New Media Art Department

Graphic Design
Elen Vyalichka
s22752

BA thesis

Art book

Main Supervisor: Greta Samuel

Technical Supervisor: Minh Hai Douong

Female Characters in Slavic Mythology

Theoretical Supervisor: Piotr Rypson

Warsaw, 2023

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 Wydział Sztuki Nowych Mediów
Kierunek Grafika

Elen Vyalichka
s22752

Praca licencjacka

Książka artystyczna

Promotor główny: Greta Samuel

Promotor techniczny: Minh Hai Douong

Female Characters in Slavic Mythology

Promotor Teoretyczny: Piotr Rypson

Warszawa, 2023

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 Streszczenie
Niniejsza rozprawa zagłębia się w bogaty świat kobiecych postaci w mitologii
słowiańskiej, odkrywając ich znaczenie, role i implikacje kulturowe. Bada różnorodne
reprezentacje bogiń, postaci folklorystycznych i archetypów historycznych, rzucając światło
na ich wzajemnie powiązane narracje. Poprzez skrupulatną analizę źródeł naukowych, praca
bada wpływy społeczne na te reprezentacje i ich wpływ na dynamikę płci w mitologii
słowiańskiej. Od potężnych bogiń kształtujących kosmiczne siły po zniuansowane portrety
kobiet w folklorze, niniejsze studium zapewnia kompleksową eksplorację kobiecej esencji w
zawiłym królestwie mitologii słowiańskiej.

Słowa kluczowe: Mitologia słowiańska, Kobiece archetypy, Dynamika płci, Wpływ

nowych mediów

Abstract

This thesis delves into the rich world of female characters within Slavic mythology,
unravelling their significance, roles, and cultural implications. The paper explores the diverse
representations of goddesses, folkloric figures, and historical archetypes, shedding light on
their interconnected narratives. Through a meticulous analysis of academic sources, the paper
examines the societal influences on these representations and their impact on gender
dynamics in Slavic mythology. From the powerful goddesses shaping cosmic forces to the
nuanced portrayals of women in folklore, this study provides a comprehensive exploration of
the feminine essence within the intricate realm of Slavic mythology.

Key words: Slavic mythology, Feminine Archetypes, Gender Dynamics, New Media
Impact

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1. Introduction 5
1.1 Definition of feminism and its relevance in modern society 5
1.2 Importance of studying feminism in Slavic mythology in new media arts 6
2. Historical Background of Slavic Mythology 7
2.1 Overview of Slavic mythology 8
2.2 The historical context of Slavic mythology 10
2.2.1 Creation Myths and Cosmology 10
2.2.2 Folklore, traditions and legends 11
2.3 Influence of Slavic mythology on our generation 12
2.3.1 Art, Literature, and Pop Culture 12
2.4 Goddesses in Slavic Mythology 13
2.4.1 Women archetypes, analysis and examples 16
2.5 Relationship between gender and power 16
2.5.1 Comparison of male and female roles 17
3. Slavic Mythology in New Media 18
3.1 Impact and Reception in Contemporary Media (Films, Literature, Video Games,
Visual Novels) - Plot summaries and key themes 19
3.2 Case study (Representation of female characters, character portrait, Insights) 22
3.3 Growing Interest and Impact of New Media Adaptations on Popularising Slavic
Mythology 25
4. Conclusion 26
4.1 Influence on Folklore and Culture 27
4.2 Modern Reinterpretation and Rediscovery 27
Bibliography 29

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 1. Introduction

Feminism is a dissident development aimed at breaking down and challenging

generalisations and concepts of male predominance. It emphatically attests that everybody,
notwithstanding their gender, ought to have the same rights and openings in society. Due to
its wide-ranging impact, it has had a critical effect on numerous areas of human life,
including the domain of craftsmanship and narration, particularly in Slavic mythology.
Women's rights have challenged the traditionally masculine concept of Slavic mythology.
Examining Slavic mythology through a feminist lens unveils intriguing insights and
underscores its essential relevance. This thesis aims to explore the complex ways that Slavic
mythology, especially in modern art forms, presents female characters.
The main challenge addressed in this thesis is the prevalent gender bias found in traditional
Slavic mythological stories. Historically, these narratives have supported patriarchal norms,
relegating female characters to passive, one-dimensional roles. This raises the critical need to
interrogate and challenge these entrenched gender dynamics.
The main goal of this thesis is to uncover and analyse the gender disparities present in Slavic
mythology. Through an exploration of contemporary artistic interpretations, I seek to reveal
how these narratives can challenge traditional gender roles. By analysing Slavic mythology
from a feminist viewpoint, I hope to bring attention to the overlooked aspects of female
agency and empowerment in these ancient stories. Through this analysis, I want to contribute
to a deeper understanding of gender dynamics within Slavic folklore and its relevance in
modern society.
Firstly, I aim to uncover how female characters are depicted within these ancient narratives,
examining the archetypes, roles, and attributes attributed to them. Additionally, I seek to
explore the underlying gender dynamics at play within Slavic mythology, considering the
power dynamics, social structures, and cultural norms that influence the portrayal of women.
Furthermore, I attempt to analyse the effects of these representations on broader
understandings of gender roles and identities in society. I intend to examine how
contemporary artistic interpretations of Slavic mythology either challenge or support
traditional gender stereotypes, and how this affects the way modern audiences perceive
gender equality.
In this work , I assert that traditional Slavic mythology perpetuates gender stereotypes and
marginalises female characters, reinforcing patriarchal power structures.Moreover, I propose
that contemporary artistic interpretations offer a transformative space for challenging
traditional gender roles and empowering female characters within Slavic mythological
narratives. This thesis relies on theories from gender, cultural, and folklore studies to analyse
the intersection of gender, mythology, and artistic expression.
This research builds upon existing scholarship in the fields of mythology, gender studies, and
cultural studies. Also this study employs a multi-faceted approach that incorporates academic
research, including scholarly articles and books, as well as case studies drawn from
contemporary artistic interpretations of mythology. By integrating insights from academic

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literature with a close analysis of specific case studies, we aim to gain a comprehensive
understanding of the portrayal of female characters in Slavic mythology across different
media forms and cultural contexts.

1.1 Definition of feminism and its relevance in modern society

Feminism, a complex concept that has developed over a long period, is extremely
important for modern society. At its core, feminism is a social, political, and cultural
movement striving for gender equality and the dismantling of patriarchal structures. In this
exploration of feminism, I aim to understand its definition and how it remains relevant in the
modern world.
Feminism encompasses various movements and ideologies. At its essence, feminism
seeks to achieve equal rights, opportunities, and representation for all genders, rather than
establishing women as superior to men. Its roots trace back to different waves of feminism.
The first wave, which emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, focused on securing
women's suffrage and legal rights. The second wave, emerging in the 1960s and 1970s,
addressed social and cultural issues, including gender roles, reproductive rights, and sexual
harassment. The third wave, emerging in the 1990s, placed emphasis on intersectionality,
considering race, class, and sexuality.

The Relevance of Feminism in Modern Society

Feminism's relevance in today's society cannot be overstated, as women still

encounter discrimination and gender-based violence in various aspects of life. It remains
essential to address these issues through feminist movements. Despite the progress made,
significant barriers to equal representation for women persist in politics, business, and other
fields. Startlingly, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report
2021, achieving gender parity at the current rate of progress would take more than 130 years.1
Gender-based violence stands out as one of the most pressing challenges faced by
women today. Disturbingly, the United Nations reports that one in three women worldwide
has experienced physical or sexual violence.2 Moreover, women are disproportionately
affected by poverty, representing the majority of the world's poor. Thus, women's economic
empowerment becomes vital in reducing poverty and achieving gender equality.
Another crucial aspect of feminism's relevance lies in addressing intersectionality.
Women from marginalised communities face overlapping forms of discrimination and
oppression. By recognising and tackling these complex issues of race, class, and sexuality,
feminism strives for genuine gender equality.
In conclusion, feminism emerges as a movement dedicated to achieving gender
equality and promoting women's rights. Its significance in modern society cannot be

1 World Economic Forum, "Global Gender Gap Report 2021", March 30, 2021,
https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-gender-gap-report-2021/in-full/.
2 United Nations, "Facts and Figures: Ending Violence against Women," September 21, 2023,
https://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women/facts-and-figures.

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overstated, considering the persisting discrimination and gender-based violence women face
in various spheres of life. To realise true gender equality, feminism must tackle
intersectionality, encompassing race, class, and sexuality. As we move forward, it remains
imperative to advocate for gender equality, dismantle patriarchal structures, and foster a just
and equitable society.

