Proc.

Proc.Schl.
Schl.Eng.
Eng.Tokai Univ.,
Tokai Ser. E
Univ., Ser. E
41（2016）■-■
41 (2016) 53-58

Effect of Fractional Flow Curves on the Recovery of

Different Types of Oil in Petroleum Reservoirs

by

Abdul Jamil NAZARI*1 , Ahmad Fahim NASIRY*1 and Shigeo HONMA*2

(Received on Mar. 31, 2016 and accepted on May 12, 2016)

Abstract
This paper considers the effect of fractional flow curves on different types of oil recovery when injecting water into
petroleum reservoirs. In the computation of oil recovery, the Buckley–Leverett frontal displacement theory has been widely
used to calculate the saturation profile of two immiscible fluids, wherein saturation is largely affected by the fractional flow
curve of the displacing fluid. This paper reviews a fractional flow equation and a frontal advance equation and evaluates
fractional flow curves of light and heavy oil by using relative permeability curves obtained from laboratory experiments.
Results indicate that the fractional flow curve of light oil exhibits a regular S-shape, and application of this curve to the
waterflooding method shows that a large amount of mobile oil in the reservoir is displaced by water injection. In contrast,
the fractional flow curve of heavy oil does not display an S-shape because of its high viscosity. Although the advance of the
injected water front is faster than that in light oil reservoirs, a significant amount of mobile oil remains behind the water
front.

Keywords: Fractional flow, Relative permeability, Petroleum reservoir, Oil recovery, Waterflooding technique,
Buckley–Leverett analysis

1. Introduction the effects of capillary pressure between the two fluids and
gravity are neglected. According to this theory, the advance of a
In petroleum reservoir engineering, the technique of injecting saturation front by the displacing fluid is largely affected by the
water into oil reservoirs is used to maintain oil production rates permeability of oil and water relative to reservoir rock.
during pumping operations. This so-called waterflooding
technique provides high oil production rates with a high degree of Natural
water table
petroleum recovery when applied as oil production rates begin to
drop1). The technique has been widely employed in oil fields
around the world and in shale oil exploitation technologies
Water
qw
initiated in the United States. After long-term extraction of crude injection
Oil
production
oil, a mixture of oil and water is pumped up in the production well well

wells. Water and oil are separated by a separator installed

on-site, and the separated water is recycled for injection2).
When water is injected into a reservoir, oil is displaced toward the
production well in the two-phase flow situation depicted in Fig. 1.
Oil and water are mutually immiscible, so this phenomenon is
referred to as immiscible displacement in porous media. andFig.
to the viscosity ratiotechnique
1 Waterflooding between the
in atwo fluids. reservoir3).
petroleum
The mechanism of immiscible displacement of two-phase
fluids has been studied extensively in the discipline of fluid flow Figure 2 illustrates typical relative permeability curves from
through porous media. The Buckley–Leverett frontal the petroleum engineering literature4). The relative permeability
displacement theory describes a method for calculating saturation of oil kro and water krw are generally given as a wetting fluid
profiles on the basis of the relative permeability, assuming that saturation Sw, usually that of water. As the water saturation
increases, kro gradually decreases and becomes zero at residual

*1 Graduate Student, Course of Civil Engineering oil saturation Sor. The residual oil saturation is immobile in rock
*2 Professor, Department of Civil Engineering

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XLI,2016
Vol. XLI, 2016
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 Abdul Jamil NAZARI, Fahim NASIRY and Shigeo HONMA
Abdul Jamil NAZARI, Ahmad Fahim NASIRY and Shigeo HONMA

