J Hf.1oso {l<ili HIZIA e.

Fiscal de Producci6n
V.P.A.C.F.·D.R.P,
YPFB

/PM Training course

Integrated production modelling

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An Introduction to PROSPER, MBAL and GAP

Oifmsolutions
..._,.. INTEGRATED FIELD MODELING
r.
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bifmsolutions
~ !NTEGR/~oTED FIELD MODELING

r IPM Training Manual

{

r Copyright notice
{

The copyright in this manual is the property of ifm-so/utions. All rights reserved.
No part of this manual may be reproduced, transmitted, transcript, translate, store in a retrieval
system by any means, electronically, mechanically, magnetic, optic or any otherwise or disclose to
third party without the prior consent of ifm-so/utions.

© ifm-so/utions. All rights reserved.

/PM suite, GAP, PROSPER, MBAL, PVTP, REVEAL, RESOLVE, IFM and Open Server are trademarks of
Petroleum Experts Ltd.

The software described in this manual is furnished under a license agreement. The software may be
used or copied only in accordance with the terms of the agreement. It is against the law to copy the
software on any medium except as specifically allowed in the license agreement.

lfm-so/utions Contact details:

Email: arnentina@ifm-solutions.com
Tel. +54-11-48718937
www.ifm-solutions.com
Junin 1057 4D
Buenos Aires
Argentina

Petroleum Experts Ltd contact details:

Email: Edinburgh@petex.com
Te. +44-131-4747030
www.petex.com
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( IPM Training Manual

(~.--------------------------------------------------------------
Table of Contents

Table of Contents ...............................................................................................................................•.......................................3

/PM training course introduction ...............................................................................................................................................4

The concept of IPM .................................................................................................................................................................... 5

The /PM modelling platform ...................................................................................................................................................... 6

Introduction and scope of work .................................................................................................................................................7

MBAL ........................................................................................: ................................................................................................8

Tutorial M-01: Performing the history matching in MBAL for a gas reservoir ........................................................................... 9
(~

Tutorial M-02: Perform the history matching in MBAL for an oil reservoir ............................................................................. 10

Tutorial M-03: History matching in MBAL for a gas and condensate reservoir ....................................................................... 12

Tutorial M-04: MBAL oil field history matching and predictions ............................................................................................. 13
,~

Tutorial M-05: Performing predictions in MBAL for a gas reservoir ........................................................................................ 15

r-
..
PROSPER ..................................................................................................................................................................................16

Tutorial P-01: PROSPER introduction:._ constructing an ail well mode! ................................................................................... 17

Tutorial P-02: Basic example gas well model construction ...................................................................................................... 20

Tutorial P-03: PVT Black oil matching far an oil well mode/ ..................................................................................................... 23

Tutorial P-04: Selecting and matching a mu!tiphase flow correlation for an oil well model ................................................... 24

Tutorial P-05: Oil well model calibration review exercise ........................................................................................................ 27

Tutorial P-06: Gas well model performance analysis ............................................................................................................... 31

Tutorial P-07: Gas well modelling performance Hydraulic fracturing ...................................................................................... 32

Tutoria! P-08: Gas and condensate wet! model .......................................................................................................................34

Tutorial P-09: Electrical submersible pump design .................................................................................................................. 36

Tutorial P-10: Gas lift design .................................................................................................................................................... 38

GAP ..........................................................................................................................................................................................41
r-
Tutorial G-01: Gas and condensate field integrated production model set up .......................................................................42

Tutorial G-02: Integrated Production model- Solve Network ................................................................................................ 44

Tutorial G-03: Integrated Production Model- Production forecast ........................................................................................ 46

Tutorial G-04: Integrated model for an Oil field ...................................................................................................................... 47

Workshop ................................................................................................................................................................................48

Tutorial W-01: Gas field Integrated model ..............................................................................................................................48

Tutorial W-02: Gas field integrated model- Part 2 ................................................................................ ,................................ 54

Tutorial W-03: Offshore Oil field development plan ....................................................................., ........................................ 55

Tutorial W-04: Tight gas well modelling .................................................................., .............................................................. 57

I
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r IPM training course introduction
(

(
Objectives

• Learn how to use the software and develop skills in the use of IPM
• Basic understanding of the physics
• Understanding the limitations of methods and techniques used

Agenda

r
' Dayl
r
Introduction to MBAL
Materia! balance concept review
History matching
o Graphical method (Havlena Odeh, Campbell, Cole)
o Analytical method
o Aquifer models
MBAL Simulation
Fractional flow matching (Fw, Fg)
MBAL predictions in standalone basis.
MBAL exercises for OJ!, Gas and condensate fluid.

Day 2

Introduction to PROPSER
Nodal analysis concept review
The importance of the PVT
Pressure loss in the wei! bore
Selecting and matching a multiphase flow correlation
r Analyzing the well performance

Day3

Introduction to GAP
Building a surface network model
r, Integrating PROSPER and MBAL files
Performing production forecasting within GAP

Day4
r
Integrated model Workshop
Field development planning using !PM
This is a review of all concepts learnt (MBAL·PROSPER-GAP)

DayS

PVT equation of state characterization

r Tight gas well modelling (PROSPER, MBAL, GAP)
r· ESP design
Gas lift design

r·

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The concept of IPM

A production system can be visualised in a simple form as shown in the next sketch:

(~

To obtain how much oil/gas we can recover will depend on the interaction of the
reservoir, wells and facilities.

Any strategy designed to maximize the oil/gas recovery of the field requires
simultaneous modelling of the reservoir, wells, and facilities up to the delivery point.

Decision making process should be based on an integrated model to avoid isolated

decision that will meet constraints in other parts of the system.

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{

{ The IPM modelling platform

{

{
The Petroleum Experts toolkit is designed to build and study a complete integrated model.
It has the following tools that are used for different modelling aspects.

GAP, Surface network modelling and optimization tool.

PROSPER, Single wellbore-modelling tool

MBAL, Material balance reservoir modelling tool

PVTP, Fluid characterisation tool

The following sketch is drawn to explain how these tools interact with each other.

GAP

PROSPER

• • MBAL

PVTP is used to characterise the fluid pressure- volume temperature behaviour and is used to
I construct models that will be used by other tools
r
GAP is the total system-modelling tool. It models the surface network internally. For, modelling the
reservoirs it uses MBAL tool. For well modelling GAP uses PROSPER.

C'._.__________________________________________________._..__._._.. ..__.___________.

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~ INTEGRATED FIELD MODELlNG
(-- IPM Training Manual

( Introduction and scope of work

r
'
In the overall scheme that we will follow during this course we will build an integrated model of a
very simple condensate field.
r
Then we will model each component of the system, the wells, the reservoirs and the gathering
network in a sequential manner.

At each stage we will be adding more information that may be available to us and see the value of
the added information.

We will start using MBAL to construct the material balance reservoir model.

The next stage is the construction of the well model in PROSPER.

At the end, we should be capable to use the field scale integrated model, to study the response of
our total system.

In order to keep track of what we will be doing it is better to use the following directory structure.

{:J CD1ive
\·{J Day1
!····Wl
Day2
!····Wl
Day3
L..Q Day4

.r

("

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 MBAL
I
I
MBAL is the material balance modelling tool. This tool can help the reservoir engineer to understand
the reservoir behaviour and its drive mechanisms and perform predictions.

Methodology

Through exercises the engineer will familiarize with the use of the material balance tool within
MBAL.

The engineer will have to solve reservoir engineering problems applying the material balance
concept.