1.2 Importance of studying feminism in Slavic mythology in new

media arts
Slavic mythology, with its pantheon of gods, goddesses, and mythical beings, has
long been a subject of fascination and scholarly inquiry. However, as we navigate the realms
of new media arts, a critical lens on feminism within Slavic mythology becomes imperative.
This subchapter delves into the importance of studying feminism in Slavic mythology as it
unfolds in contemporary media, uncovering hidden narratives and fostering a deeper
understanding of gender dynamics.
The study of feminism in Slavic mythology serves as a lens through which hidden
narratives are unveiled. Many traditional interpretations of Slavic myths have perpetuated
gender stereotypes, overshadowing the agency and complexity of female characters. A
feminist perspective invites a revaluation of these narratives, shedding light on the untold
stories of goddesses, warriors, and ordinary women who played integral roles in the mythic
landscape.3
Exploring the reassessment of female archetypes in Slavic mythology, challenges
preconceived notions and redefines the roles of women in these narratives.4 The dichotomy of
the "good and powerless" or "evil and powerful" is deconstructed, making space for a more
nuanced understanding of the diverse representations of femininity. By studying how
goddesses and female figures navigate challenges, assert agency, and challenge patriarchal
structures, this research contributes to discussions on gender equality and empowerment. The
echoes of these narratives resonate not only in ancient myths but also in the lived experiences
of women today. The importance of studying feminism in Slavic mythology within the realm
of new media arts lies in charting new territories of mythic exploration. By unveiling hidden
narratives, reassessing female archetypes, empowering contemporary women, and employing
feminism as a tool for cultural critique, scholars and creators contribute to a richer, more
inclusive understanding of Slavic mythology.
The representation of women in Slavic mythology is complex and varied. Women are
often portrayed as powerful and resourceful characters who are capable of controlling their
destinies. However, they are also subjected to gender stereotypes that limit their roles and
agency in the stories. The representation of women in Slavic mythology is influenced by the
patriarchal society in which these stories were created. Women are often depicted as passive
and submissive characters who are dependent on men for their survival.

3 Elka Agoston-Nikolova, To Honour the Female: The Gendering of the South Slavic Epic Tradition, JSTOR,
October 2002.
4 "Slavic Mythology" Academia, accessed December 21, 2022,
https://www.academia.edu/11964142/Slavic_Mythology.

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 One of the most prominent female characters in Slavic mythology is Baba Yaga, a
witch-like figure who is often portrayed as a powerful and cunning character. Baba Yaga is
known for her magical abilities and her ability to control nature. She is also portrayed as a
mentor and guide to heroes on their quests. However, Baba Yaga's character is often
stereotyped as an old, ugly woman who is dangerous and unpredictable. This negative
stereotype of women as witches is prevalent in many cultures and can be traced back to the
Middle Ages.

2. Historical Background of Slavic Mythology

Slavic mythology is a collection of beliefs and legends that were passed down orally
by the Slavic people, who inhabited Eastern and Central Europe, including Belarus, Ukraine,
Poland, and Russia from the 5th to the 10th century. It is a rich and diverse mythology that
reflects the Slavic people's beliefs and values, as well as their way of life.5 Paganism is the
traditional religion of various Slavic tribes throughout ancient Eurasia, and it encompasses a
rich collection of stories, beliefs, and ritual practices.
The Slavic people had their own unique culture and language, distinct from the
surrounding peoples' cultures and languages. The earliest written records of Slavic mythology
date back to the 10th century, during the Christianisation of the Slavs.6 The Slavs were
conquered by the Germanic, Scandinavian, and Byzantine Empires, and as a result, their
mythology was influenced by these cultures. The introduction of Christianity also had a
significant impact on Slavic mythology, as many of the traditional beliefs and practices were
replaced by Christian ones.
Christianisation brought about profound changes to Slavic mythology, as traditional
beliefs and practices underwent a transformation in the wake of Christian influences. The
interplay between indigenous Slavic traditions and incoming Christian doctrines shaped a
dynamic and developing mythological landscape.
The oral transmission of legends and beliefs played a crucial role in Slavic mythology,
as these narratives were passed down through generations. This oral tradition, encompassing
diverse stories and rituals, served as a living repository of the Slavic people's beliefs and
values. The pagan religion of the ancient Slavs involved a pantheon of gods and goddesses,
with Perun reigning as the supreme deity. This pantheon embodied the spiritual essence of
the Slavic tribes and was integral to their cultural identity.
The absence of written records before the Christianisation of Slavic states underscores
the reliance on oral traditions. Bylinas, oral epics, and skazki, fairy tales, stand out as forms
of literature that preserved Slavic mythology. Even after Christianisation, these oral traditions
continued to be the vessels of cultural memory, safeguarding aspects of Slavic mythology.
Folklore, deeply intertwined with Slavic mythology, became a resilient vehicle for preserving
cultural and mythological elements. The enduring nature of these oral traditions, even amid
Christian influences, testifies to their significance in preserving the essence of Slavic beliefs.

5 Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: A History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994), 40-41.
6 Serhii Plokhy, The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 72-75.

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 Slavic mythology did not exist in isolation but underwent dynamic transformations
through cultural interplay. Plokhy's exploration of historical interweaving in the premodern
Slavic world illuminates the diverse influences that shaped the mythological landscape. As
Slavic tribes encountered neighbouring cultures, a vibrant exchange occurred, contributing to
the multifaceted evolution of their beliefs and mythology.

2.1 Overview of Slavic mythology

Slavic mythology encompasses the cultural and religious beliefs of the Slavic peoples
before the arrival of Christianity in the region. It has been influenced by various mythologies,
including Norse, Greek, and Roman, but it has its own unique characteristics.7
In Slavic mythology, gods and goddesses control various aspects of the natural world.
For example, Perun is the god of thunderstorms, associated with war and justice, and was
often depicted as a bearded man wielding a lightning bolt. Lada is the goddess of love and
fertility, associated with beauty, happiness, and the changing of the seasons.8 In addition to
gods and goddesses, Slavic mythology includes a number of supernatural beings such as
dragons, vampires, mermaids, witches. Baba Yaga, a witch living in a hut on chicken legs, is
one of the most famous characters in Slavic mythology, she is often portrayed as a trickster
figure who challenges the norms of society and is both feared and respected by the people.
The stories in Slavic mythology often revolve around the struggle between good and
evil. Many of the stories feature heroes who must overcome various challenges to save their
people or achieve their goals. These heroes are often aided by supernatural creatures or by the
gods themselves.
Slavic mythology is a rich and complex belief system that has shaped the cultural
identity of the Slavic people for centuries. It is the collection of myths, beliefs, and ritual
practices of the Slavic people before their conversion to Christianity. The mythology is filled
with mythical creatures, gods and goddesses, and epic tales of good and evil. This subchapter
will provide an overview of Slavic mythology, exploring the major deities, stories, and
traditions of this rich and complex cultural legacy.
The Slavic people are a group of related Indo-European peoples who spoke Slavic
languages and lived in Eastern, Central, and Southeastern Europe. Their mythology likely
dates back to the Proto-Indo-European period. Central to Slavic mythology is a pantheon of
gods and goddesses, each embodying specific aspects of the natural and supernatural realms.
Perun, the thunder god and supreme deity, commands the celestial forces, symbolising power
and divine authority. Other prominent gods and goddesses include Svarog, the god of fire and
the forge, and Lada, the goddess of love and fertility.
In the intricate cosmology of Slavic mythology, there exist three distinct worlds. The
upper world, inhabited by the pantheon of gods and goddesses, oversees the cosmic order and
celestial forces. The middle world, where humans reside alongside various creatures, forms

7 Florin Curta, Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2006), 81.
8 Patricia Turner and Charles Russell Coulter, Dictionary of Ancient Deities (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2001), 313.

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the earthly realm. Finally, the underworld, a mysterious domain of spirits and demons, adds
depth to the mythological landscape.
A distinctive feature of Slavic mythology is its profound interconnectedness with the
natural world. Agricultural rituals, seasonal celebrations, and the veneration of natural
elements underscore the ancient Slavs' deep reverence for the cyclical rhythms of nature.
The study of Slavic mythology relies on secondary sources, such as archaeological and
written records, as well as comparisons with other Indo-European cultural traditions. There
are no known written records of Slavic mythology prior to the Christianisation of Slavic
states, and the beliefs of the ancient Slavic religion were communicated solely through oral
traditions. As of today, there is no record of pagan Slavic prayers, let alone any complete
manuscript. Any extensive literature on Slavic legends was written long after Christianity
became the primary religion among the Slavs.9
The legacy of Slavic mythology endures as a testament to the creative and spiritual
richness of the ancient Slavic people. The world of belief they crafted, with its intricate
patterns of gods, cosmology, folklore, and traditions, not only reflects the past but continues
to shape our understanding of the human experience.

