays an important role in fighting poverty and attaining sustainable
socio-economic development in the country. Thus, the Regional Government of Tigray has
been implemented to respond to the growing demand for water (domestic, commercial,
institutional, industries, etc.) and reduce the level of poverty and increase other economic
development in the region.
In general, this report discusses the design of Shire town water supply. Thus, the major issues
to be described in the report include:
 Town’s General Background
 Objective
 Important technical information with regard to the existing water supply system
 Water Sources
 Detailed designs of the proposed water supply scheme components such as
treatment plants, pumping stations, raising, and all other related structures to supply
Town water to consumers from the existing Mai-Dumu dam to the Reservoir.
 Preparation of all bill of quantities, specifications, and tender documents.

1.2 Location, and Accessibility

Shire is an urban town located in the North Western Zone of Tigray National Regional State.
The town is located at 1560033 North latitude and 422093 East longitudes and an elevation
difference ranging from 1870 to 1915 a.m.s.l. The Town is accessible through the main
Mekelle–Gondar and Mekelle-Humera highway at a distance of 310 km from Mekelle.

1.3 Topography
The general topography of the Town is characterized as a flat land. According to the GPS
location, the elevation of the built-up area ranges between 1890 masl and 1915 masl. The
location of the town is shown in the map.

2
Figure 1 location of Shire Town and the study area

1.4 Problem Statement

The water demand of the Shire town is estimated to be 5018 m3/day in 2004E.C. Whereas,
the existing source of the town is 1204 m3/day in 2004E.C (24% of water demand) which is
not enough to satisfy the demand. In order to minimize the problem, the town water supply
office decided to supply water by shifting (i.e. once every three days). Some areas of the town
also get water by water trucks. Hence, in order to solve the problem, the regional water
resource bureau together with the zonal administration have already decided to take 47 l/s of
raw water from an existing dam called Mai-Dumu which is 12 km from the town.

1.5 Objective

1.5.1 General Objective

The objective of the study is to provide Town water supply for the town. On the other hand,
the project contributes its role for the development and eradication of poverty in the region in

3
particular and in the country in general.

1.5.2 Specific project objectives

The specific objectives of this study are;
 To study west water treatment
 To study water quality analysis
 To regulate compliance.

4
5
CHAPTER TWO

2 MATERIAL AND METHOD USED

2.1 Material Used

While am writing this report, I have used different materials like computer, not pad, pen,
personal laptop, written reports and design documents of the projects, removal disks, Mobile
camera to take photographs, video and other resources uses laboratory and samples such as;
 Turbid meter; used to measure the amount of turbidity in water.
 photometer; used to measure chemical in water
 Conductivity meter; reads the amount of ph, electrical conductivity, temperature and
TDS.

2.2 Methodology used

During my internship practice I have been used various methodologies to gather the relevant
data about project by compare and contrast with the objective of the internship program. I
followed direct and indirect methodologies.
• Direct methodology: The source of this method is primary data’s; I can get
further information by involving myself on the site and asking directly
questions to the site Engineers.

• Indirect methodology: The source of this method is secondary data’s; I can get
further information either by reading different guide reference or by asking to
the site engineer of the project by preparing questionnaires which is more
complex to understand easily.

2.3 Data collection

2.3.1 Primary data

The primary data has been done through
• Interview

• Field visitation

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 • Discussion with site monitor or engineer

• Site observation.

2.3.2 Secondary data

Secondary data to be collected are
o Reviewing documents and books
o Internet
 Project Contract Agreement.

 Final design report.

2.4 Methods of Data Analysis

As we know there are two methods of data analyzing. Thus are:
1. General to specific method: This means it studies from total or general data in to each
individual data’s. Its flow of data looks like the shape of a cone. .
2. Specific to general method: This method of analyzing data starting from specific
Or a few data and it progresses to general conclusion. This is like the inverted cone. But, for
this report I have used general to specific method of data analyzing. Which means firstly I
was collecting information by asking different question to the site advisor. Generally, then I
progress my attitude for each specific.