The exercises and tutorials have been design to learn how to:

1. Construct models

PVT input data, selecting and matching a black oil correlation

Enter tank parameters and production history

2. Performing history matching

Calibrating the model with graphical methods (Campbell, Cole, P/2, Havlena and

Ode h)

( Analytical method

Fractional flow curve matching, Fw, Fg

Obtaining the OOIP, GIIP

Estimating the parameters of the aquifer to obtain the best match

r Estimating the drive mechanism

r
3. Running a simulation

4. Production forecast using MBAL in standalone.

,r--

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(" ~INTEGRATED FJELD MODE.LING

( IPM Training Manual

r
( Tutorial M-01: Performing the history matching in MBAL for a gas reservoir
r
r Objectives:
Familiarize the user with MBAL and practice the procedure to perform a history matching of a gas
reservoir material balance model.

(
Reservoir data

PVT
. . ·
'·Parameters ... ... ...
· > Value ·· .. I·· .. units ··· .
Specific gas gravity 0.85
Separator pressure 990 Psig
CGR (Condensate to gas ratio) 2 Stb/MMscf
Oil density 42 API
Water salinity 10000 Ppm
H2S% 0 %
C02% 0 %
N2% 0 %

The reservoir is at a depth of 9700 feet, the initial reservoir pressure is 4365 psig. The average
reservoir thickness estimated with logs is 28 feet with an average porosity of 19%. The connate
water saturation is estimated in 20%.
The reservoir temperature is 200 ·F. The average reservoir permeability estimated with pressure
transient analysis is 20 md. The equivalent reservoir radius is estimated in 30000 feet.

Pseudo relative permeability curves data

.. ··Phase. > Residual Saturation.· · I· < EndPoint I Corey•Exponent .· · •·• .·

Water 0.20 0.6 1
Gas 0.02 0.9 1

r The field is producing since 1991 and the production history is attached in the Excel file called
AuxJiles\dayl \M-Ol.xls

Questions
Perform the history matching to calibrate the model and obtain:

<··· Variables ·· c •.
. ·. . .. •.
·.Value •· ••• I ,.·.·. .• ·.·. Units
.

Gas initial in place Bscf

Determine the presence of an aquifer yes/no
(
Actual recovery factor %

Save this tutorial as M-01.mbi

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Tutorial M-02: Perform the history matching in MBAL for an oil reservoir
(

(
Objectives:
r
Familiarize the user with MBAL and the steps to perform the history matching of an oil material
(
balance reservoir model.
r
Reservoir data
r----
PVT data
r
( · ·• .· · ·parameters .· ·.·
... ·. · ·. ·Value . units
'• r GOR 250 Scf/stb
Oil density 32 API
Specific gas gravity 0.65
r·
Water salinity 10000 Ppm
r H2S% 0 %
C02% 0 %
r N2% 0 %
'
~

' Reservoir temperature: 197 "F.

(
The bubble point pressure has been measured in constant composition expansion experiment; the
r· value is 1670 psig @ 197"F.
( The initial reservoir pressure at the datum depth is 4217 psig.
(' Datum depth: 9370 feet.
(

The following table shows the oil formation volume factor at different pressures.
r
,.
Pressure · Bo
I •psig . :··rb/stb
4217 1.118
3725 1.1221
3390 1.1249
1670 1.139

The average porosity is estimated in 18%, the connate water saturation is 24.8%.
The reservoir thickness is approximately 150 feet with an average permeability of 50 md.
An equivalent reservoir radius has been estimated in 6000 feet.

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,-.----------------------------------------------------------------
1 Pseudo relative permeability curves data

.. .·
Phase ·Residual Saturation End Point Corey Exponent
r
Water 0.248 0.6 1
Oil 0.15 0.8 1
Gas 0.02 0.9 1

The production history is given in attached Excel spread sheet called AuxJiles\day1 \M-02.xls

Questions

Perform the history matching of the model and answer the following points:

r Variables ·.... ·.·· .. . . ·.· Value· ,; .··· Units:·: ·........ ·

Oil initial in place MMstb
Gas initial in place Bscf
Actual recovery factor %
Active aquifer exist Yes/No
Is there an initial gas cap? Yes/No

Save this tutorial as M-02.mbi

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Tutorial M-03: History matching in MBAL for a gas and condensate reservoir

Objectives: Perform the history matching for a gas and condensate MBAL model with production
history by well.

Reservoir data

PVTdata

.. . .-" Parameters · . ··.· ..·· . I Value ··. ·Units

Separator pressure 500 psig
Separator Temperature 80 OF
Separator GOR 6943 scf/stb
Separator gas gravity 0.81
TankGOR 120 scf/stb
Tank gas gravity 0.96
Condensate gravity 50.5 API
Water salinity 100000 ppm
Dewpoint at reservoir temp 4870 psig
Reservoir Temperature 274 OF
Reservoir pressure 6495 psig
H2S 0 %
co, 0 %
N, 0 %

The average porosity has been estimated in 17% with an average connate water saturation of 25%.
The field is on production since June 1998 and the production history can be found on the Excel
spread sheet Aux_files\day1 \M-03.xls.

Pseudo relative permeability curves data

. ~ Phase----- :- Residual Saturation--;: .

~

End Point. Corey Exponent ··· ...

Water 0.25 0.6 2
Oil 0.10 0.3 1.3
Gas 0.02 0.9 2

Questions
Perform the history matching to calibrate the model and obtain:

.---: ··. •·
. _Variables ·.. ·
... . ·.·· · .·. ·. ·value. • - .• . I>< . - ul1its . ••
Gas initial in place Bscf
Determine the presence of an aquifer yes/no
Actual recovery factor %
Main drive mechanism

Save this tutorial as M-03.mbi

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( Tutorial M-04: MBAL oil field history matching and predictions

Objectives: Perform the history matching for an oil reservoir in MBAL Using the calibrated model
perform a production forecast. Estimate the evolution of the oil production rate, water production
rate and gas production rate.

Reservoir data

PVT
I · Parameters ..·. · ·· <,Value · : ... Units
GOR 800 Scf/stb
Oil density 35 API
Specific gas gravity 0.78
Water salinity 80000 Ppm
H2S% 0 %
C02% 0 %
( N2% 0 %
(

The measured reservoir temperature is 250 ·F with an initial reservoir pressure of 5215 psig.

PVT Laboratory measurements

Temjlerlltu~e · Pressure .. Bubble .point 1.· ·.· GOR I

· Bo · ·... Oil viscosity
'F'· ...· l_ psig · 'psig I ·• .< Scf/si:b _ .. ·. rb/stb . ·, · · :· .···· .. ·. cp •__ <
250 3600 3600 800 1.456 0.31

The average porosity is estimated in 23%, the connate water saturation is 19%. The average
reservoir thickness is approximately 102 feet with an average permeability of 20 md. An equivalent
reservoir radius is estimated in 2200 feet.

Pseudo relative permeability curves data

I :: • · .. Ph~se •.. ·: .. I . ·.Residual Saturation .· · : End Point :. : .• . Corey ExponenL

Water 0.19 0.6 1
········
Oil 0.15 0.8 1 '
Gas 0.02 0.9 1

The production history has been stored in the Excel spread sheet called AuxJiles\day1\M-04.xls for
your convenience.

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Questions

Perform the history matching ofthe model and answer the following points:

( ..
' ; ; Variables :>'. ';_ '___· _-- ~ ' Value •_···-;'-_.·--.-· I· ..· Units ._··, ·. ---·
Oil initial in place MMstb
Gas initial in place Bscf
Actual oil recovery factor %
Active aquifer exist Yes/No
Is there an initial gas cap? Yes/No
Main drive mechanism

Section 2: Production forecast

r The field is currently producing with only one well, called Well-1. The productivity index of Weil-l is
16.5 stb/day/psi and the VLP for this well is located in the auxiliary files folder (AuxJiles\dayl\we/1-
r l.tpd).
(
The well is producing to a separator with a pressure of 360 psig with a maximum capacity of 3500
stb/day of liquid.
("

Perform a production forecast until the end of the concession 01/01/2025 and show the evolution of
the oil production rate, water cut and GOR.