2.2 The historical context of Slavic mythology

2.2.1 Creation Myths and Cosmology

The cosmogonic narratives of the Slavs, deeply rooted in their mythological
traditions, provide a glimpse into their conceptualisation of the universe's birth. A prevalent
theme across various Slavic cultures is the notion of the universe emerging from a primordial
chaos, often symbolised as a cosmic egg or a watery abyss. This cosmogonic motif, though
diverse in its manifestations, highlights the common threads that bind the Slavic mythological
narrative. Slavic mythology has different versions of cosmogonic myths depending on the
peoples, that explain how the world was created, who created it, and what principles guide it.
This origin tale is an effort to make the cosmos understandable to humans. They are our
primary myths, the earliest stage of what may be described as the civilisation's psychological
life. Through collective dreams, which we call cosmogonies, cultures can define themselves.
One particularly intriguing creation myth features Rod, the supreme god in Slavic
mythology, who shapes the world from his own sacrificial dismemberment.10 This act of self-
sacrifice underscores the cyclical nature of life and the interconnectedness between the divine
and earthly realms—a theme that permeates many ancient mythologies worldwide.
Within the cosmological framework of Slavic mythology, an interesting dualism
unfolds—a dance between chaotic forces and those of order, echoing the broader Indo-
European mythological tradition.11 Perun, the god of thunder and lightning, embodies order,
while Veles, associated with the underworld, represents chaos.12 The dynamic interplay
between these deities mirrors the delicate balance perceived in the natural world by the

9 Victor Kernbach, Dictionar de Mitologie Generala (Bucharest: Editura Albatros, 1983), 262.
10 Marija Gimbutas, The Slavs (New York: Preager Publishers, 1971), 78.
11 Jaan Puhvel, Comparative Mythology (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), 112.
12 L. J. Ivanits, Russian Folk Belief (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1989), 205.

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ancient Slavs. This dualistic perspective isn't confined to the Slavic realms alone but
resonates across diverse cultures, providing a universal lens through which to interpret the
complexities of existence and the cyclical patterns woven into the fabric of the cosmos.
The genesis of humanity holds a pivotal place in Slavic creation myths, marked by
divine interventions and a profound connection between gods and mortals. Dazhbog, the solar
deity, often takes centre stage in these narratives, playing a role in the creation of the first
human beings. In some versions, Dazhbog moulds humanity from clay, breathing life into
them and emphasising the divine origin of human existence.13
The concept of the divine touch in the creation of humanity establishes a sacred bond
between gods and mortals, a recurring theme that shapes the cultural and religious practices
of ancient Slavic societies.
Learning about the cosmology and creation myths of Slavic mythology is similar to
piecing together a beautiful tapestry full of symbolic tales that captivate the viewer. The
interconnectedness of these myths across different Slavic cultures and their alignment with
broader Indo-European traditions exemplify the enduring power of myth to shape and reflect
the human understanding of the cosmos.

2.2.2 Folklore, traditions and legends

A vivid understanding of the cultural essence of the ancient Slavic people is revealed
as we delve further into the historical background of Slavic mythology, bringing the complex
web of folklore, customs, and stories to life. These components—which had their roots in
common experiences and beliefs—not only influenced their worldview but also significantly
contributed to the definition of their identity and feeling of community.
Folklore, a repository of oral traditions and narratives passed down through
generations, stands as a living testament to the collective wisdom and creativity. 14 In the
realm of Slavic folklore, a diverse array of mythical creatures and folk tales unfolds,
reflecting the essence of cultural identity.
One cannot traverse the landscape of Slavic folklore without encountering the
domovoi, a household spirit believed to protect the home and its inhabitants.15 Tales of the
rusalka, a water nymph with both benevolent and malevolent qualities, add an enchanting
layer to the mystical fabric of Slavic folk narratives.16 Each story carries the echoes of
ancestors' voices, resonating through time.
Ancient Slavic traditions were deeply intertwined with the rhythms of nature and
changing seasons. Agricultural festivals, such as the celebration of Kupala Night, marked the
transition between spring and summer, embodying a communal expression of gratitude for
the earth's bounty.17 The rituals associated with these traditions not only celebrated the

13 B. A. Rybakov, Paganism of the Ancient Slavs (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987), 120.
14 The Oxford Handbook of Slavic and East European Folklore, ed. by Margaret H Beissinger (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2022).
15 Ivanits, Russian Folk Belief, 78.
16 "Slavic Mythology: Gods, Legends, Characters, and Culture," History Cooperative, June 5, 2023
https://historycooperative.org/slavic-mythology/.
17 Aleksander Gieysztor, Mitologia Słowian (Warsaw: University of Warsaw Publishing House, 2006), 224-
225.

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cyclical nature of life but also fostered a profound connection between the Slavic people and
the natural world.
The weaving of traditional beliefs into daily life is exemplified in the reverence for
"Kupala" or "rusalka" spirits during these festivals. As communities gathered around
bonfires, engaging in dances and songs, they invoked the protective forces of nature, ensuring
harmonious coexistence with unseen realms.18 These traditions passed through generations,
played a vital role in fostering a sense of communal identity among the Slavic people.
Legends, grand narratives that transcend time, encapsulate the heroic exploits and
mythic dimensions of Slavic mythology. The legendary figure of Ilya Muromets, a heroic
bogatyr, embodies the strength and valour highly esteemed in Slavic society.19 His tales,
intertwined with mythical creatures and epic adventures, provided a cultural compass for the
virtues upheld by the ancient Slavs.
The exploration of folklore, traditions, and legends within the historical context of
Slavic mythology reveals a nuanced understanding of the interconnectedness between the
mythical and the mundane. The domovoi whispering in the corners, the rhythmic dances
around the bonfires, and the heroic feats of bogatyr all contribute to the rich cultural weave
that defines the essence of the ancient Slavic people.
These cultural strands lead us as we proceed through the historical setting of Slavic
mythology, offering insight into the ideals, convictions, and colourful customs that moulded
the lives of the ancient Slavs.

2.3 Influence of Slavic mythology on our generation

2.3.1 Art, Literature, and Pop Culture

The enduring legacy of Slavic mythology stretches beyond the pages of ancient texts,
weaving its influence into the vivid realms of contemporary art, literature, and pop culture.
This chapter unravels the threads connecting the ancient Slavic pantheon to the creative
expressions of our generation, exploring how myths, gods, and mystical creatures continue to
influence and inspire.
In the realm of visual arts, the influence of Slavic mythology is palpable, shaping the
narratives and aesthetics of numerous works. Artists, drawing inspiration from the rich weave
of ancient tales, infuse their creations with the mystical allure of Slavic deities and
creatures.20 From the haunting visage of the hatnik to the ethereal beauty of the azernitsy,
these mythical beings find new life on the canvas, providing a bridge between the ancient and
the contemporary. The nuances of Slavic mythology, as depicted in paintings and sculptures,
serve as a visual lexicon, allowing artists to communicate the essence of these age-old stories
in a modern context.
In novels and poetry, the characters and themes of Slavic mythology find resonance,
breathing new life into old tales. The juxtaposition of ancient gods with the challenges of the

18 Gieysztor, 227.
19 Gieysztor, 88.
20 Ivanits, Russian Folk Belief, 78.

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present creates a dynamic interplay, allowing readers to explore the timeless aspects of
human experience through the lens of mythical traditions.
The influence of Slavic mythology extends beyond the realms of high culture,
permeating popular culture in surprising ways. Television, cinema, and video games become
stages where ancient myths are reenacted, reimagined, and sometimes even reinvented. 21
From epic fantasy series drawing on Slavic folklore to video games where players
navigate mythical landscapes, the allure of these age-old stories captivates a broad audience.
The pantheon of Slavic gods becomes not only a source of entertainment but also a cultural
touchstone, fostering a renewed interest in the myths that shaped the worldview of the
ancient Slavs.
In addition to well-known examples like The Witcher and The Tales of Bayun, modern
visual novel stories, such as Lis in Moon Chai's narrative inspired by Ukrainian myths,
showcase the ongoing fusion of Slavic myth with cutting-edge interactive storytelling. These
narratives offer immersive experiences that resonate with audiences, contributing to the
evolving contemporary art.
Authors, enchanted by the mystical world of Slavic folklore, reimagine and reinterpret
ancient stories in the context of modern narratives. Contemporary literature, such as
Katherine Arden's The Bear and the Nightingale trilogy, exemplifies the ongoing literary
exploration of Slavic mythology. These works transport readers into fantastical realms
inspired by Slavic fairy tales, demonstrating the enduring appeal of myths in modern
storytelling. Leigh Bardugo's Grisha Trilogy stands as a prime example of modern literature
that weaves Slavic-inspired elements into a gripping fantasy narrative. The success of these
books, alongside the adaptation of Shadow and Bone into a series, brings the enchanting
world of Grisha magic to a global audience, highlighting the ongoing impact of Slavic myths
in contemporary pop culture.
As we navigate the realms of creativity influenced by Slavic mythology, we discover
a dynamic interplay between the ancient and the contemporary, a testament to the enduring
power of these age-old stories to captivate and inspire.