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CHAPTER THREE

3 WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

3.1 General
Before proceeding toward, the water treatment process selection, it is always essential to
approach water treatment with an open mind, looking at the particular problems of the water
to be treated; the amount of money available; plants treating similar water. Most of the time,
there are important differences in priorities. Obviously, the overriding requirement is to
produce microbiologically safe water. Waterborne diseases are one of the greatest hazards
across much of the developing countries. This is not to say that all physical or chemical
criteria should be ignored, but they should be considered with due regard to the overriding
need for reliable supplies of microbiologically safe water at an affordable cost.
In general, the functional elements considered for the purpose of generating water treatment
are:
• Type of treatment
• Treatment requirement
• Mode of access
• Source of power for water lifting
• Transmission main requirement
• Clean water storage requirement
3.2 Water Quality
In order to provide safe, clean, and acceptable water supply to consumers, the quality of
water should fulfill the minimum standard of drinking water quality. The guidelines adopted
for drinking water quality are based on the Ministry of Water resource (MoWR) and World
Health Organization (WHO). These guidelines state that potable water shall contain no
concentration of any substance or organism high enough to harm potability.
Applying different technologies is important to reduce the sanitary risks from drinking water
due to microbial, physical, and chemical contaminations. Water treatment is viewed as just
one of the technologies needed to ensure that water produced from a given source complies
with the national drinking water quality standard of the World Health Organization (WHO)

8
guidelines.
The most important criterion in the treatment of domestic water is the removal of all
Pathogenic organisms. Moreover, suspended matters causing turbidity, iron and manganese
compounds imparting a bitter taste or excessive carbon dioxide corroding concrete should
also be removed by water treatment to the required level.
The quality of the water source proposed for the project should be tested according to the raw
water source guidelines so that treatment required can be planned. Comparisons necessary for
water treatment based on the quality of the raw water are available.
Water quality tests on water samples taken from the raw water of Mai-Dumu Dam and the
guidelines of. WHO/MOWR are tabulated in the next table 3.1.
Table 1 The raw water quality of Mi-dmu and WHO guide line

Parameter Unit Raw water Drinking water Remark

quality guide line
(WHO)
General
0
Temperature C 25 25 Ok
Oxygen Mg/l 4.09 2 Ok
PH 7.7 6.5-8.5 Ok
Turbidity FTU 25 5 High needs
treatment
Suspended mater Mg/l 7
Salts
Conductivity Ms/m 107.4 125 Ok
TDS Mg/L*100 53.1 1000 Ok
Sodium Mg/L 12 200
Potassium Mg/L 12
Calcium Mg/L 23 100
Magnesium Mg/L 25 20
Chloride Mg/L 8.12 250

Based on the above water quality test of the raw water, some general efficiencies of treatment

9
plants in water treatment are as described here below:
 By exposing the water to air (aeration), volatile dissolved compounds that are in
excess of their saturation concentration can be removed from the water while gases
from the atmosphere can be transferred to the water. The addition of oxygen will
enhance the oxidation of metals, e.g., iron and manganese, to higher and more
insoluble oxidation state.
 Filtration usually fulfills the role of "polishing" the pre-treated water. Slow Sand
Filtration and Rapid Sand Filtration are the main filtration alternatives in surface
water treatment. Only high-quality raw water can be directly filtered without pre-
treatment to remove small quantities of suspended solids. Other raw waters must
be conditioned before reaching the main filtration stage.
 Disinfection removes pathogenic microorganisms or renders them inactive. Water
must be in contact with the dose of the disinfectant agent for a time long enough to
assure the required reduction of indicator microorganisms, usually bacteria.

3.1 Design of Water Treatment

3.1.1 Different parts of the treatment plant

After taking sample tests from the raw water, the treatment processes adopted for final
design are as follows:
• Aeration for removal of iron, manganese, and others
• Sedimentation
• Filtration using slow Sand Filters
• Disinfection by chlorination and pH correction of treated water
Raw water is first taken (abstracted) from Mai-Dumu dam through the existing outlet of the
dam by making some modifications on the outlet box. The raw water is then collected in a
small chamber near the outlet. This chamber is mainly constructed to sump the booster pump
and to aerate the raw water as an aeration unit. This helps for the removal of iron and
manganese, reduction of carbon dioxide, and addition of oxygen. Surface waters contain fish
and debris which can clog or damage pumps, clog pipes, and cause problems in water
treatment; therefore, this can be avoided by making a strainer (coarse or fine screens) in the

10
inlet of the chamber.
After this, the raw water is pumped to the sedimentation tank by pumping for about 2.3km
via PVC and DCI pipes. The sedimentation tank serves for the settling of suspended matters
and other floating materials and hence to reduce the content of suspended solids and turbidity
of the raw water.
The raw water will then be conveyed to slow sand filters (SSF) in which most of the critical
removal processes take place. The treated water will be conveyed to the clear water tank with
a capacity of 200m3.
Finally, from this clear water tank, water is pumped for about 9.1km via 250mm DCI pipe to
the already existing reservoir that is found at Endamichael Church.