Estimate the oil recovery factor in 2025 and the oil proved developed reserves.

What would you da to improve the recovery factor?

Quantify your suggestions using MBAL.

Save this tutorial as M-04.mbi

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r IPM Training Manual

Tutorial M-05: Performing predictions in MBAL for a gas reservoir

Objectives: Perform a production forecasting for a gas reservoir using well models.

Using as a basis the MBAL file created in tutorial M-01 and the field and well model information
provided below a perform a production forecast until the end of the concession 01/01/2027.

The field is currently producing with 4 wells (M5-1, M5-2, M5-3 and M5-4) to a separator operating
at 1200 psig.

All the wells have the same tubing configuration (3 Y," Tubing) and the VLP are attached in the
auxiliary files folder. (Aux_Files\day1\M05-Gas_well.tpd)

The IPR of the wells are described with the C and N model and a summary is shown in the next table:

. . ..··· . · Well: · 'c·: .·

.
C Mscf/day/psi' . N .

M5-1 0.008345 0.94123

M5-2 0.011195 0.92674
M5-3 0.0082 0.94
M5-4 0.007865 0.93771

Questions

Perform a production forecast until 01/01/2027 and answer the following points:

.
.•. · . Variables · I Value Units
Plot the gas production rate evolution
Estimate the gas recovery factor in 2027 %
Estimate the gas proved developed reserves Bscf
Estimate the P/2 abandonment value psig

The contract department is negotiating a better gas price; however it is necessary to provide at least
40 MMscf/day of gas untillQZO.
The question that has been asked to your department is if it is possible to achieve this level of
production and what actions or investments would be required.

Explain the solution:.

y 8.?.?.~.-::.~t?.f...&.:...~ ...................................................................................................................... ..

::~~~~~~:::~~~;.::::::::::::::;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::·.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
r ~r.t~·~.~~/':f!I!Me.J. 7 ..~r.~~ ..cft':..&.6w,..................................................................................
r

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IPM Training Manual

PROSPER

r Methodology

Through exercises the engineer will familiarize with the use of PROSPER and well performance
evaluation.

The engineer will have to solve production engineering problems to analyze the performance of oil
and gas wells.

The exercises and ~utorials have been design to learn how to:

1. Construct models

PVT input data, selecting and matching a black oil correlation

Enter well information

2. Calibrating or matching the model

Calibrating the PVT

Matching and selecting a multiphase flow correlation

Calibrating an IPR model

3. Evaluating the performance of the well

4. Performing sensitivity analysis to evaluate future conditions

5. Performing the design of artificial lift system

6. Generating lift curves for numerical simulators

r-·

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r Tutorial P-01: PROSPER introduction- constructing an oil well model

r
r
Objectives:
Familiarize the user with PROSPER and the input of data
Perform basic calculations in PROSPER
Construct an oil naturally flowing well and obtain results

Expected calculations:
Considering a well head pressure of 400 psig and actual conditions of reservoir we would like to
know:

Estimate oil production rate.

r Estimate flowing bottom-hole pressure.
Estimate well head temperature.

Data

PVTdata

Variable· .. ·.·. · .. . .. .
Value Unit ·. .

Solution GOR 430 Scf/stb

Oil density 34 API
Gas gravity 0.73
Water salinity 85000 ppm

Deviation Survey

...
•r • Deviation Survey 1. Geothermal :
. ·. .· . •... ~ . . .. . . . .. . ..
· · gradient . · • •

(~
Measur~~····· . · True vertical . . Temperature .
I depth· :.····· L dE!pth · ·.'. . ..
I ·..
"F
·.· ...•...
.·
· ..
·... m<· . ··.· m ·.
0 0 80
452 443.4
489 475.7
564 535
665 601.2
790 663.1
1896 1145
2736 1639.9
2885 1706.4
2930 1726.5 163

r . _ . _. . . . . . . ._.. ._._.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._.. . . . . . . ..__.._._. ..__._._.._._.__.. . . . . . . ._.

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'
Down-hole equipment data

... Down-hole equipment . . .

Description Depth .·. ID>··• Roughness

...·...
·
m .· .. inch ·. inch
r- Xmas tree 0
Tubing 1000 2.992 0.0006
Restriction 1000 2.75 0.0006
Tubing 2700 2.992 0.0006
Casing 2930 6.366 0.0006

Geothermal gradient

Measure depth Temperature · ·

. .. .. m I
.•. F . •·· ..
0 80
2930 163
r
2
Overall heat transfer coefficient "U": 8 BTU/h/ft /F

{-

"U" (Overall heat transfer coefficient)

r It is used to calculate the heat transfer between the well and its surroundings.
It is obtain from well test when well head temperature is available.
In cose of lack of well head temperature the following rule of thumb can be used:

• Oil and water wells : 8 -10 Btu/h/Jf/F

• Condensate wells: 5- 7 Btu/h/Jf/F
• Dry and wet gas wells: 1- 3 Btu/h/JfIF

,~

~----------------------------------------~

IPRdata

> ·Variable •••... ·.· •••

...
·· Value.·...•.••. • .. Ullif
Reservoir pressure 2571 psig
Reservoir temperature 163 F
r Water cut 0 %
Productivity Index 3.5 Stb/day/psi

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Results

For a well head pressure of 400 psig and 0% water cut estimate:

Variable

Well head temperature

Save the PROSPER file as P-Ol.out

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I
IPM Training Manual

(
r
-------------------------------------------------
Tutorial P-02: Basic example gas well model construction

Objectives:
Familiarize the user with PROSPER and the input of data
Perform calculations in PROSPER

Construct a gas well model in PROSPER with the data available and obtain results.

Expected results:
Considering a well head pressure of 1000 psig and actual reservoir conditions we would like to know:

Estimate the gas production rate

Estimate the flowing bottom hole pressure
Obtain well head temperature

r
Data:

PVT

r Variable· : . · . . · ... . ·. Value Units ·. . .

Separator pressure 1000 Psig

Oil/Condensate density 50 API
CGR 1 Stb/MMscf
WGR 2 Stb/MMscf
('-,

'
Water salinity 90000 ppm

Gas composition

(
r
r
Compo11ent .. ··. ··.· Molar fraction ..· ·Molecular weight·
... · . .. . .. ·... . .. . ' . . ibm/lbmol . .··

Nitrogen 2% 28
Carbon dioxide 0.5% 44
Methane 95% 16
Ethane 2% 30
Propane 0.5% 44

Apparent molecular weight of air: 28.96 lbm/lbmol

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,~
Down-hole equipment data

·Geothermal ...
gradient

m
0
3000 224

l_: . ~ .·· . .
·.·. Down'hole equipment. · -

:Description.· ·. ·.. ....... Dl1pthm ID

1

I
. . .. .· ·.·· ·. . . . ;.··
•".
.. .inch.··
Xmas tree 0
Tubing 2500 2.992
Restriction 2500 2.75
Tubing 2800 2.992
Casing 3000 6.366

"U" (Overall heat transfer coefficient): 3 BTU/h/ft2/F

IPR data

..
Variable
.'
Value ·,
· Unit·".. •
Reservoir pressure 1760 psig
Reservoir Temperature 224 F
WGR 2 Stb/MMscf
CGR 1 Stb/MMscf
Permeability 2 md
Net thickness 34 m
Drainage Area 100 Acres
Wei/bore radius 0.354 Ft
Perforation thickness 34 m
Skin 1
c. (Dietz shape factor) 31.6

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Results

For a well head pressure of 1000 psig calculate:

..
.· . ·. · · · · Variable ··. .. ·.. ··•. I·.. • Value Units
Gas rate sm'/dia
2
Flowing bottom hole pressure Kg/cm
Well head temperature "C

Save this tutorial as P-02.aut

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Tutorial P-03: PVT Black oil matching for an oil well model

This tutorial will show you how to match the PVT using lab data.