pores. Also, krw increases as the water saturation in a medium We start with Darcy’s equations
increases, and reaches the endpoint of the relative permeability.
There exists some amount Swi of immobile water in pores, called kkro A  po 
qo     o g sin  , (1)
the irreducible water saturation. The limits of the fractional flow o  x 
are 0 % and 100 % for Swi and Sor. At the irreducible water k krw A  pw 
qw    w g sin  (2)
saturtion, the water flow rate fw is zero and, therefore, the w  x 
frational flow is 0 %. At the residual oil saturation point Sor, the
oil flow rate is zero and the fractional flow reaches its upper limit and replace the water pressure by pw  po  pcow , so that
of 100 %. The shape of the fractional flow versus the water
kkrw A  ( po  pcow) 
saturation curve is characteristically an S-shape. qw     w g sin . (3)
w  x 
So
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Here, pcow is the capillary pressure between oil and water.
1.0
d
After rearranging, the equations may be written as
c fw
0.8
krw,kro o po
 qo   o g sin  , ( 4)
fw 0.6 kkro A x
kro b at f wmax
’
max
w po pcow
0.4  qw    w g sin . (5)
Swi krw Sor kkrw A x x
0.2
Subtracting Eq. (4) from Eq. (5), we get
0 a
0 0.2 0.4 SBL
0.6 0.8 1.0
Sw 1  w   p
  qw  qo o    cow   g sin  . (6)
Fig. 2 Relative permeability and fractional flow rate kA  krw kro  x
curves4).
)
Substituting
There are two general methods to determine relative qw
permeability, the steady-state (SS) method and the unsteady-state qT  qw  qo , fw  (7)(8)
qT
(USS) method. The SS method aims to achieve steady-state flow
and solving for the fractional flow of water, we obtain the
at different fractional flow ratios, yielding unique core saturation
following expression for the fraction of flowing water:
at each ratio. The results are easy to interpret, but it takes a long
time to achieve steady-state conditions. In the USS method, the k kro A  pcow 
1   g sin  
core saturated with oil is flooded by water at a constant total rate qT o  x 
until no more oil is produced. Flooding experiments record the fw  . (9)
kro  w
fractional flow ratio, the pressure at both ends, and the
1
o krw
breakthrough time of the injected fluid. From fractional flow
For the simplest case of horizontal flow with negligible capillary
theory, the two-phase relative permeability can then be
pressure, the expression reduces to5)
determined as a function of saturation at the effluent core end.
For this reason, fundamental equations related to these 1
fw  . (10 )
phenomena are presented below. k ro  w
1
 o k rw
2. Buckley-Leverett Analysis
2.2 Buckley–Leverett equation
2.1 Fractional flow equation For a displacement process where water displaces oil, the
Derivation of the fractional flow equation for an oil–water mass balance of water around a control volume of length ⊿x over
system with one-dimensional flow is as follows: Consider a time period of ⊿t is considered.
displacement of oil by water in a system with dip angle α.

x qw

⊿x
α
Fig. 4 Mass balance in a flow system.
Fig. 3 One dimensional oil-water flow system.

Proceedings of the School of Engineering,

―2― Tokai University, Series E
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 Effect of fractional flow curves on the recovery of different types of oil in petroleum reservoirs
Effect of Fractional Flow Curves on the Recovery of Different Types of Oil in Petroleum Reservoirs

The mass balance may be written as heavy oil (type A), are used. Table 1 shows the properties of these
oils and water.
 q     q  
w w x w w x  Δx Δt  A Δx  (S  )  ( S w w )  (11)
w w
t Δt t

Table 1 Physical property of oils and water.

which reduces to the continuity equation when Δt  0 and Properties Light oil Heavy oil Water
Δx  0
Density ρ (g/cm ) 3
0.795 0.837 1.00

 qw  w   A  Sw  w  (12) Viscosity μ (Pa・s) 0.00242 0.0167 0.001
x t

Assume Effect of fluid

that the fractional flow curvesmay
compressibility on the
be recovery of that
neglected; different
is, types ofThe
oil inexperimental
petroleum reservoirs
apparatus depicted in Fig. 5 is used. In the
ρw is a constant. Also, we have that first, the sand samples are saturated by oil, and then oil and water
f wqwritten are simultaneously pumped at different pumping ratios. The
The mass balance may be T  qw ,as (13 )
heavy oil (type A), are used. Table 1 shows the properties of these
experiment starts from high ratio of oil and low ratio of water (the
so oils and water.
iｍbibition process). The experiment measures the pressure and
 qw wx   qw wx  Δx  Δt

A ΔxAφof(fractional
f wEffect

SSwww ) t Δtflow
.
(Sw w )  (11
t
curves on) the recovery of different types of oil in petroleum reservoirs
(14) amount
Table of discharge
1 Physical of of
property oiloils
andand
water.
water.
x qT t
which reduces to the continuity equation when Δt  0 and Properties Light oil Heavy oil Water
Since f S w  , the equation may be rewritten as
Δx The
0 mass balancew may be written as heavy oil (type3 A), are used. Table 1 shows the properties of these
Density ρ (g/cm ) 0.795 0.837 1.00

 qw  w   A  Sw  w  (12)
oils and water.
Viscosity μ (Pa・s)
3.0
 qw wx   qw wx ΔxfwtΔtSw AΔxAφ (Sww.w ) tΔt (Sw w ) t  (11) (15)
 x 0.00242 0.0167 0.001
Fraction collector (Glass tube)
qT t Table 1 Physical property of oils and water.
S w x Sand (Initially saturated by oil)