3.1.2 Aeration
The term "aeration" refers to the processes in which water is brought into contact with air for
the purpose of transferring volatile substances to or from the water. These volatile
substances include oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, and volatile organic
compounds responsible for tastes and odor.
Aeration has the following uses in water treatment:
 To increase the dissolved oxygen content of the water.
 To reduce tastes and odors caused by dissolved gases in the water, such as
hydrogen, which are then released, and also to oxidize and remove organic
matter.
 To decrease the carbon dioxide content of water and thereby reduce its
corrosiveness and raise its pH value.
 To oxidize iron and manganese from their soluble states to their insoluble state,
thereby causing them to precipitate so that they will be removed by filtration
processes.
 To remove certain volatile organic compounds.

3.1.2.1 Aeration Unit

There are different types of aerators applied in the water treatment process, such as spray
aeration, surface (mechanical) aeration, cascade aeration, jet aeration, and others. Among

11
these aerators, a Cascade Aeration unit is provided for the proposed treatment plant as it is
constructed within the collecting chamber. The aeration unit has an inlet and outlet part. The
outlet part serves as a stilling well from which the raw water is guided to the sedimentation
tank via a pump.

12
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Figure 2 Aeration

3.1.3 Sedimentation tank

Sedimentation is a solid-liquid separation process utilizing gravitational settling to remove
suspended solids from the water (also called clarification), and it is also one of the cheapest
and easiest ways of removing suspended solids. Sedimentation tanks are also known as
sedimentation basins, settling tanks, settling basins, or clarifiers. Horizontal sedimentation
tanks are used for this purpose.
The design of a horizontal flow sedimentation tank is based on the following criteria:
 Detention time (t): expressed in hours, it is the theoretical time of travel of water in
the tank. The detention time for particles of low relative density varies from a
minimum of 1½ hours to an average of 4 hours (1½-4 hrs).
 Length to width ratio (L/W): Horizontal flow sedimentation tanks for the removal of
organic matter and light flocculated particles using coagulants have length to width
ratios greater than or equal to 3:1.
 Surface loading rate (Q/A): expressed as m3/h.m2, m3/day.m2, m/h, or mm/s. This
is the limiting speed of fall to enable the particle to reach the bottom of the tank. All
particles with a speed greater than Q/A will reach the bottom before the outlet end
of the tank. It is usually taken between 18-42 m3/day.m2.h.

Based on the above three basic criteria and the quantity of water to be treated (which is 47
l/s), the sedimentation tank will be designed. Since the quantity of water to be treated is a
relatively small amount, one sedimentation tank is proposed. However, to keep the whole
system running during operation and maintenance, one reserve tank should be added,
maintaining the same design volume.
Therefore, the surface loading rate for the tank is taken to be 30 m3/day.m2, and the total
detention time for each tank is also 1.25 hours. The length to width ratio is selected to be
3.5. Therefore, the dimensions of the tank can be calculated based on these parameters.

14
Figure 3 Theoretical flows through a rectangular sedimentation tank
The total volume of the tank is calculated using the flow rate of Q = 180 m3/h and a detention
time of 1.25 hours. Volume, V = Q * t = 225 m3.
The surface area of the tank is calculated using the amount of water to be treated, Q = 4320
m3/day, and the recommended surface loading rate of 30 m3/day m2. The area, A = Q/SLR =
131 m2. From this, the length and width can be calculated.
The water depth of the tank can be calculated using the total volume V = 225 m3 and the area
A = 131 m2 of the tank. The water depth, hw = V/A = 1.7m. Therefore, the total depth, H =
hw + 0.3 freeboard = 2.0m.
The length and width of the tank can be calculated using the area of the tank calculated above
and the selected length to width ratio of 3.5. Therefore, the length and width of the tank are
calculated to be 12m and 8m, respectively

3.1.4 Filtration
Filtration is a process where the suspended matter is separated or purified by passing it
through a minute porous material or medium. This medium may be sand or soil. When the
raw water passes through a fixed depth of carefully arranged sand medium, almost all the
suspended and colloidal matter in the water is trapped by the first few top layers of the
grains, and clear water is produced at the bottom of the medium.
There are different types of conventional surface water treatment used for raw water
treatment. Among these, the commonly used methods are slow sand filtration and rapid sand
filtration, which are often combined with aeration, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation,
and disinfection by chlorination.