Objectives
Demonstrate the procedure to calibrate the PVT of an oil well model
Review concepts of pressure drop and the importance of the PVT

Start the exercise from PROSPER file created in Tutorial P-Ol. (P-Ol.out)

Data

PVTdata

Variables . .. . . . . .
Value ••• Units··.·.··..··.
Solution GOR 430 Scf/stb
Oil density 34 API
Gas specific gravity 0.73
Water Salinity 85000 ppm

PVT lab data:

·.
·. Tem11en1ture Pressure· .GOR Bo ·. J.loll
.· .....
.. •F ~ . c • psig ~· ~ -
Scf/Stbc._ ·. ~·
Rb/stb ·. ·.·. ' Cp •··
163 2571 430 1.204 0.87
163 2235 *PB 430 1.209 0.84
163 1522 281 1.139 -
PB: (Bubble point)

.... •·. Variable> . ··. . ... .·· . . . ·Value · .

····.·
Selected multi phase correlation for Bo,Pb, GOR
Selected multi phase correlation for ~-toil
c

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Tutorial P-04: Selecting and matching a multiphase flow correlation for an oil
well model

Create an oil well model in PROSPER, match the well model with measure data available. Using the
calibrated model estimate the water cut at which the naturally flowing well can no longer flow.

Objectives
Demonstrate the procedure to calibrate a multiphase flow correlation for an oil well model
Use the calibrated model to obtain production rate

Data

PVT data (Tutorial 04 explains this section)

Variables. ....··.·· . .· value Units .. ·

Solution GOR 430 Scf/stb

Oil density 34 API
Gas specific gravity 0.73
Water Salinity 85000 ppm

PVT lab data:

·. ..
Temperature .• 1·····. Pressure GOR .•
Bo llon
•. ·.· OF . •· psig ..· Scf/Stb c Rb/stb ·. Cp
163 2571 430 1.204 0.87
163 2235 *PB 430 1.209 0.84
,--._ 163 1522 281 1.139 -
PB: (Bubble point)

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r

r
Down-hole equipment data
r

, Devi~tion survey • .. ,,.,' Geothermal ,

' ' ' . ' ,', ,',',
<gradiellt • ,
Measure ,'. ,' True vertical< Temperature
'.
,,

. depth', depth '··.·. ~-oF

m· · ..'
:
,m .... ' ''. '

0 0 80
452 443.4
489 475.7
r 665 601.2
2885 1706.4
2902 1713 163

(
. · , Down"hole equipment ·., .

r
Description
..
Measure depth
. m .· •... I· ID
inch
'., ..
.

Xmas tree 0
Tubing 1000 2.992
r
Restriction 1000 2.75
Tubing 2700 2.992
Restriction 2700 2.441
Tubing 2850 2.992
Casing 2902 6.366

Overall heat transfer coefficient: 8 BTU/h/ft>/F

IPRdata
r
.
I Variable · ._ Value <•·. •. .· Units· · ,· ·.·
-

Reservoir pressure 2405 psig

Reservoir temperature 163 F
Water cut 15 %
r
PI (Productivity index) 4.8 Stb/day/psi
r

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(

Well test data

r
Date, WHP WHT Water .Liqui.d rate ,Gauge .. ;Gauge GOR
·Psig :--_oF .cut stb/day depth pressure. scf/stb
%. m pSig

01/10/09 395 110 15 2100 2700 1796 2405 250

Well matching calibration results

I . .·
Variable .... ·• .·
Value ·• I .Units ·.
r Selected multi phase correlation
Matching Parameter 1 t.o'
Matching Parameter 2 /.(} f..,
Flowing bottom hole pressure I c;~ 7- psig
Calibrated Productivity index II'! stb/d/psi

The field is under water flooding operation, it is planned to maintain the reservoir actual reservoir
r pressure, and it is expected and increased water cut production in the near future for this well. Using
•
the calibrated well model and the test well head pressure determine at which water cut the well will
not be able to flow naturally.

I Variable Value ·units

Water cut I

Save this tutorial as P-04.aut

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( Tutorial P-05: Oil well model calibration review exercise

This exercise was design to review the well model calibration procedure.
There is PVT data from the lab that can be used to match a black oil correlation and well test data to
calibrate and select a multiphase flow correlation.
The calibrated model will be used to estimate erosion velocities.

r"··
Objectives:

Review the well construction and calibration procedure using measured data.
Perform calculations with the calibrate well model
Estimate erosional velocities and suggest actions to avoid erosion.
Generate lift curves for numerical simulators

Well matching procedure

a) PVT matching
1. PVT /Input data (Enter basic pvt data (solution GOR, oil density, gas
gravity))
2. Match data (Enter lab data)
3. Regression I Match All
4. Parameters (Check on parameters and look for the best black oil correlation)
P, ::=1 Pz ::=0
5. Select the chosen black oil correlation from the drop down menu.

( b) Select and calibrate o multiphase flow correlation

(
1. Matching f Matching I VLP/IPR Q.C. (Enter well test data)
2. Estimate U value (Estimate the overall heat transfer coeffident and transfer
r
it to the geothermal gradient section)
3. Correlation Comparison
i. Select the Q.C. correlations (Fancher Brown y Duns and Ros
modified)
ii. If the test point lies between both correlations, select several
correlations to compare with the test point.
4. Match VLP I Select only 1 correlation I Match
i. Check on correction parameters P, ;;1 (gravity term multiplier)P2;;1
(friction term multiplier).

c) IPR calibration
1. VLP/IPR I Select the multiphase flow correlation calibrated f Calculate I Plot
2. IPR (Modify parameter with high uncertainty in the IPR to achieve the

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Data
(
PVTdata
(

Variable . ··.·.· '·. . · ... ·.··· Value . .. •

· Unit .· · .. .·

Solution GOR 2800 Scf/stb

Oil density 44 API
Gas gravity 0.769
Water salinity 75000 ppm

PVT lab data:

Pressure . GOR so
p~ig Scf/Stb ·' Rb/stb
7785.3 *PB 2800

PB: Bubble point

r
Down-hole equipment

I .·.•.•. Deviation survey ·' ·· ···· .: Geother111al .

t -• ·~ .~·.··-·····-
!Measure
j ....:;_ ··~··· .·_ . . . _
! ' gradient ~ _
True vertical , Temperature ..
1
. depth ·. · . ,.depth · .... ' ·. ."F
r •ft. I . ft . ; . ·.

0 0
r
85.3 85.3 50
1856.96 1843.83
r 11358.30 8307.09
20544.60 12322.80
22385.20 12821.50
23845.10 13566.30 313

· :· · . ·· .::. : · <•' :•··.,··, Down-hole equipment ···. . •: .