2.4 Goddesses in Slavic Mythology

Slavic mythology unfolds a rich narrative of divine feminine figures, each
contributing to the complex and enchanting pantheon of gods and goddesses. In this
exploration of Slavic goddesses, we delve into the depths of ancient texts, drawing upon
scholarly works to illuminate the roles, symbolism, and cultural significance of these revered
entities. In the intricate web of Slavic mythology, goddesses embody various aspects of life,
nature, and the supernatural.
Mokosh, often depicted as a maternal figure, reigns over the realms of earth and
fertility. Her presence is deeply rooted in the agricultural practices and daily lives of the
Slavic people. In Slavic communities, rituals venerating Mokosh were woven into their daily
existence, reflecting a profound connection between the people and the land they cultivated.

21 The Oxford Handbook of Slavic and East European Folklore, ed. by Margaret H Beissinger (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2022).

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The earthly and nurturing aspects of Mokosh resonate in the rituals and beliefs that shaped
the agricultural cycles of the ancient Slavs.22
According to the folklore of the Russian North, Mokosha/Mokusha was represented as
a woman with a large head and long arms. Moksha/Mokusha was represented as a woman
with a large head and long arms, who shears sheep and spins wool, "Mokusha goes home
during the great fast and disturbs the spinning women"; She looks after the sheep and shears
the wool herself.23 A scrap of wool was left in the scissors for her at night. Other Old Russian
sources point to its neighbourhood with pitchforks - mermaids, thus emphasising her descent
into the realm of demonology. A faint reflection of Mokosha in Czech and Slovak folklore is
the image of Luca or Lyutska, who appears on December 13 on St. Lucy's Day. Lucka is
dressed in white (rarely black) clothes or in a shroud. In her hands she holds kudel and
scissors. She scares children, visits spinners, praises the diligent and beats the careless on
their fingers with a wooden spoon.24
Mokosh, the earth goddess, finds relevance in our renewed appreciation for
environmental harmony. The earth goddess finds relevance in our renewed appreciation for
environmental harmony. Her story weaves together with the urgent call for ecological
awareness, creating a bridge between the agrarian rituals of the past and our modern
responsibilities towards the planet.25
One of the most important female characters in Slavic mythology is the goddess
26
Lada. Lada is the goddess of fertility, beauty, and love, and is often associated with the
coming of spring. She is believed to have the power to bring fertility to the land and is often
depicted as a beautiful, young woman adorned with flowers. Lada is a symbol of renewal and
the continuation of life.27
In the case of Lada, the controversies surrounding her nature add a layer of intrigue to
her story. The diversity of interpretations, from benevolent nurturer to a composite
representation of various regional goddesses, showcases the fluidity and adaptability of
mythological figures within the cultural imagination.28 As we delve into the nuances of Lada's
character; we encounter a goddess whose essence transcends the boundaries of time and
geographical regions. Whether she emerges as a symbol of enduring love or as a reflection of
changing societal perceptions, Lada's enigmatic presence in Slavic mythology invites
continual exploration and contemplation.29 Through the lens of academic scholarship and the
lens of cultural curiosity, the exploration of Slavic goddesses invites us to embrace the
ambiguity and fluidity inherent in these ancient tales. Each goddess, including the elusive
22 K. Kris Hirst, "Mokosh, Slavic Mother Earth Goddess,", ed. on October 28, 2019
https://www.thoughtco.com/mokosh-4773684.
23 Gieysztor, Mitologia Słowian, 185.
24 Gieysztor, 185.
25 Gieysztor, 184-187.
26 K. Kris Hirst, "Lada, Slavic Goddess of Spring and Love," ThoughtCo, November 27, 2019,
https://www.thoughtco.com/lada-slavic-goddess-4776503.
27 Brian M. Fagan and Nadia Durrani, People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory, 16th ed.
(New York: Routledge, 2023), 112-115.
28Patricia Monaghan, The Encyclopedia of Goddesses and Heroines (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2014), 228-
230.
29 Mircea Eliade, Myths, Dreams, and Mysteries: The Encounter Between Contemporary Faiths and Archaic
Realities (New York: HarperOne, 1975), 73-75.

14
Lada, contributes to the collective imagination, leaving an indelible mark on the cultural
identity of the Slavic people. In the midst of this exploration, the controversies surrounding
goddesses like Lada offer a reflection of our evolving societal values. As we grapple with
shifting perspectives on love, beauty, and femininity, Lada becomes a metaphor for the
fluidity of cultural ideals.
In the shadows of academic discourse and cultural contemplation, controversies
surrounding goddesses like Lada add an intriguing layer to our journey. The ambiguity
surrounding her essence becomes a mirror reflecting the intricacies of human understanding
and cultural evolution. Is Lada a singular force or a mosaic of regional goddesses converging
into a manifestation of love and beauty? The very enigma of this question becomes a portal
into the fluid nature of mythology, perpetually reshaped by the currents of human thought.
In the intricate pantheon of Slavic goddesses, Morena emerges as a figure both
enigmatic and controversial, embodying the complex interplay of life, death, and rebirth. 30
Delving deeper into the mysteries surrounding Matrena, I confronted one with more than just
conventional narratives, but also the controversies and diverse theories that shroud her
existence in ambiguity.
Traditionally known as the goddess of winter and death, Morena's character evokes a
chilling yet captivating presence. According to popular Slavic mythology, she governs the
cold months, presiding over the dormancy of nature and the descent into the realms of the
deceased. Her association with death, while prevalent in many tales, has sparked diverse
interpretations and controversies among scholars.
Some scholars propose alternative theories that challenge the conventional portrayal
of Morena as a harbinger of death. Instead, they view her as a symbol of transformation,
embodying the cyclical nature of life, death, and rebirth. According to these theories,
Morena's influence extends beyond mere mortality, encompassing the broader concept of
change and renewal.
Beyond the realm of myth, Morena's presence lingers in various folk customs and
rituals observed in Slavic communities. One such ritual involves the symbolic "burial" or
burning of effigies representing Morena, marking the end of winter and the anticipation of
spring.31 This celebration nowadays, called Maslenica, while rooted in traditions, also serves
as a testament to the multifaceted nature of Morena's symbolism. There are disagreements
about how to interpret these rites; some academics contend that burying or burning Morena's
effigy represents the arrival of spring and the victory of life over death.32 Others, however,
contend that such practices reinforce the notion of Morena as a deity associated with the
darker aspects of existence.
In contemporary times, there has been a revival of interest in Slavic mythology,
accompanied by reinterpretations of deities like Morena. Some modern enthusiasts seek to
reclaim and redefine Morena's symbolism, emphasising her connection to nature, change, and

30 K. Kris Hirst, "Marzanna, Slavic Goddess of Death and Winter" ThoughtCo, October 28, 2019,
https://www.thoughtco.com/marzanna-4774267.
31 Gieysztor, Mitologia Słowian, 227-229.
32 Long Athena. "Morana: The Slavic Goddess of Death and Winter," November 20, 2023,
https://legendaryladieshub.com/goddess-morana/

15
the cyclical rhythms of existence.33 A burgeoning debate centres around Morena as an eco-
feminist symbol, representing not only the natural cycles of life and death but also the need
for ecological awareness and balance. Some argue that recasting Morena in this light aligns
with the evolving perspectives on femininity, nature, and sustainability.
The goddesses of Slavic mythology invite us to delve deeper into their captivating
stories and the intricate connections that weave them into a timeless narrative. This
exploration uncovers both ancient myths and a narrative that continues to shape our
understanding of the divine, femininity, and timeless aspects of being human.
Examining their interwoven stories forces us to rethink the divisions we often draw
between the mythical and the real, the ancient and the present. Rather, it encourages us to
recognise the ongoing conversation between the past and the present, where the universal
qualities of the human condition are revealed via complex layers of cultural development.