15
Table 2 comparison of slow sand filter and Rapid sand filter

Description Slow sand filter Rapid sand filter

Space occupied Large Very much less
Effective size of filter sand 0.2 to0.4mm (usually 0.350 to 0.45mm
0.35mm)
Uniformity coefficient of filter 1.70 to 2.5 (usually 2.0) 2.00
sand
Rate of filtration Decrease gradually due to 30 to 40m3/m2/day
clogging (7.2m3/m2/day)
Frequency of cleaning From 3 weeks to months From 20hrs to 5 days
Type of operators needed Operators with less training Highly skilled operators
Cost to operate Very low Very high
Method of cleaning Scraping Back washing
Number of filter basins At least 2 Greater than 4
needed
Type of raw water for Reasonably clear, turbidity Any water after coagulation
filtration less than 50 ppm and sedimentation can tolerate
high turbidity

Therefore, based on different criteria, such as the amount of water that will be treated (Q =
47 l/s, which is relatively small and specific to the town of Shire), the existing water supply,
and the desired water quality, a slow sand filter is recommended for treating the raw water
from Mai-Dumu Dam.
To enhance the performance of the slow sand filtration process, some modifications are also
added.

3.1.5 Slow Sand filter

He slow sand filter is a sand filter operated at low filtration rates (<0.3 m/h), traditionally
without the use of coagulation in pretreatment. The sand size is somewhat smaller (~0.15–
0.30 mm) than that used in a rapid-rate filter, and this, plus the low filtration rate, results in
the solids being removed almost entirely in a thin layer on the top of the sand bed and in the

16
 uppermost portion of the sand bed. The layer on top of the sand, composed of dirt and living
and dead micro- and microorganisms from the water (i.e., the schmutzdecke, or "dirty
skin"), becomes the dominant filter medium as the filter cycle progresses.
When the head loss becomes excessive, the filter typically is cleaned by draining the
supernatant water below the sand surface and physically removing (scraping) the dirty layer
along with 1 to 3 cm of sand. Typical filter cycle duration between cleanings may vary from
1 to 6 months (or longer) depending on source water quality and the filtration rate. Biological
activity is a key aspect of the slow sand filtration process, and this must be considered in the
design and operation of slow sand filters.

Figure 4 Slow sand filter and influent control

17
Figure 5 Slow sand filter and effluent control

3.2 Mechanisms of Filtration and Filter Performance

iological action is the key to the removal of microbes and influences turbidity removal in
slow sand filters. This is one important difference between how these filters and rapid-rate
filters work. The design and operation of slow sand filters need to be consistent with the
objective of maintaining an active biological population within the sand bed.
The ecosystem in a slow sand filter typically includes bacteria, protozoa, and aquatic worms.
These organisms change as water flows deeper into the sand bed. At the surface of the filter
bed, a layer of decaying biological matter and bacteria called the schmutzdecke develops.
This is a German word for "dirty skin." Some straining occurs in the schmutzdecke. As the
water enters the schmutzdecke, biological action breaks down some organic matter, and inert
suspended particles may be physically strained out of the water. The water then enters the top
layer of sand, where more physical straining and biological action occur, and attachment of
particles onto the surfaces of the sand grains takes place.
Algal mats of filter-clogging species may form at the schmutzdecke, and some algal cells
may penetrate into the top inch (about 30 mm) into the sand in large numbers.