L
1 ~escription
2>, ....:· · ·.···•··
~·. Measuredepth . .
·._ .. ' : ._ ft· .·•· ·,
'ID I.····Roughn~ss
·.·. ·. inch._ • . . , inch'· -- ·
Xmas-tree 85.3
Tubing 1857 4.13 6e-5
sssv 3.81
Tubing 11423.9 4.13 6e-5
Restriction 3.75
Tubing 20600.4 4.13 6e-5
Restriction 3.75
Tubing 22319.6 3.18 6e-s
Casing 23218.5 3.81 6e-5

Over all heat transfer coefficient: 8 BTU/h/ft2/F

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IPR Data

Variabl.e
> •··•. •· · .· ••.. •·.· ·. · .....
·.· ... ··. · Value ···.··.· .• ... .· Units.· •.· •.. ·· .
Reservoir model VOGEL
Reservoir pressure 7785.3 psig
Water cut 0 %
GOR 2800 scf/stb
Temperature 313 •F

Well test data

Data WHT. Water liq1,1id rate Gauge Gauge Reservoir GOR

~F-· cut· stb/day depth. press. pressure. scf/stb
% ft. psig psig
1/2/2009 3235.3 178 0 9274 15251 5796.8 7785.3 2800

Questions

1. What are the multiphase flow correlation selected and the correction parameters?

·•.·• .Variable
..·· . Value · .
Selected multiphase flow correlation
Parameter 1
Parameter 2

(~
2. Using the well test data determine:
·.· .. ..• ··· · ·.. ·• Variable
· .· ....... · • ·.·Value Units .
Flowing bottom hole pressure psig
Ll.p friction psi
Ll.p gravity psi

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Erosion

In PROSPER there are 2 equations to calculate the erosional velocity

AP114E

It is used for fluids free of solids/sand production

Ve=--
c
K.
Ve: erosional velocity
C: Empirical constant {400 -100}
lim: mixture density

Conoco~Phil/ips

It is used when solids/sand are produced

D.K.
Ve=S ,fW

Ve: erosional velocity

S: Geometric factor (elbows, T, etc)
D: Pipe/tubing /.D.
&n: mixture density
W: Sand production

3. Considering a C factor of 100 in the API 14E erosion velocity equation, it is desire to obtain
the erosion velocity profile and the fluid velocity profile.

(Plot erosional velocity vs depth and the fluid velocity (Total no slip velocity) vs depth)

4. What action can prevent the erosion of the tubing?

5. Generate lift curves to use in MBAL and in the numerical simulator Eclipse.
What are the variables and ranges to use?
.

·.. ..Variable Minimum value I Maximum value · . ·... Units .·.. ·.

liquid rate

Save this tutorial as P-05.out

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Tutorial P-06: Gas well model performance analysis

This tutorial start from the gas well model created in tutorial P-02.

Objectives
Analyze the performance of a gas well model
Evaluate the operating condition and liquid loading probability
Perform sensitivity analysis to optimize the gas production

Using the well model created in Tutorial P-02, PROSPER file P-02.out evaluate the following:

1. Perform a VLP/IPR plot for a well head pressure of 1000 psig

2. Perform a VLP/IPR plot for a well head pressure of 1000 psig and range of gas rates from 0.3
to 40 MMscf/day

Looking at the VLP/IPR intersection, what can we say about the stability of the solution? (Is it stable
or unstable solution?).

3. In the flowing bottom hole pressure, What are the contributions of well head pressure,
friction losses and pressure drop due to gravity?

. .· ..... Variable
·.
Pressure · • Percentage
.... . . ·.·
. · .. ·
ps1g ..

Well head pressure

d.p gravity
d.p friction

4. Plot a pressure and temperature gradient for the solution of question 1. (Pressure and
temperature vs depth)

5. Plot the fluid velocity and critical velocity (Turner velocity) versus depth for the question 1.
What can you say about the liquid loading probability of this well?

6. Evaluate the effect of installing compressors. Plot the Gas rate of this well versus well head
pressure.

Save the PROSPER file as P-06.out

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Tutorial P-07: Gas well modelling performance Hydraulic fracturing

This Tutorial starts from the gas well model created in Tutorial 02

Objectives
Evaluate the performance of the well for a hydraulic fracture stimulation
Perform a sensitivity analysis on the fracture half length and conductivity
Perform a sensitivity analysis on the well head pressure
Perform sensitivity analysis to the tubing size
Estimate the P/Z abandonment value

Start opening the PROSPER file created in Tutorial P-02.

1. Estimate the impact of hydraulic fracturing the well for a well head pressure of 1000 psig .

. ·.··. Variable .... ·. .· ·.·· . Value .· -Units.

Porosity 14 %
FCD 10
XL (Fracture half length ) 30 m
Fracture height Reservoir
thickness
Time since production start 10 days

FCD: Dimensionless fracture conductivity

It is the relationship between the transfer capacity offluids of the fracture and the
capacity of the reservoir to deliver fluids into the fracture.

K1 : Fracture capacity
bf Fracture Width
K,: Reservoir permeability
XL: Fracture half /enght
-~

~-

.· . Variable· Value . .· Units

Gas rate MMscf/day

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2. Estimate the well performance at 1000 psig for a range of FCD and X,.
FCD proposed values: S, 10, 20
X, proposed values: 10, 20, 30, 40, SO m

The well performance is affected by this parameters and the cost of the fracture will also depend on
these parameters.

Gas rate table in MMscf/day

I· --- ·· .. ·•·FeD .< '·. . s '

.. ·.·
..
. .• 10 ·.·.·• .. 20 ·.
Xl m' ·. . •
.· ! ' • •• ' .

10
20
30
40
so

3. Using the hydraulic fracture parameters of point 1, perform a sensitivity analysis to the well
head pressure ranging from 200 psig to 1000 psig. Plot the gas rate in MMscf/day vs the well
head pressure.

I. ' WHP . .· Gas rate·

psig I MMscf/day
.

200
400
600
800
1000

For a well head pressure of SOO psi and the hydraulic fracture of point 1 perform a sensitivity
analysis to the tubing size.

TubingiD Gas rate

inch .. < MMscf/day
1.99S
2.441
2.992
3.9S8

For a well head pressure of SOO psi and the hydraulic fracture of point 1 determine the P/Z
abandonment value for this field.

WHf' Abandonment
Psig Reservoir Pressure
Psig
,. soo
r._._. . . . .Save the PROSPER
..__._._._. ..file
. .as
. .P-Ol.
. . .out
._.. ._._________._.. . . . . ._.._._______________________

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r·

Tutorial P-08: Gas and condensate well model

Construct a gas and condensate well model; obtain the expected gas production rate if the well head
pressure is 1500 psig.

Objectives

r Construct a gas and condensate well model

Estimate gas flow rate and flowing bottom hole pressure
Perform sensitivity analysis to well head pressure and tubing size

Data

PVT
.· _'C·. ·...
· Description · Value. Units
Separator pressure 500 psig
Separator Temperature 80 F
Separator GOR 6943 scf/Stb
separator gas gravity 0.81
Tank GOR 120 scf/stb
Tank gas gravity 0.96
Condensate density API 50.5
WGR (condensed vaporized water)
Water salinity 10000 ppm
C02 0.5 %
N2 0.8 %
H2S 0 %
Dew point pressure 4870 psig
Reservoir temperature 274 F
Reservoir pressure 6495 psig

(
Deviation survey

Vertical well down to 15000 ft .

.r---
Down-hole equipment

-,:-
Description . ...•.1 . Measure depth ·.. · .. ·· Tubing/Casing ID ·.. I . ·.- Roughness
I
<
.
·

._. •.. . ft •.· . . ·.. inch ·.

•-··· ·• inch • • • .. ·
Xmas tree 0 --- --
Tubing 3000 2.992 0.0006
Restriction 2.441
Tubing 14500 2.992 0.0006
Casing 15000 6.366 0.0006

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Geothermal gradient

r Ambient temperature: 70"F.