2.4.1 Women archetypes, analysis and examples

The role of women in Slavic mythology is deeply rooted in the cultural and symbolic
representations of the ancient Slavic peoples. Throughout history, women have been
associated with various archetypes and symbols that reflect their significance in mythological
narratives. The analysis of figurative and symbolic representations of Slavic mythology
suggests that it actualises the problem of incorporating "women's cults," gender, and strain
family relations.34 These archetypes and symbols have formed certain social attitudes and
cultural canons, shaped the identity of related cultures and emphasised the importance of
feminine elements in the mythological framework.
The Wise Old Woman archetype, known as Baba Yaga in Slavic regions, represents
wisdom and guidance across different cultures.35 This archetype is expressed through myth
and folklore, reflecting the storytelling culture and the inherent meaning in the lessons it
teaches.36 The evolving nature of archetypes, including feminine archetypes, is a testament to
their reflection of human nature and their ability to resonate with individuals and societies.
In Slavic mythology, women are also associated with specific mythological creatures and
figures, such as the stunning but demonised creatures who come from women who drowned
before they got married. These mythological representations emphasise the duality of
everything, including the contrast between darkness and light, female and male, and summer
and winter. The intertwining of feminine archetypes with natural phenomena and cultural
beliefs underscores the multifaceted role of women in Slavic mythology.
The analysis of women's archetypes in Slavic mythology reveals the profound
influence of feminine elements on the cultural, symbolic, and narrative aspects of ancient
Slavic beliefs. These archetypes and symbols continue to resonate across different cultures,

33 Old World Gods, "Morena, the Goddess of Death: Unveiling the Ancient Slavic Mythology", November 18,
2023, https://oldworldgods.com/slavic/morena-goddess-of-death/.
34 Chuvashova, Diana, "Female elements in figuratively symbolic ideas of Slavic mythology." Skhid, 2016.
35 Palinic Katarina. "Slavic Mythology: 8 Creatures, Myths, & Stories," October 13, 2022,
https://www.thecollector.com/slavic-mythology-creatures-myths/.
36 Adrienne Mayor, The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World (Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014).

16
reflecting the enduring significance of women in mythological narratives and the broader
cultural heritage of the Slavic peoples.

2.5 Relationship between gender and power

The relationship between gender and power is a complex and multifaceted issue that
has been explored in various cultural and historical contexts, including Slavic mythology.
In Slavic mythology, women are associated with various archetypes and symbols that reflect
their power and influence. These archetypes and symbols have formed certain social attitudes
and cultural canons, shaped the identity of related cultures and emphasised the importance of
feminine elements in the mythological framework.
The analysis of figurative and symbolic representations of Slavic mythology suggests
that it actualises the problem of incorporating "women's cults," gender, and strain family
relations.37 In the heathenism of the early Middle Ages, Slavic women enjoyed great
independence and sovereignty.38 However, the affirmation of the power of women in Slavic
mythology is not always consistent. In some cases, women are portrayed as powerless and
submissive, while in others, they are depicted as bold and powerful.39 These contrasting
representations reflect the complex and developing nature of gender and power in Slavic
mythology.
The relationship between gender and power in Slavic mythology is also reflected in
the social and cultural attitudes towards women during ancient times. The analysis of data
source research makes it clear that the prevailing view about the position of a woman in the
early mediaeval society of the Slavs is mostly faulty. Women were often relegated to
traditional roles, such as homemakers and caretakers, and were not given equal opportunities
to participate in political or economic activities.40 However, the study also suggests that
women could occupy the same niche as men did, in other words, be "sorcerer," "warrior," and
"worker". This suggests that the relationship between gender and power in Slavic mythology
was not always fixed or predetermined, but rather evolved over time and was influenced by
various social, cultural, and historical factors.
The relationship between gender and power in Slavic mythology is a complex and
multifaceted issue that reflects the cultural and symbolic representations of the ancient Slavic
peoples. The role of women in Slavic mythology reflects the evolving nature of gender and
power and the complex social and cultural attitudes towards women during ancient times.

37 Chuvashova Diana, "Female elements in figuratively symbolic ideas of Slavic mythology" Skhid, 2016.
38 Serkina, "The Role of Women among the Slavs in Early Paganism." Stratum plus, 2023.
39 Gilmore, Olesya Salnikova. "In Praise of the Bold, Powerful Women of Slavic Fairy Tales," September 19,
2022, https://lithub.com/in-praise-of-the-bold-powerful-women-of-slavic-fairy-tales/.
40 Gliński Mikołaj, "What Is Known About Slavic Mythology," March 29, 2016,
https://culture.pl/en/article/what-is-known-about-slavic-mythology.

17
 2.5.1 Comparison of male and female roles
The role of men and women in Slavic mythology reflect the complex interplay
between gender and power, as well as the cultural and symbolic representations of the ancient
Slavic peoples.41
In Slavic mythology, the roles of men and women are often depicted in contrasting
ways. Women are portrayed as either good and powerless or evil and powerful, rarely
embodying both qualities.42 Baba Yaga stands as a potent example of the archetype of
evilness and power. With her magical abilities and unpredictable nature, she embodies a force
to be reckoned with, challenging traditional notions of feminine frailty. However, there are
remarkable women in Slavic fairy tales who refuse to conform to societal expectations and
traditions, displaying boldness and agency traditionally associated with men. For example, in
the tale of Vasilisa the Wise, we encounter a remarkable woman who refuses to conform to
societal norms.
These women demonstrate initiative and make choices that challenge traditional
gender roles, highlighting the complexity of gender dynamics in Slavic mythology.
In Slavic mythology, men are often associated with powerful deities and heroic figures,
reflecting traditional gender roles and expectations. However, the presence of female warriors
and powerful women in Slavic folklore challenges these traditional gender roles, suggesting a
more nuanced and complex understanding of gender and power in ancient Slavic society.
Some of these dual counterparts include darkness and light, female and male, and summer
and winter. This emphasises the duality of everything, including the contrast between female
and male, further highlighting the multifaceted nature of gender roles in Slavic mythology.
The comparison of male and female roles in Slavic mythology reveals a complex
interplay between gender and power, as well as the cultural and symbolic representations of
the ancient Slavic peoples. The roles of men and women in Slavic mythology reflect a diverse
range of archetypes and symbols, challenging traditional gender roles and expectations and
highlighting the multifaceted nature of gender dynamics in ancient Slavic society.

3. Slavic Mythology in New Media

In the digital age, Slavic mythology transcends ancient texts to permeate new media
landscapes. This chapter delves into the intersection of traditional myth and modern
technology, exploring how academia interprets and assesses the portrayal of Slavic
mythology in various forms of new media. Slavic mythology has been a source of inspiration
for various forms of media, including literature, film, and video games, and has also been a
source of inspiration for various forms of visual art, including painting, sculpture, and graphic
design.
In recent years, Slavic mythology has gained popularity in various forms of media,
including social media and online communities. The analysis of data source research makes it

41 Elka Agoston-Nikolova, "To Honour the Female: The Gendering of the South Slavic Epic Tradition,"
JSTOR, October 2002.
42 Gilmore, Olesya Salnikova. "In Praise of the Bold, Powerful Women of Slavic Fairy Tales," September 19,
2022, https://lithub.com/in-praise-of-the-bold-powerful-women-of-slavic-fairy-tales/.

18
clear that the prevailing view about the position of a woman in the early mediaeval society of
the Slavs is mostly faulty.43 However, the representation of women in Slavic mythology has
been a topic of interest for many online communities, who have explored the diverse and
complex roles that women play in Slavic mythology. These communities have created
various forms of media, including memes, fan art, and online discussions, highlighting the
enduring appeal of Slavic mythology in contemporary culture.
The representation of gender and power in Slavic mythology has been a topic of
interest for many scholars and artists, who have explored the complex and multifaceted
nature of these themes in their work. The enduring appeal of Slavic mythology in
contemporary culture highlights the cultural and symbolic significance of this ancient belief
system and its continued relevance in modern times.
The presence of Slavic mythology in new media marks a captivating journey into the
digital era. From the immersive realms of video games and cinematic experiences to the
interactive landscapes of virtual reality and the collaborative spaces of the internet, these
media not only entertain but also redefine the ways in which Slavic mythology is perceived,
understood, and perpetuated in our contemporary world.