3.2.1 Slow sand filtration design criteria

• Facility and filter bed
• Filtration rate and rate control
• Source water quality

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3.2.2 Facility and filter bed
Slow sand filters are the least complex type of granular media filter. They consist of a basin
with a bed of relatively fine sand placed over support gravel and under drain piping (Fig.1).
The basin can be a concrete filter box or masonry filter box. In the usual operating mode,
influent water is introduced above the filter bed in a way that does not disturb the sand.
However, for the initial filling and after the bed has been dewatered, water must be
introduced from beneath the filter to drive air out of the bed as it is filled. In most slow sand
filters, four or five valves are needed as indicated in Fig. 3. These valves are provided for the
purposes of filling the filter from the bottom to drive air out of the bed during initial filling
and after maintenance procedures, filtering to waste and draining water out of the bed,
draining supernatant water down prior to dewatering the bed for maintenance, controlling
influent flow, and controlling effluent flow. At the bottom of the filter box or basin,
supporting gravel is filled about 0.4 to 0.6 m deep.
Above the gravel layer is filter sand with an initial depth of 0.8 to 1.2 m (2.7–4 ft). The
depth of supernatant water over the media is typically about 1 m. The effective size of the
filter sand usually falls in the range of 0.15 to 0.30 mm, with a uniformity coefficient (UC)
less than 5 and preferably less than 3. Smaller media sizes tend to provide more effective
particle removal but cause higher head loss compared to larger media.

3.2.3 Filtration rate and rate control

The filtration rate may range from 0.1 to 0.3 m/h, and sometimes even higher rates are
provided. However, higher filtration rates can result in smaller sizes for filter beds, but the
removal of microbes and turbidity may decrease as the filtration rate increases. The low
filtration rates required in slow sand filters necessitate filter bed areas that are 20 to 50 times
larger than filter areas used in rapid-rate filtration to produce the same quantity of water per
day.
Good design practice involves providing multiple filter beds that are sized in such a way that
when one filter is taken out of service for cleaning (by removing a thin layer of sand or
replacing sand to restore the initial bed depth), the other filter or filters can still produce
sufficient water to meet the system demand. In slow-rate filtration, rate control is important
and can be achieved through influent or effluent rate control, as shown in Figs.2 and 3.

19
 The simplest modes of rate control involve manual operation of valves to adjust the flow
rate to the desired value.
Table 3 detail design of slow sand filter (SSF)

Parameter Unit Remark

Total flow to be filtered Q= M3/hr 180
0
Water Temperature T= C 25

Max allowed head loss dhbedt= Mwc 0.50

Allowed head loss dhbedt= Mwc 0.40 (during

operation before
scraping)
Reached at Th= D 180

Frequency of scraping = Per year 0.5

Filtration rate= m/h 0.5

Bed depth= M 0.6

Mini filter bed= M 1

Supernatant depth= M 1

Average sand grain size= Mm 0.3

Porosity clean bed= 0.4

Density sand grains= kg/m3 2650

Density water= kg/m3 1000

Total Require filter surface area= M2 360

Total number of filter assumed = 2

Calculating length and width L =

*W

W=A/ 0.5 assume =1.8 M 10

20
L= *W M 18

Total Depth of inside filter box M 3.2

d=lbed+lbed,mini+b+free board

Therefore, two compartments of slow sand filters with internal dimension size of 18m X
10m X 3.2m (length, width and height) were proposed in order to treat the raw water.

3.3 Design of raising main

3.3.1 Design of raising main (from outlet of dam to treatment plant)

The raising main diameter is sized for peak day demand, but in this particular case, it has
been determined for a discharge of 47l/s, which has already been discussed with top
management bodies. As a result, the first raising main is responsible for conveying raw
water from the dam to the new treatment plant at Tabia Mai-Dumu site Adi-mura, covering a
total distance of 2210m from the source. On the other hand, the second raising main is
responsible for conveying treated water from the new treatment plant at Tabia Mai-Dumu
site Adi-mura to the existing 500m3 water reservoir.

3.3.1.1 Design of Economic Pipe Diameter

The first trial for economical diameter ( D,m) is given by

D = 0.97 to 1.2 Q
Where, Q= design discharge in m3/s
D= diameter of pipe (m)
The basic assumption made in designing the rising main are:
The running time of the pump is 24hr per day
Q, from the dam = 47.0l/s
The economical size of pipe will be:
D=1.2*Q ½................................................................................................... (4. 1)
Where Q is in m3/s
D =1.2*(47.0*10-3)1/2= 0.26 m=260mm, Take DC I of 300mm
The velocity through the raising main