Reservoir temperature: 274 "Fat 15000 ft.
Overall heat transfer coefficient: 5 Btu/h/ft2/f

Reservoir data
Petroleum Experts IPR reservoir model

.· ·. ··Values ·. ·.·. .·
Description_ -
Units
Reservoir Pressure 6495 psig
Reservoir Temperature 274 "F
GOR 6944 Scf/stb
WGR 2 Stb/MMScf
Reservoir permeability 17 md
Reservoir thickness 120 ft
Drainage area 100 Acres
c. Dietz shape factor 31.6 (Dietz shape)
Wellbore radius 0.354 ft
Perforation thickness 120 ft
Time since production started 100 days
Porosity 11 %
Residual water saturation 25 %
" Skin 1

Questions

1. For a well head pressure of 1500 psig, estimate:

·:c..·.·· .. .·.
Variables Value Units
Gas flow rate MMscf/day
.31,G1Z
Flowing bottom hole pressure psig

Well head temperature 2..07- .-:":13 "F

2. Evaluate gas production increase with the following alternatives:

Tubing size increase

Well head pressure reduction (compression).

Which is the most attractive alternative?

Save the PROSPER file as P-OB.out

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Tutorial P-09: Electrical submersible pump design

An electric submersible pump design is requested and we have the following data:

Objectives

Using PROSPER design an electric submersible pump.

Perform sensitivity analysis using the created model.

PVTdata

Description Value Units

GOR 170 scf/stb
Oil density 28 API
Gas gravity 0.72
Water salinity 1000 ppm

Deviation survey

Vertical well down to 1700 m

Down-hole equipment

Type Measure depth Tubing ID TubingOD CasingiD

m inch inch inch
Xmas tree 0
Tubing 1600 2.441 2.875 6.36
Casing 1700 6.36

Note: Top of Perforations at 1700 m

Geothermal gradient

Measure depth Temperature

m •F
0 80
1700 152

Overall heat transfer coefficient: 8 Btu/h/ft2/F

r . _ _ .. ._ . _ . . _ _ .. . . . . . . .. _ _ . _ .. . . . . . . . . .. _ _ . _ . . _ . _ _ .. . . ._ . _ . . _ . _ _ . . _. . . .. _ _ . _ . _ . . ___
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Reservoir data

Description Value Units

Reservoir Pressure 1630 psig
Reservoir Temperature 152 "F
Water cut 55 %
GOR 170 scf/stb
Permeability 250 md
Net thickness 6 m
Drainage Area 100 acres
Dietz Shape factor c.: 31
Wei/bore radius 0.354 ft
Skin 0

Results

Perform the design of an electric-submersible pump considering:

Expected liquid rate of 1000 stb/day

Assuming a well head pressure of 150 psi
Operating frequency 60 hz
Pump located 200m above the perforations

Selected ESP:

Description Model Number of stages

Pump selected

I Description Model HP

Perform a sensitivity analysis to the water cut and check that operating points are located inside the
operating envelope of the ESP.

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Tutorial P-10: Gas lift design

Objectives

Perform a gas lift design in PROSPER.

Determine the number, depth and orifice of the unloading valves.
Obtain the optimum gas lift injection rate that maximizes the production.

PVT data

Description Value Units

GOR 500 scf/stb
Oil density 32 API
Gas gravity 0.65
Water salinity 75000 ppm
r

System Equipment

r
Deviation survey

Vertical well down to 2400 m

r Down-hole equipment

Type Measure depth Tubing/Casing ID Roughness

m inch inch
Xmas tree 0
Tubing 2200 2.99 0.0006
Casing 2400 6.36 0.0006
r
r
Note: Packer depth 2200 m
r

Geothermal gradient

Measure depth Temperature

m "F
0 70
2400 165

Overall heat transfer coefficient: 8 Btu/h/ft2/F

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Reservoir data

Description Value Units

Reservoir Pressure 2900 psig
Reservoir Temperature 165 'F
Water cut 70 %
GOR 500 scf/stb
Permeability 80 md
Net Thickness 15 m
Drainage area 100 acres
c.:
Dietz Shape factor 31
Wellbore radius 0.354 ft
Skin 0

Gas lift data

Parameter Value Units

Gas lift gas gravity 0.65
Available gas 20 MMsd/day
Well head pressure 200 psig
Gas lift Casing pressure 1500 psig
~P valves 100 psi
Packer depth 2200 m
Water cut 70 %
Minimum spacing between valves 100 m
Valve type CAMCO R-20 Normal
Completion fluid gradient 0.43 psi/ft

,r

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Results

1. Determine the number of mandrels/valves necessary to start up the well and their depths.

Valve number Depth

m

1-

Determine the depth and size of the operating orifice: ............................................................ ..

2. Determine the optimum gas lift injection rate that maximize the oil production rate for a
well head pressure of 200 psi and water cuts of 70, 80 and 90%.

Water cut Optimum gas lift Oil production

% Injection rate rate
MMscf/day Stb/day
70
80
90
I
r
Performance curve
r 1000
r
900
r
,, 800

r .,>. 700
- -..
:<!
r-

,-
-
"'
~

s:
0
600

soo
~
::s 400
"D
0
r a 300
r 5
r 200
~

' 100
:
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 ·20
,- Gas lift gas lnjeetion rate MMscf/day
,-
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IPM Training Manual

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GAP

GAP is the surface network modelling tool developed by Petroleum Experts Ltd. This tool can help
the engineers to study a field in an integrated fashion. GAP can be linked directly to MBAL and
PROSPER to model the entire system from the reservoir, wells and surface facilities.

Methodology
Through exercises the engineer will familiarize with the use of GAP in different context.

The engineer will have to solve reservoir engineering problems evaluating the field in an integrated
fashion.

The exercises and tutorials have been design to learn how to:

1. Set up GAP Models

Constructing the network

Linking the corresponding files to the icons

r Generating VLP/IPR

Entering pipeline data

2. Solving the network

Solve the network for:

i. Non optimization case

ii. Optimizing

Initializing IPRs from tank simulations

Performing sensitivity analysis

3. Production forecast.

Non-optimizing

Optimizing

Modifying the network and adding constraints and schedule.

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(

Tutorial G-01: Gas and condensate field integrated production model set up

Objectives:
,r

Set up an integrated model for a gas and condensate field

Familiarize with the use of GAP
Generate IPR and VLP

The set up of a model in GAP consist on a series of steps:

1. Draw the layout of the system in GAP.

('
Using the short-cut icons showed below:

From left to right the icons are: Add Separator, Add Joint, Add link~pipe, Add Well, Add Tank

Draw the following layout:

Woll2
Woll3

-.
-. ··., -'

···,X>.
·-. -.

2. Linking the icons with the corresponding file.

The Tank and Well icons should have an associated file created in MBAL and PROSPER respectively.

The Tank icon should be associated to the file created in the Tutorial M-Q3. (M-D3.mbi)
,--· The Weill icon should be associated to the file created in the Tutorial P~08 (P~OB.out)
The Well 2 and Well 3 icons should be associated to the PROSPER files attached in the auxiliary
folder called: Aux_Files\day3\G-01_ Wefl2.aut and Aux_Fi/es\day3\G-D1_ Wel/3.out

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( 3. Generating IPR and VLP

Generate the IPR from the main menu in GAP selecting:

Generate I Generate well /PRs with PROSPER

(~

Generate the VLPs from the main menu in GAP selecting:

Generate I Generate well VLPs with PROSPER

In the VLPs generation is very important to enter a wide range of conditions that will cover all
possible intersections of VLP and IPR.

Discuss the ranges of the different variables used.

4. Enter the pipeline information

Pipe '- - -_
WHlto WH2to - WH3to Manifold to
-

/
__ - -_- ... _-- ---- -- -----· -. .- ___ - -- - Manifold ·----_ Manifold mar\ifpld - sepjoint -
Length km 3 2.5 4 40
Inside diameter inches 6 6 6 11
Roughness inches 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006
Correlation Beggs and Beggs and Beggs and Beggs and
Brill Brill Brill Brill
Outside Temp "F 70 70 70 70
Overall heat Transfer coef. BTU/h/F/ft' 3 3 3 3

Note: Assume a flat terrain for all the pipelines

Save the GAP file as G-Ol.gap

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Tutorial G-02: Integrated Production model- Solve Network

Objectives:

Familiarize with the concepts of:

How to solve the network in GAP
Initialize the IPRs from Tank simulations
Optimize/Non-optimize options
Performing sensitivities

1. Solve the network for a Separator pressure of 1000 psig

Analyze the gas production rate at the separator and in each well in the system.