3.1 Impact and Reception in Contemporary Media (Films, Literature,

Video Games, Visual Novels) - Plot summaries and key themes
Slavic mythology has made a significant impact on contemporary media, including
literature, films, video games, and visual novels. The enduring appeal of Slavic folklore and
mythology has inspired creators to incorporate its themes, characters, and narratives into
various forms of media, contributing to the preservation and reimagining of these
ancient beliefs.
One notable example of the use of Slavic mythology in new media is the classic book
Croatian Tales of Long Ago by Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić, which contains eight fairy tales
deeply rooted in Slavic mythology.44 The tales have attracted the attention of young readers
and literary critics, and the influence of traditional oral storytelling, as well as mythical
creatures and fantasy motifs, has been recognised by contemporary literary critics. These
tales have been adapted into various forms of media, including films, television shows, and
video games, highlighting the enduring appeal of Slavic mythology in contemporary culture.
Another example of the use of Slavic mythology in new media is the video game The
Witcher, which is based on the book series by Polish author Andrzej Sapkowski.45 The action
role-playing game developed by CD Projekt Red, known for its rich narrative and detailed
world-building, draws on Slavic mythology and folklore, incorporating various creatures and
characters from Slavic mythology into its narrative and gameplay, thus introducing players to
the diverse and captivating world of Slavic folklore.46

43 Serkina, "The Role of Women among the Slavs in Early Paganism." Stratum plus, 2023.
44 Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić, Croatian Tales of Long Ago, trans. by F. S. Copeland (New York: Frederick A.
Stokes Co., 1922)
45 Maria Pamela, "The Witcher Series: The Mastery of Adaptation," July 23, 2018, https://the-artifice.com/the-
witcher-adaptation/.
46 StoryDive, "The Real Slavic Mythology behind 6 Witcher Creatures or Characters (Part 1 of 2)." YouTube,
September 9, 2019.

19
 The series revolves around the adventures of Geralt of Rivia, the protagonist, who is a
witcher—a monster hunter mutated with alchemical concoctions. The concept of witchers is
rooted in Eastern European folklore, where such characters are often portrayed as skilled
hunters or protectors against supernatural threats.
The game features a variety of monsters and creatures inspired by Slavic mythology.
For example, the striga is a cursed, nocturnal creature with origins in Polish folklore. A
female demon that is born from the body of a woman who dies in childbirth, appears in the
first book of the series, The Last Wish. Other creatures, like the Leshy, are guardians of the
forest in Slavic mythology. The Ladies of the Wood are powerful, enigmatic entities tied to
the Crones—a trio of grotesque witches. These characters have roots in Slavic folklore,
where forest spirits or deities are often associated with natural forces.
The central antagonist in the game is the Wild Hunt, a spectral cavalcade from the
world of the dead. While the Wild Hunt itself is a mythological motif present in various
cultures, its portrayal in the game draws on Slavic folklore about ghostly processions
foretelling war or catastrophe, kind of Ragnarök - in Scandinavian mythology, the end of the
world of gods and men.
Throughout the game, players encounter various cultural customs and traditions that
echo Slavic folklore. These include superstitions, rituals, and the presence of folklore-
inspired characters and settings. Many names of characters, locations, and creatures in the
game have Slavic origins or are adapted from Eastern European languages. This adds
authenticity to the world-building and enhances the connection to Slavic folklore. The in-
game regions of Velen and Novigrad draw inspiration from Slavic landscapes and
architecture. The villages, swamps, and dense forests reflect the Eastern European setting.
The Bloody Baron quest explores themes of family, power, and redemption. The character of
the Baron and the storyline draw on Eastern European motifs of troubled nobility and
supernatural consequences. The game has been praised for its rich and immersive world-
building, which draws on the cultural and symbolic representations of Slavic mythology to
create a unique and engaging gaming experience.47
In contemporary online communities, such as Reddit, discussions about Slavic
folklore in the media highlight the enduring interest in the rich and diverse pantheon of Slavic
mythology.48 While some express satisfaction that Slavic mythology remains niche, others
recognise the importance of sharing and popularising these ancient beliefs through art,
stories, and media to keep mythologies and folklore alive.
Black Book is a dark fantasy role-playing video game developed by Morteshka and
published by HypeTrain Digital. Released in 2021, the game draws inspiration from Slavic
mythology and folklore. The game features a young sorceress who battles evil forces, aids
common folk and travels across the rural countryside, where humans live alongside
mythological creatures.49
The game is set in a fictional rendition of a 19th-century Slavic-inspired region,
incorporating historical and cultural elements from the broader cultural sphere. Various in-

47 "A Real Witcher—Slavic or Universal; from a Book, a Game or a TV Series? In the Circle of Multimedia
Adaptations of a Fantasy Series of Novels “The Witcher” by A. Sapkowski." MDPI,October 3,2020.
48 "Slavic folklore in the media." Reddit.
49 Morteshka and HypeTrain Digital, Black Book (Video Game, 2021).

20
game locations, villages, and landscapes are designed to reflect the architecture and ambiance
of rural Slavic-inspired settings. The game also integrates traditional folk rituals and customs
into its storytelling.50
The main character, Vasilisa, is a young sorceress known as a "witch" in Slavic
folklore. Her name is a direct reference to Vasilisa the Beautiful, a popular character in
Eastern European fairy tales.
The title itself, Black Book, refers to a mystical artefact known in Slavic folklore. In
Eastern European folklore, a "black book" often contains powerful spells or knowledge, and
its use is central to the game's narrative. Throughout the game, players encounter various
creatures and entities from Slavic mythology, such as domovoi (household spirits), rusalka
(water nymphs), and other supernatural beings. The game explores the practice of witchcraft,
drawing from Slavic traditions of folk magic, spell casting, and the supernatural. Players
engage in rituals and use magical incantations inspired by the broader Slavic folklore. The
dialogues and interactions in the game include references to Slavic mythology, folklore, and
superstitions, providing players with an immersive cultural experience within the broader
Slavic cultural context.
The Grisha Trilogy (comprising Shadow and Bone, Siege and Storm, and Ruin and
Rising) by Leigh Bardugo and the Netflix series Shadow and Bone have gained popularity as
recent examples that draw on Slavic mythology.51 The series is inspired by Eastern European
cultures, incorporating elements of Slavic mythology and history to create a unique blend of
fantasy and historical inspiration. The Grisha Trilogy features a diverse cast of characters,
including Grisha, individuals with magical abilities, and various creatures inspired by Slavic
mythology. The series explores themes of power, politics, and the struggle between light and
darkness, drawing on the rich and diverse mythological narratives of Slavic culture. The
Grisha Trilogy is set in a fictional world inspired by Tsarist Russia and Eastern European
folklore. The world is divided by the Shadow Fold, a dark and dangerous expanse filled with
monsters. The setting includes countries like Ravka, inspired by Russia, and Kerch, drawing
on elements of Eastern European cultures.
Alina Starkov, the main character, begins the series as an orphan and a soldier in the
Ravkan army. Her life takes a drastic turn when she discovers a dormant magical power
within her, thrusting her into the world of the Grisha. Alina's journey is a central focus of the
trilogy as she navigates political intrigue, romance, and the challenges of wielding
immense power.
The Darkling, one of the central characters and the antagonist of the series, embodies
darkness and formidable power. His character draws on the archetype of dark forces
prevalent in Slavic folklore, reminiscent of characters like Koschei the Deathless. 52 He is also
known as Aleksander Morozova and is named after Morozko, a frost demon in Slavic

50 "Black Book is a dark RPG Adventure, based on Slavic myths," HypeTrain, 2023,
https://www.hypetraindigital.com/games/black-book.
51 Leigh Bardugo, Shadow and Bone (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2012); Leigh Bardugo, Siege and
Storm (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2013); Leigh Bardugo, Ruin and Rising (New York: Henry Holt
and Company, 2014).
52 Study.com, "The Death of Koschei the Deathless | Summary & Analysis,"June 21, 2022,
https://study.com/learn/lesson/the-death-of-koschei-the-deathless-alexander-afanasyev-summary-folklore.html.