21
The flow velocity should not be scouring and create abrasive effects at the inner
walls of the Pipes (i.e. 0.5m/s -2m/s). The average velocity through the pipe can be
computed by:
Checking the velocity through the raising main

2
V=Q/A=4Q/ .................................................................................... (4. 2)
Where Q=discharge on pipe in cubic meter per second.
D=Diameter in meters
V= 4Q/3.14D^2 =4*(47/1000)/3.14*.3^2
= 0.66 m/S-------------------0.5<0.66>2m/s OK!
Using Hazen William formula
V =0.355 Ch*D0.63*I0.54and
I=10.67 C h-1.85*D-4.7*Q1.85
Where, V= flow velocity (m/s)
Ch= friction coefficient related to the pipe material condition (take Ch=110 for DCI)
D = diameter of pipe
I =hydraulic gradient
Q= flow through pipe (m3/s)
Applying the above formula and value Q=47.0l/s, D=300mm and Ch=130
I=0.0036, V=1.0m/s........ ..................................... OK!
Therefore, by considering pump capacity and loss in pipe, it is
recommended for th e diameter to be 300mm DCI pipe for the raising
main from source to treatment plant.
N.B:- since the raw water has some particles, the recommended pump should have
screener at the entrance.

3.3.1.2 Head losses

Loss in transmission main is recommended as 5-10m/km. There are different formulas
to find out the coefficient ‘f’ in water pipe line. Head loss (hf) of pipe line is also expressed
as a function of internal diameter, length of the pipe line and the flow velocity in the
pipe line by the general formula (Darcy-Weisbach Equation or Hazen Williams Equation).

22
 Darcy-Weisbach Equation
H f 2 = fLV2/ 2Dg............................................................................... (4. 4)
Where, V= flow velocity
L= length of the pipe (2210m)
D= diameter of pipe (D=300mm)
K= absolute roughness for DCI pipe=0.25mm
f= coefficient of surface resistance
1/(f) =-2log [(5.1286/Re0.89) +(k/3.7D)= ....................................(4. 5)
Substituting all the values in to equation 4.5, the value of “f” becomes
0.0205
g= acceleration due to gravity (10m/s2)
H f 2 = fLV2/ 2Dg =0.02*2210*0.662/2*0.3*10=3.3
Hazen Williams Equation
Hf=10.666*C-1.85*D-4.87* Q1.85*L................................................................... (4. 6)
Where, L= length of the pipe (2210m)
D= diameter of pipe (D=300mm)
C= coefficient of head loss (for DCI pipe) =130
Q= yield /discharge (47l/s)
Substituting the values in to the above equation 6.1, the head loss will
become
Hf=3.5m
Comparing the two equations Darcy-Weisbach Equation and Hazen
Williams Equation, the
larger head loss is considered for safety. Thus, Hf is taken 3.5m for
design purpose.

3.3.1.3 Minor losses

The head losses through the pipeline, including all fittings and bends, are considered to be
10% of the friction head losses. Assuming a 10% minor loss, the total head loss is calculated
as follows:
Hf = hf + hf_minor = 3.5 + 0.35 = 3.85 m

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 ML= 3.85 m / 2.21 km = 1.75 m/km (OK!)

3.3.1.4 Total Head

The total head (pump head) is the sum of all the head losses along the pipe line and the
elevation difference between the pump position and the Reservoir (static head).
Total pump head, Hp = Static head (hs) + total head loss (Hf)
Hp = (2+ (1824.63-1620)) + 3.85
=210.5m (from source to treatment)

3.3.2 Design of raising main (from treatment plant to existing water reservoir)
The first trial for economical diameter ( D,m) is given by

D = 0.97-1.2 Q
Where, Q= design discharge in m3/s
D= diameter of pipe (m)
The basic assumption made in designing the rising main are:
The running time of the pump is 24hr per day
Q, from the clear water reservoir = 43.0l/s
The economical size of pipe will be:
D=1.2*Q ½................................................................................................... (4. 7)
D =1.2*(43.0*10-3)1/2= 0.248 m=248mm, Take DC I of 250mm
The velocity through the raising main
The flow velocity should not be scouring and create abrasive effects
at the inner walls of the pipes (i.e 0.5m/s -2m/s). The average velocity
through the pipe can be computed by: Checking the velocity through the
raising main.