·. ·•. ·.. .·· .

·.well.l ·. ..... Wefl2 ·... ·. · Well3 . .·· Separator ..

Gas production
rateMMscf/day

2. Initialize the IPRs from Tank simulations at the most recent date

Discuss the changes.

3. Solve the network for a Separator pressure of 1000 psig

Analyze the total gas production rate and in each well.

··Weill ·· ... . ·. .
. Well2 _:: _ Wefl3 Separator
Gas production ... ·
rateMMsd/day

What is the difference between point 1 and point 3?

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4. Evaluate the installation of compressors at the plant {Separator location), for that perform a
sensitivity analysis to the separator pressure ranging fram 1000 psig to 100 psig.

1
Separator pres.sure Separator Gas l)roduction rate .,
·.··. · psig . .· I·· · .· ·. MMscf/day · · ..
1000
800
600
400
200
100
...
c 5. In the plant a piece of equipment will be out of service for a couple of months for a major
c maintenance; this will limit the total capacity of the plant to 45 MMscf/doy of gas at the separator

r level. Solve the network optimizing with this limitation with a separator pressure of 1000 psig and
,. check how GAP honours this constraint.

Which well is GAP chocking back? Why?

r
,.

6. The reservoir engineer is considering shut in Well 2 for a pressure build transient test during the
plant limited capacity period. How much gas production rate is expected from the rest of the wells?
(""
.· 7':
•• . ' ·.Weill. Well3 Separator
Gas production ·
: I · rate MIViscf/dev
r
r
r

Save the GAP file as G-02.gap

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'
r Tutorial G-03: Integrated Production Model - Production forecast
r

r
Objectives:
r
r
Familiarize the user on how to perform production forecasts
' Perform different prediction scenarios saving the results
(

The production forecast will be performed from the most recent date entered in the production
(
-
history of the tank until 01/01/2025 with 1 month time step size.
r·
a. Perform a production forecast using a separator pressure of 1000 psig with all wells fully open.
' Check the results such as gas production rate profiles at the separator, per well and fill in the next
r
tables:
'
r
- - - .Separator. Weill ·_ -- weu.z -- _-• .. Well 3 _ -- --
--
r Cumulative gas --_

production 8scft2""1

'
Gas recovery factor% -_
Abandonment reservoir pressure __
P/Zabandonment · · - .-- __ •-

b. A new contract is being negotiated; the company should be able to deliver 55 MMscf/day of gas until
01/07/2018. As a reservoir engineer in charge of the field you have to evaluate if it is possible to
achieve this target rate. For that you might have to evaluate different alternatives.
i. . Set up the constraint at the separator level
ii. Set all the well in controllable
iii. Perform a prediction optimizing to check if the field is able to produce the target
rate for mentioned period without additional investments.

iv. If necessary to be able to achieve the contract rate evaluate the following scenarios:
r
1. Installing compressor at the plant (Separator location), specify compressors
installation timing and inlet pressure.
2./nstalling compressors at the manifold, specify compression installation
timing, inlet pressure and power requirements.
3.Drilling additional wells, select a type well, specify drill plan schedule.
4. Pulling/Workover option, changing the tubing size of the wells.
r

Comment and discuss the results with your colleagues.

Save the GAP file as G-03.gap

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IPM Training Manual

Tutorial G-04: Integrated model for an Oil field

A recent discovered offshore oil field is on production with one well located 16000 feet from an
existing production platform.
The water depth in the region is approximately 85 feet as shown in the next diagram.

185ft

I
r-

r- The pipeline is an 8 inches ID and the separator in the platform is operating at 400 psig.
( The reservoir is modelled in MBAL and the file has been created by the reservoir engineer and is
I located in the Auxiliary files folder AuxJiles\day3\G.04_Tank.mbi

The well model is the PROSPER file created in the tutorial P-05, P-OS.out

The separator maximum capacity allocated for this field is of 50000 stb/day of liquid.

Perform the following steps:

1. Construct the GAP lay-out for this system

2. Perform a production forecast from the end of the production history until January 2029
using 1 month time step size for the first couple of years and 2 months time step size until
r the end.
3. Evaluate the oil production rate evolution, the oil recovery factor, the cumulative oil
production.
4. It is possible to drill 2 more wells with a distance of 5000 feet from the discovery well,
evaluate the impact of drilling these wells in 2012 (January and June respectively).
5. Evaluate the option of maintaining the reservoir pressure by means of water injection at
6800 psig. When it will be required to inject water in the reservoir to avoid going below the
proposed value? How much water injection rate would be required?

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Workshop

I
Tutorial W-01: Gas field integrated model
I
I
A gas field located on-land is producing since 1973 with an average gas rate production of 30
MMscf/day.

Since 2010 a new contract was signed to deliver 45 MMscf/day until January 2020.

Evaluate if this contract is feasible and consider different options to achieve the contract using the
data provided below:

Schematic of the field:

I
I
Gl:620m
,..
13500 m 10:10 indl

4100 m 10:10 inch

1200 m 10:10 inch

Well1

GL~ 811 rn

GL: 605m
GL: 620m

The delivery point pressure is 70 kg/cm 2 •

,.

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PVTdata

. · Parameters .·' . Value _:_ Units ·

r Specific gas gravity 0.71
Separator pressure 1000 Psig
CGR (Condensate to gas ratio) 7 Stb/MMscf
Oil density 42 API
Water salinity 70000 Ppm
H2S% 0 %
C02% 11 %
N2% 1 %

r
Reservoir data

! ·,. ·.. ··. · :'Parameters · : < .•. Value . ' ·.

• Units ... .

Reservoir temperature 302 OF

Reservoir initial pressure 8659 Psig
Average porosity 6 %
Connate water saturation 32 %
Reservoir thickness 67 feet

The production and reservoir pressure history is located in the file W-Dl_Production_history.xls
located in the auxiliary files folder. (AuxJiles\day4\ W-Ol_Production_Histary.xls)

Wells data

The following section describes the well data

~·

'

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r IPM Training Manual

Weill
r Deviation Survey

Measured depth True Vertical depth

l:·•.··... ·. ·feet.· ...•. · .... ·.feet . · •·
0 0
12598 12598
12959 12956
14091 14087
17454 17443
r 17772 17759
r 18678 18657

Down-hole equipment

.. . .. .
•Measured
depth ·.·. .TubingiD ·
Tubing Casing
r roughness Casing ID · rollghriess
I Type •• 1 ·feet · inches· inches· inches
··inches ·•··
r Xmas Tree 0
Tubing 109 3.96 0.0006
Restriction 3.81
Tubing 14403 2.99 0.0006
r Restriction 2.2
Tubing_ 14435 2.99 0.0006
Casing 17740 4.41 0.0006

r Geothermal gradient
r
.·
Measured depth · . Formation temperature
I· feet
1
' 'F- .
0 59
r 17740 302
r
2
( Overall heat transfer coefficient: 2 Btu/h/ft /F
(·
Inflow performance data
r
r Parameter- .. • ·. Value I Units
Cand n
Reservoir Model
Reservoir Pressure 3118 (psi\1)
Reservoir Temperature 302 (deq F)
Water-Gas Ratio 0 (STB/MMscf)
Condensate Gas Ratio 7 (STB/MMscf)
... ..
.· ·.· ·· ...· . . · IPRModel data ··. . ·.· · ·.