21
folklore.53 The association with frost and winter aligns with the cultural symbolism of cold
and mysterious forces. The mystical world created by Bardugo includes creatures from
Eastern European mythology, widely known from tales, such as the Firebird, the mystical
stag or Rusalier, the sea serpent.54
The Grisha Trilogy received widespread acclaim for its inventive world-building,
compelling characters, and engaging plot. The success of the books led to the creation of the
Grishaverse, a literary universe that includes additional series like the Six of Crows duology.
The Grisha Trilogy has also been adapted into a television series by Netflix, titled Shadow
and Bone.55

3.2 Case study (Representation of female characters, character

portrait, Insights)
Slavic mythology has been a source of inspiration for various forms of media,
including literature, films, video games, and visual novels. The representation of female
characters in these media forms has been a topic of discussion among scholars and critics.
This subchapter will examine the representation of female characters in Slavic mythology in
new media, focusing on character portraits, storylines, design choices, and symbolism.
The representation of female characters in Slavic mythology has been diverse, with
various archetypes and roles. These archetypes include the mother, the maiden, the crone, the
witch, and the warrior. In new media, female characters are often portrayed as powerful and
independent, challenging traditional gender roles and stereotypes. For example, in the Grisha
Trilogy by Leigh Bardugo, the female protagonist, Alina Starkov, is a powerful Grisha who
defies societal expectations and challenges the male-dominated power structure.56
Design choices in new media also play a significant role in the representation of
female characters. The design of female characters in Slavic mythology often incorporates
traditional clothing, hairstyles, and accessories, reflecting the cultural and historical aspects
of the Slavic culture. In visual novels and video games, female characters are often designed
with exaggerated physical features, such as large breasts and narrow waists, which can
reinforce gender stereotypes and objectify women.57
Symbolism is another important aspect of the representation of female characters in
Slavic mythology in new media. Symbolism can be used to convey deeper meanings and
themes, such as power, femininity, and sexuality. For example, the use of the witch archetype
in Slavic mythology can represent female power and independence, challenging traditional
gender roles and expectations. The use of the mother archetype can represent nurturing and
protective qualities, while the maiden archetype can represent purity and innocence.

53 The Oxford Handbook of Slavic and East European Folklore, ed. by Margaret H Beissinger (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2022).
54 Palinic Katarina, "Slavic Mythology: 8 Creatures, Myths, & Stories," October 13, 2022,
https://www.thecollector.com/slavic-mythology-creatures-myths/.
55 Netflix, Shadow and Bone, television series, 2021-2023.
56 Teo Bileta, "An Insider's Guide to Slavic-Inspired Fantasy," May 7, 2020,
https://www.tor.com/2020/05/07/an-insiders-guide-to-slavic-inspired-fantasy/.
57 Elisabeth Gee, "Women, video gaming and learning: Beyond stereotypes", September 2005, Arizona State
University.

22
 The representation of female characters in Slavic mythology in new media is diverse,
incorporating various archetypes, design choices, and symbolism. The interplay between
traditional mythological narratives and contemporary media reflects the enduring significance
of Slavic mythology in modern culture. The fusion of original fantasy plots with folkloric
elements from Slavic mythology has contributed to the enduring legacy of these media forms,
solidifying their place in the realm of interactive storytelling and their cultural significance in
the preservation of Slavic folklore.
This case study delves into the representation of Alina, examining her character
portrait, storyline dynamics, design choices, and symbolic elements of Slavic mythology.58
Alina Starkov's representation in the Grisha Trilogy deftly challenges and redefines
conventional expectations of female protagonists. Bardugo introduces Alina as a character
whose journey is not solely defined by her abilities but by her internal struggles, ambitions,
and growth. Alina's complexity contributes to a broader shift in modern fantasy literature,
where female characters transcend one-dimensional roles. Alina's character portrait is a
testament to Bardugo's commitment to crafting multidimensional protagonists. Alina begins
as a seemingly ordinary mapmaker in the army, but her transformation into a Sun Summoner
unfolds with intricacy and depth. Bardugo's ability to balance vulnerability and strength
shapes a character whose internal conflicts and evolving relationships resonate with readers.
The storyline dynamics surrounding Alina Starkov are marked by a departure from
conventional hero narratives. Rather than adhering to a linear trajectory, Alina's journey is
riddled with moral quandaries, self-discovery, and the complexities of power. This narrative
approach challenges the notion of a singular heroic arc, allowing Alina to grapple with the
consequences of her choices in a manner that reflects real-world ambiguity.
Bardugo's design choices in shaping Alina Starkov extend beyond mere physical
attributes. While her Grisha abilities manifest visually (get healthier and look better), it is the
subtleties in her attire and expressions that reveal her evolving identity. The author
emphasises the deliberate design nuances, such as the changing hues and of Alina's attire,
symbolising her journey from obscurity to empowerment.
Symbolic elements woven into Alina's narrative serve as conduits for deeper
exploration. The Sun Summoner motif carries multifaceted symbolism, representing not only
Alina's extraordinary abilities but also her potential to bring light to darkened realms. This
symbolism is a metaphor for empowerment, positioning Alina as a catalyst for positive
change within the context of the story's world.
However, Alina Starkov has also faced criticism for her character portrayal. Some
readers have expressed dissatisfaction with her character, citing her dependency on male
validation and her perceived lack of multidimensionality. There have been discussions about
her initial lack of self-assuredness and her focus on being the Sun Summoner, which limited
her opportunities for multidimensional development.
The case study of Alina Starkov illuminates the transformative power of thoughtful
character representation in modern fantasy literature. Bardugo's nuanced approach to Alina's
character portrait, storyline dynamics, design choices, and symbolic elements reinforces the
notion that female protagonists can defy traditional moulds. Alina Starkov, as a literary
58 Bardugo Leigh, The Grisha Trilogy: Shadow and Bone (2012), Siege and Storm (2013), Ruin and Rising
(2014).

23
figure, contributes to the ongoing discourse about the evolving role of women in fantasy
narratives, emphasising the importance of embracing complexity and agency in
character development.
Yennefer of Vengerberg, a central character in The Witcher series, has been a subject
of diverse discussions and analyses. Her portrayal in the Netflix adaptation and the original
novels has sparked debates about her representation, character portrait, storyline, design
choices, and symbolism.
The Netflix series adaptation of The Witcher has been a topic of discussion regarding
the portrayal of Yennefer of Vengerberg. The adaptation has been critiqued for loosely
adapting the novels and failing to capture many elements that make Yennefer an intriguing
character in the books, for not fully capturing the essence of the sorceress, as depicted in the
novels, and for deviating from the character's original portrayal.59
Yennefer's representation in The Witcher series transcends the conventional boundaries set
for female characters in fantasy literature.60 The author introduces Yennefer as a sorceress of
unparalleled skill, yet her character arc unfolds with layers that extend beyond her magical
prowess. Yennefer challenges traditional feminine archetypes, navigating a narrative that
encompasses love, power, and self-discovery.61 Yennefer's character portrait is a masterclass
in the art of complexity. Beginning as a formidable sorceress, Yennefer's journey is marked
by internal conflicts and vulnerabilities that add depth to her persona. The deliberate crafting
of Yennefer's character, emphasising the balance between strength and emotional intricacies
that make her a compelling and relatable figure.
Yennefer's design choices are a testament to the meticulous attention paid to visual
storytelling. Beyond her iconic appearance, the witch's attire and demeanour evolve in
tandem with her character arc. The intentional design nuances, such as the symbolic motifs in
her clothing, which reflect Yennefer's inner struggles and the shifting dynamics of her
relationships. Symbolic elements woven into Yennefer's narrative serve as conduits for
deeper exploration. The enigmatic violet eyes, a result of her magical transformation,
symbolise both her exceptional abilities and the sacrifices made to attain them. These
symbolic features as reflections of Yennefer's internal and external metamorphosis,
underscoring the theme of transformation within the story.
The case study of Yennefer of Vengerberg illuminates the power of nuanced character
representation within the fantasy genre. The author's meticulous crafting of Yennefer's
character portrait, storyline dynamics, design choices, and symbolic elements contributes to
the broader discourse on the evolving role of women in fantasy narratives. Yennefer emerges
not merely as a love interest or a sorceress, but as a dynamic and multidimensional character
whose journey challenges and enriches the overarching narrative of The Witcher series.

59 Narayan Liu, "The Witcher: Does the Netflix Series Get Yennefer Right?" January 6, 2020,
https://www.cbr.com/the-witcher-netflix-series-yennefer-depiction/.
60 Martin Gabby. "Yennefer and How The Witcher Subverts Fantasy Tropes.", February 1, 2020,
https://butwhytho.net/2020/01/yennefer-how-the-witcher-subverts-feminine-fantasy-tropes/.
61 "The description of Yennefer in the Witcher wiki is the epitome of men writing women." Reddit.