2
V=Q/A=4Q/ ….. ................................................... .(4. 8)
Where Q=discharge on pipe in cubic meter per second.
D=Diameter in meters
V= 4Q/3.14D^2 =4*(43/1000)/3.14*0.25^2
= 0.88m/S-------------------0.5<0.88>2m/s OK!

24
 Using Hazen William formula
V =0.355 Ch*D0.63*I0.54and
I=10.67 C h-1.85*D-4.7*Q1.85……………………(4.9)
Where, V= flow velocity (m/s)
Ch= friction coefficient related to the pipe material condition (take Ch=130 for
DCI)
D = diameter of pipe
I =hydraulic gradient
Q= flow through pipe (m3/s)
Applying the above formula and value Q=43.0l/s, D=250mm and Ch=130
I=0.0033 and V=0.88m/s...... OK!
Therefore, by considering pump capacity and loss in pipe, it is
recommended to be 250mm DCI
pipe for the raising main from source to treatment plant.

3.3.2.1 Head losses

Loss in transmission main is recommended as 5-10m/km. There are different formulas to
find out the coefficient 'f' in water pipe line. Head loss (hf) of pipe line is also expressed as a
function of internal diameter, length of the pipe line, and the flow velocity in the pipe line by
the general formula (Darcy-Weisbach Equation or Hazen Williams Equation) Darcy-
Weisbach Equation.
H f = fLV2/2 Dg............................................................................... (4. 10)
Where, V= flow velocity
L= length of the pipe (9100m)
D= diameter of pipe (D=250mm)
f= K= absolute roughness for DC I pipe=0.25mm
f= coefficient of surface resistance
1/ (f)=-2log[(5.1286/Re0.89)+(k/3.7D)= ........................................................(4. 11)
Substituting all the values in to equation 4.11, the value of “f” becomes 0.0 211
g= acceleration due to gravity (10m/s2)
H f = fLV2/2 Dg=0.02 11*9100*0.882/2*0.25*10=30m
Hazen Williams Equation

25
Hf= 10.666*C-1.85 *D-4.87* Q1.85*L................................................................... (4.12)
Where, L= length of the pipe (9100m)
D= diameter of pipe (D=250mm)
C= coefficient of head loss (for DCI pipe=130)
Q= yield /discharge (47l/s)
Substituting the values in to the above equation 4.12, the head loss will become
Hf=34.7m
Comparing the two equations Darcy-Weisbach Equation and Hazen Williams Equation,
the larger head loss is considered for safety. Thus, Hf is taken 34.7m for design purpose.
Minor losses
The head losses through the pipeline including all fittings and bends are taken to be
10% of the friction head losses
Assuming 10% minor loss
Total head loss Hf= hf + hf minor=34.7+3.47=38.2m 38.2m/9.1=9.2m/km ----Ok!
Total Head
The total head (pump head) is the sum of all the head losses along the pipe line and the
elevation
difference between the pump position and the Reservoir (static head).
Total pump head, Hp = Static head (hs) + total head loss (Hf)
Hp = (3+ (1964.261-1824.63)) + 38.2
=180.9 181 m (from treatment to water reservoir)
Clear Water Tank for booster pump
Proper design of a tank includes consideration of the pump suction placement relative to the
water surface. In order to store water from the slow sand filter, it was assumed that at least 1
hour of delivery flow of the planned discharge is required.
As the wet well is designed to serve the flow condition, which is equal to 43.0 l/s, the
capacity (V) of the wet well to be provided at the boosting pump station is therefore not less
than:
V = 1.0 hr * 3600 sec/hr * 43.00 * 10^-3 m^3/s = 154.8 m^3
From the above computation, a wet well having a capacity of 200 m^3 is designed to be
provided at 1824 a.m.s location, 2210 m from the source. The tank can be circular, square, or

26
trapezoidal in shape. However, the most commonly used shape for water retaining structures
is a circular shape. Hence, a circular reinforced concrete tank with a diameter of 9.4 m and a
depth of 4.0 m, having a capacity of 200 m^3, will be constructed to store treated water. Inlet
into the tank is by free fall of water via a 300 mm opening. Manholes with ladders will be
provided to allow access into the tank. The tank is also provided with flushing and overflow
mechanisms, as well as a scour arrangement for periodic cleaning.