c I 0.0096 I (Mscfldaylpsi2)
n I 1 I

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r
r Well2
r
Deviation survey

r · · Measured depth . True vertical depth

···•·· ··•··· .. .feel >. · .··:·feet .. ·.·.......
0 0
13238 13238
16063 16053
19423 19393
19715 19678

Down-hole equipment

·.·
... Measured Tubing Tubing Casing ;.·Casing
depth ·..• ID ·.· •.• roughness. ID roughness
Type feet ·. inches inches · ·.· inches· .· inches
Xmas Tree 0
Tubing 106 3.96 0.0006
r Restriction 2.61
Tubing 14567 3.96 0.0006
Restriction 3.46
Tubing 14600 3.96 0.0006
Casing 16463 6.36 0.0006
r

Geothermal gradient
r Measure depth Formation·temperature
.·...... · OF .· .
r · 'feef··• ••
0 59
16463 260

Overall heat transfer coefficient: 2 Btu/h/ft 2/F

r

Inflow performance data

.
. · Parameter' Value Units
r Reservoir Model C and n
Reservoir Pressure 3060.1 (psiql
Reservoir Temperature 302 (deq F)
Water-Gas Ratio 0 (STB!MMscf)
.~
Condensate Gas Ratio 823 (STB/MMscf)
... ·•· . . ..
I IPRmodeldata ·.· · .·.... · . . ·.·

c I 0.009 (Mscfiday/psi2)
n I 1

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r
r Well3
Deviation survey
Measure depth True vertical depth
.·.· ....
.feet ..·.· I . feet·
0 0
7298 7298
12467 12464
12549 12546
13041 13038
14321 14316
14518 14512
15502 15482
16781 16729
17175 17109
17758 17676
17848 17765
Down-hole equipment

r . . .
.Mea.sured .•Tubing Tubing Casing ·· Casing
' . '
I ··.. depth,.·.··. . ..JD. roughness .• .10 - . roughness
Type · · ·,·• • feet inches ·· inches· ·inches inches
Xmas Tree 0
TubinQ 105 3.96 0.0006
Restriction 3.81
TubinQ 17038 3.96 0.0006
TubinQ 17048 2.99 0.0006
Restriction 2.75
Tubing 17111 2.99 0.0006
Restriction 2.2
Tubing 17144 2.99 0.0006
Casing 17270 6.46 0.0006

Geothermal gradient
Measure depth ... .F:olll)ation temperature ...
.. feel . •F . .. . .
-

0 59
r
' 17270 302

Overall heat transfer coefficient: 2 Btu/h/ft'/F

Inflow performance data

· ··• · Parameter Value· ·Units
Reservoir Model C and n
Reservoir Pressure 3073.16 (psiQ)
Reservoir
Temperature 302 (deq F)
Water-Gas Ratio 0 (STB/MMscf)
Condensate Gas
Ratio 8.23 (STBIMMscf)

c 0.3749 (Mscf/davlosi2)
n 0.71848

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Questions:

Is it possible to achieve the proposed contract? What actions should be considered?

............ " ,., ' ........... ······ ..................................................... " ......... " ............................................... ' ........... .

.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................

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Tutorial W-02: Gas field integrated model- Part 2

The company has made a new discovery nearby the gas field modelled in the Tutorial W-01. A new
structure located 12 km south of Well 2 containing dry gas reservoir.
The process engineers are considering tie-in the new field to the existing facilities.

The company is evaluating extending the existing gas sale contract from 45 MMscf/day to 60
MMscf/day from June-2012 until 2020.

The following parameters have been estimated:

.~

Parameter .· Value ·.. Units '

·•··
Reservoir depth 12320 feet
Reservoir Temperature 230 OF
Pressure gradient Normal
GOIS volumetric estimation 137 Bscf
Reservoir permeability 32 md
Net thickness 34.7 feet
Drainage area 500 Acres
Specific gas gravity 0.675
CGR 5.1 stb/MMscf
Oil density 47 API
Water salinity 100000 ppm
H25 0
co, 6 %
N, 0.5 %

Evaluate if it is possible to achieve the proposed target rate for the proposed period, estimate the
number of wells required in the new structure.

Also evaluate if the gas production of the existing wells will be impacted by the back pressure of this
new development.

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Tutorial W-03: Offshore Oil field development plan

Objectives

An offshore oil field has been discovered with two reservoirs (Reservoir 1 and Reservoir 2) and few
data is available.
The discovered field is located some 20 km from an existing platform.
With some minor investment the existing platform can accommodate additional40000 stb/day of
liquid. The platform contains dedicated export oil and gas flow-lines going to the shore.
Using the data provided below design a field development plan, a minimum recovery factor of 30%
for both reservoirs will make this project attractive.
The proposed start date of production is 01/06/2014 and end of concession is 1/01/2027.

In the next diagram and tables you will find all the data available:

45•F
20km
r
14800 feet
13700feet

.·
• Data ·. ·Reservoir 1 .Reservoir 2 Units.·
OOIP 160 70 MMstb
Pressure 6600 10200 psig
GOR 470 1450 scf/stb
API 36 41
Gas gravity 0.68 0.72
Reservoir depth 13700 14800 TVDSS (feet)
Permeability 52 420 rnd
Net thickness 22 45 feet
Porosity 0.19 0.23 fraction
Connate water saturation 0.23 0.15 fraction
Water salinity 87000 12000 ppm
Reservoir Temperature 197 240 "F

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Relative permeability curve Corey function table

...
r
·.•- <
Phase.
~ .. ·.·.
Residual
-~· . saturation ...
End Point
..
Corey Exponent
. .·.

Water 0.23/0.15 0.8 1

Oil 0.15 .7 1.5
Gas 0.02 0.9 1

Field development plan description (e.g. number of wells, drill plan schedule, type of wells (e.g.
naturally flowing, artificially lifted), water injection requirements, etc)

.................................................................................................................................................................

Plot the expected oil production rate, water production rate, gas production rate.

What is the oil recovery factor for reservoir 1 and reservoir 2?

r-

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Tutorial W-04: Tight gas well modelling

Objectives: Practice the steps to construct and calibrate tight gas well model

Data Provided

PVT data
·.. . .··
Gas gravity 0.7
Separator Pressure. · ... 250 psig
CGR . 2 Stb/MMscf
Condensate gravity 35 API
Watersalinity · · · .. ·. 29000 ppm
~··
H2S . <. .. · ... · .. · ... 0
...·. .
( C02
··.
. ·.
0
N2 ·. 0

Petro-physical parameters

..
Model Type Well in Bounded Radial Reservoir
Well Radius _ .•.. ·. ... · . 0.354 (feet)
Darcy Skiri(S) .·· · •. · · . •··· 0
Non- Darcy Skin (D) ••·· .. 0 (1/(Mscf/day))
Initial Pressure·.·.·..•· ••· .. • . 5000 (psig)
r·
lnitiaiTemperature ·• 200 (deg F)
Permeability • .·· . ••
0.1 (md)
.
Drainage•AreaRadius 650 (feet)
Porosity ·.·· . .· 0.1 (fraction)
.··
LayerThickneiss • .... 200 (feet)
Start.of Production ·• 0 (day)
·•··
.ConnateWater,Saturation 0.4 (fraction)
Water Compressibility ·•· Use Corr (1/psi)
·.
Rock.Compressibility .. 4.00E-06 (1/psi)

Well data information

The well is a vertical well down to 12000 feet with a 2 7/8" tubing (ID 2.441 inch)
2
Overall heat transfer coefficient 3 Btu/f/h/ft and ambient temperature of 70•F.

The well test data is provided in the Excel spread sheet called
AuxJiles\day5\ Tight_gas_we/1_ Test.xls

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