24
 3.3 Growing Interest and Impact of New Media Adaptations on
Popularising Slavic Mythology
The growing interest and impact of new media adaptations on popularising Slavic
mythology has been a topic of discussion among scholars and enthusiasts. The interplay
between traditional mythological narratives and contemporary media has contributed to the
enduring significance of Slavic mythology in modern culture.62
The advent of new media, encompassing streaming platforms, video games, and
visual novels, has played a pivotal role in bringing Slavic mythology to a global audience.
The immersive nature of digital storytelling allows for a dynamic exploration of mythological
narratives, enabling audiences to engage with the richness of Slavic folklore in ways
previously inaccessible.
As narratives are woven into interactive experiences, notes that new media
adaptations provide a unique platform for audiences to actively participate in the exploration
of Slavic myths. The digital world expands beyond traditional storytelling, offering a more
inclusive and engaging experience that resonates with contemporary audiences.
Blockbuster adaptations, such as Netflix's Shadow and Bone, have catapulted Slavic
mythology into mainstream consciousness. Emphasises that the visual spectacle and narrative
intricacies of these adaptations serve as gateways, enticing audiences to delve deeper into the
cultural and mythological nuances embedded in Slavic stories. These adaptations act as
cultural bridges, connecting diverse audiences with the rich heritage of Slavic mythology.
The success of these media productions not only introduces these myths to a global audience
but also sparks curiosity and interest in the historical and cultural contexts from which these
narratives originated.
Video games, with titles like The Witcher series, have emerged as powerful mediums
for mythological exploration. Observing that the interactive nature of gaming allows players
to immerse themselves in the Slavic mythological universe, making choices that affect the
narrative direction.63 This participatory engagement fosters a sense of agency, deepening the
connection between players and the mythic world. As players navigate through mythical
landscapes and encounter legendary creatures, video games provide a unique form of
experiential learning, fostering a more profound understanding of Slavic mythology. The
success of these games has not only contributed to the commercialisation of Slavic myths but
has also sparked academic interest in the intersection of gaming culture and
mythology studies.
Beyond entertainment, the growing interest in Slavic mythology in new media has
permeated academic circles. Scholars, inspired by the resurgence of these ancient narratives,
are delving into the implications of mythological representation in the digital age.
The surge of interest in Slavic mythology through new media adaptations marks a
transformative period in the dissemination of ancient narratives. These adaptations not only
captivate global audiences but also bridge cultural gaps, fostering a renewed appreciation for

62 José Manuel Losada, "Myth and the Digital Age," in Myth and Audiovisual Creation, 17-42 (Logos Verlag,
Berlin, September 2019).
63 Zuzana Obertová,"Slavic Mythology Lost in Fantasy: Literary Adaptations of Slavic Beliefs", 2022.

25
the rich Slavic folklore. As the digital age continues to shape our relationship with
mythology, it becomes a dynamic force in the preservation and popularisation of
cultural heritage.

4. Conclusion

The growing popularity of Slavic mythology in new media has contributed to the
enduring significance of these ancient beliefs in modern culture. The interplay between
traditional mythological narratives and contemporary media has led to the creation of
alternative forms of storytelling that have captured the imagination of audiences worldwide.
The representation of Slavic mythology in new media has been diverse, incorporating various
elements of Slavic folklore and mythology. The Witcher series, for example, draws heavily
on Slavic mythology, featuring various creatures, characters, and storylines inspired by Slavic
folklore. The Grisha Trilogy by Leigh Bardugo is another example of a series that draws on
Slavic mythology, incorporating various characters, events, and story plots from ancient
beliefs. The fusion of original fantasy plots with folkloric elements from Slavic mythology
has contributed to the enduring legacy of these media forms, solidifying their place in the
realm of interactive storytelling and their cultural significance in the preservation of Slavic
folklore.64 The impact of new media adaptations on popularising Slavic mythology has been
significant, with various forms of media contributing to the preservation and reimagining of
these ancient beliefs in contemporary media. The use of symbolism, archetypes, and design
choices in new media has been instrumental in conveying deeper meanings and themes, such
as power, femininity, and sexuality. The representation of female characters in Slavic
mythology in new media has also been a topic of discussion, with various archetypes and
roles, including the mother, the maiden, the crone, the witch, and the warrior.
Despite historical upheavals, these myths have not only endured but also adapted to
changing socio-cultural landscapes. The narratives, shaped by historical events and cultural
shifts, continue to serve as vessels for collective memory and identity, embodying the
resilience of the Slavic people. These myths are not static entities but dynamic expressions of
cultural consciousness, providing a lens through which communities interpret their past and
navigate the complexities of the present. As we traverse the mythological realms, it becomes
evident that Slavic mythology is not confined to the pages of ancient texts; it lives and
breathes in the cultural fabric of contemporary society.
The impact of new media on the revival of Slavic mythology cannot be overstated.
The digital age has become a powerful conduit for the dissemination and popularisation of
these ancient narratives. Streaming platforms, video games, and literature adaptations have
not only introduced Slavic myths to a global audience but have also sparked academic
interest, creating a symbiotic relationship between popular culture and scholarly exploration.
The resilience, cultural significance, and adaptability of Slavic myths position them not as
relics of the past but as enduring forces that shape the cultural landscape of the present
and the future.

64 Bobrowski Jakub and Wrona Mateusz, Slavic Mythology, 2022.

26
 4.1 Influence on Folklore and Culture
Coming to the end of this exploration of Slavic mythology, it is essential to delve into
the profound influence these ancient narratives exert on the rich folklore and culture. The
interconnectedness between myth and lived experience reveals itself in the traditions,
customs, and artistic expressions that permeate Slavic societies.
Folklore, as a repository of shared beliefs and practices, is deeply intertwined with the
mythic narratives of Slavic traditions. The echoes of ancient myths resound in the oral
traditions, folktales, and rituals.
The impact of Slavic mythology on contemporary folk traditions, emphasising the
enduring resonance of mythic elements in cultural practices. Festivals, ceremonies, and
seasonal rituals often bear the imprint of ancient narratives, acting as a bridge between the
past and the present. The cyclic nature of these practices reflects the cyclical themes
embedded in Slavic myths, perpetuating a sense of continuity and cultural identity.
The realm of artistic expression asserts that the influence of Slavic mythology
transcends folklore and permeates various forms of cultural production. Visual arts, literature,
and music become canvases for the continuation and reinterpretation of mythical themes. The
symbolic motifs and archetypal characters from Slavic myths find resonance in contemporary
creations, adding layers of meaning and depth to the cultural narrative.
The internet has become a vigorous medium for all kinds of interaction, including the
folkloric, offering a burgeoning site for cultural exchange and collaboration.65 The online
environment presents a challenging task for folklorists attempting to ascertain the origins or
document the evolution of ephemeral digital folk culture, as the rapid pace of change and the
vast amount of content make it difficult to study and analyse.66
The fusion of original fantasy plots with folkloric elements from Slavic mythology has
contributed to the enduring legacy of these media forms, solidifying their place in the realm
of interactive storytelling and their cultural significance in the preservation of Slavic folklore.
The influence of Slavic mythology on folklore and culture transcends mere preservation. The
enduring resilience and adaptability of these myths underscore their significance as cultural
touchstones, providing individuals with a sense of identity and belonging.67
"The influence of mythology on folklore and culture is not a relic of antiquity but a
vibrant force that breathes life into the customs, traditions, and artistic expressions of
contemporary society."

4.2 Modern Reinterpretation and Rediscovery

The term "mythic remix" encapsulates contemporary approaches to Slavic mythology in
literature and media. Authors and creators engage with traditional myths, not as static relics

65 Peck Andrew and Trevor J. Blank, Folklore and Social Media, (University Press of Colorado, Utah State
University Press, 2020.)
66 Blank Trevor, "Folklore and the Internet: The Challenge of an Ephemeral Landscape", (State University of
New York at Potsdam, USA, 2018.)
67 Blank Trevor, "Understanding Folk Culture in the Digital Age: An Interview with Folklorist, Pt. 1.", June
30, 2014, https://blogs.loc.gov/thesignal/2014/06/understanding-folk-culture-in-the-digital-age-an-interview-
with-folklorist-trevor-j-blank-pt-1/.

27
but as dynamic source material, to be reinterpreted, reshaped, and reimagined. This process
breathes fresh vitality into ancient stories, making them relevant to contemporary audiences.
The rediscovery of Slavic mythic heritage is not merely an academic endeavour but a
cultural movement that seeks to reconnect communities with their roots. Through literature,
visual arts, and other media, modern interpretations become vehicles for cultural
revitalisation, fostering a renewed appreciation for the richness of Slavic mythology.
In the modern reinterpretation of Slavic myths, creativity becomes a continuation of tradition
rather than a departure from it. The act of reimagining myths is an inherent part of the mythic
tradition itself. It reflects the fluid nature of storytelling, where narratives grow, adapt, and
find resonance across different epochs. This creative engagement not only preserves the
essence of the myths but also ensures their relevance in a contemporary context. The fusion
of original fantasy plots with folkloric elements from Slavic mythology has contributed to the
enduring legacy of these media forms, solidifying their place in the realm of interactive
storytelling and their cultural significance in the preservation of Slavic folklore. The
exploration of hidden narratives, mythic remixes, and cultural revivals highlights the dynamic
nature of Slavic mythology, demonstrating its enduring capacity to inspire, challenge, and
captivate across the ever-shifting landscapes of time.

28
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