3.4 Building Works

There are five buildings spread over the Shire Mai-Dumu water supply project. These include
the following:
• Pump and generator House at the source and water treatment
• Guardhouse at the source and water treatment
• Store, office, lab test room, and shower and toilet rooms
The majority of buildings are single or multi-room structures. The design and location of the
buildings are generally determined by their functional requirements.
The architectural design of the buildings has been limited to harmonizing the visual
appearance of various buildings externally and meeting the functional requirements
internally. This has been achieved by an appropriate choice of materials and fittings.
Windows are steel casement, painted with anti-corrosive paint in buildings where chemicals
are used. Metal doors have been specified in a number of buildings to fulfill dual functions of
providing adequate ventilation as well as security.
Internally, walls are generally finished with plaster and paint, except in staff restrooms where
glazed tiles will be provided. Ceilings throughout will be chipboard and painted.

3.4.1 Pump House

The Pump House measuring 15 m (L) x 9m (W) (internal dimensions) is located one adjacent
to the outlet of the raw water at the source and one adjacent to the Clear Water Tank and will
house the following:
1. Four centrifugal pumps (2 duty, 2 standby) to pump water to the treatment plant. It has
been so designed so as to install two pumps to run in parallel and 2 pumps as standby. All the
pipe work and plinth will be constructed so as to install the new pump. 2. Three centrifugal

27
pumps (2 duty, 2 standby) to pump water to the existing water reservoir 500m3.

3.4.2 Office and Store

The office and store measuring 14.3 m (L) x 6.7m (W) (internal dimensions) is located in
front of the treatment plant. The office and store will house store, office, toilet, and shower.

28
CHAPTER Four

4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 Conclusion
Shire is an urban town with a current population of 59,547. According to the data collected from
the water supply office, the estimated average water demand of the town to be produced is 5,018
m^3/day in 2004 E.C. Whereas, the yield from the existing sources is 1,204 m^3/day in 2004
E.C. (24% of water demand), which is not enough to satisfy the demand. In addition to this, the
yield of the wells decreases from time to time, especially during the dry season. Hence, in order
to minimize the shortage of demand in the town, it was decided to take town water from Mai-
Dumu dam with a capacity of 47 l/s.
To treat the raw water, it was proposed to construct a new treatment plant having an aerator,
settling basin (tank), and slow sand filter. Moreover, the construction of a new clear water tank
with a capacity of 200 m^3 to collect the treated water, a generator, a guard house, the laying of a
rising main around 12 km from the outlet of the dam to the existing 500 m^3 water reservoir, and
a building which includes an office and a store are proposed for the new Shire Town water supply
project.

4.2 Recommendation
From the baseline study assessments in the project area, the following recommendations can
be drawn:
• Additional sources should be added to satisfy future water demand.
• The topographic condition of the rising main from the outlet of raw water to the water
treatment is a steep slope, so trust blocks are recommended. There are no demarcated points
on the ground, so clSose supervision should be given during construction.
• It is also recommended to construct valve chambers at the branches of the sub-mains and
junction posts at every 300 m interval in the transmission main.
• Installing fittings such as unions at every 100 m of the pipe length in order to facilitate
maintenance and operation after construction.

29
• During the construction of the treatment plant and reservoir, intensive supervision must be
taken to avoid leakage and ensure the presence of necessary fittings such as vent pipes,
overflow outlets, washouts, and other necessary fittings as indicated in the drawings.
Additionally, the reservoir should be washed twice a year to prevent waterborne diseases
caused by biofilms and excess use of chlorine disinfection.
• During the selection and filling of sand and gravel, intensive supervision must be taken to
ensure that the size of the sand and gravel is according to the design.
• Washout and air release valve devices should be installed in the pressure line when it
crosses depressions and summit points.

30
References
1. Introduction to Urban Water Distribution, Taylor and Francis group, 2006
2. Technical Design Standard for Tigray Region
3. Urban Water Supply Design Criteria (by Ministry of Water Resource, 2006)
4. Previous Design Reports of other towns
5. DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY PIPE NETWORKS (Prabhata K. Swamee and Ashok K.
Sharma, 2008)
6. WATER QUALITY & TREATMENT (by American Water Works Association, 2011)
7. Water Supply (by Alan C. Twort, Don D. Ratnayaka, and Malcolm J. Brandt, 2006)
8. Lecture notes of UNESCO-IHE

31