L=20cm
Assume that the fluid compressibility may be neglected; that is, 6) The experimental apparatus depicted in Fig.ρs5= is used.
2.64 g/cm3In the
Acrylic pipe

V = 140.0 cm3
Equation (15) is known as the
which reduces to the continuity equation when Δt  0 andBuckley–Leverett equation . Properties Light oil Heavy D =oil Water
0.105-0.425 mm
w is a constant. Also, we have that first, the sand samples are saturated by oil, and then oil and water
Δx  0
Density ρ (g/cm
are simultaneously
3
pumped ) at0.795 0.837beads
different pumping
Glass 1.00The
ratios.
 qw ,q
f wqT 2.3  (13)
 Frontal
 w  w  advance
 A equation Sw w  (12) Viscosity μ (Pa ・ s) 0.00242 0.0167 0.001
x experiment starts from high ratio of oil and lowPressure ratio oftransducer
S w  x, t  ,twe can write the expression for saturation
From water (the
o
change iｍbibition process). The experiment measures the pressure and
Assume f that φ asfluid
Athe S w compressibility may be neglected; that is, Data In the
 w  . S ( 14 ) amount The experimental
of discharge of oilgapparatus
Tubin and water.depicted in Fig. 5 is used.
w that S w
qT Also, recorder
x
ρw is aconstant. t we
dS  have dx  dt. (16 ) pump
first, the sand samples are saturated by oil, and then oil and water
w
x t P P
ince f w S w  , the
f wqequation
T  qw ,
may be rewritten as (13) are simultaneously pumped at different pumping ratios. The
In the Buckley–Leverett solution, we follow a fluid front ofexperiment starts from high ratio of oil and low ratio of water (the
so constant saturation during the displacement process as 3.0 Water Oil
iｍbibition process). The experiment measures the pressure and
f w Sf w Aφ S w Fraction collector (Glass tube)
   .. (15) (14)
S w x q0T  St w dx  S w dt. (17)
amount of discharge of oil and water.
Fig. 5 Experimental
Sand (Initiallyapparatus foroil)
saturated by measuring
L=20cm

x t ρs =permeabilities.
Acrylic pipe

6) relative 2.64 g/cm3

V = 140.0 cm3

Equation (15) is known as the Buckley–Leverett equation .

Since f w S w  , the equation may be rewritten as D = 0.105-0.425 mm
Substituting into the Buckley–Leverett equation, we get
3.1 Relative permeability and fractional flow curve of light oil
Glass beads
.3 Frontal advance equation
dx q df w 3.0
Aφ Sthe . T
(18) The permeability to either
Pressure fluid is expected to be lower than
transducer
 f, w weS wcan
From S w  x, t  dt write
A dSww. expression for saturation
(15) Fraction collector (Glass tube)
S w x qT t that for the single fluid, because
Sand it saturated
(Initially occupiesbyonly
oil) part of the pore
hange as
L=20cm

ρs = 2.64Data
Acrylic pipe

3
Tubing space and may also be affected g/cm
by interaction with other phases.
EquationIntegration with
S wasrespect to time as equation6).
cm3

(15)
Swis known the Buckley–Leverett recorder mm
D = 0.105-0.425
dSw  dx  dt. (16) pump
The relative permeability of oil and water, kro and krw, are
V = 140.0

x Effectdx t
of fractional qTflow
df wcurves on the recovery of different types of oil P
P in petroleum reservoirs
2.3 Frontal advance dt  dt 
equation
n the Buckley–Leverettt solution,t we

A follow
dt
dS w a fluid front of
(19) calculated by Darcy’s law Glassasbeads
Pressure transducer
From S w  x, t  , we can write the expression for saturation
onstant saturationyields during
an the displacement
expression for the processofasthe water front as
position Water qo oOil p qw  w p
e masschange as may be written as
balance heavy oil (type A), arekused. ro  Table /1 shows , kthe
rw properties / of these (21)( 22)
S w SS w S Tubing k A L kA
Data L
recorder
0  dS dx  w dt
x w  xxtdx . w  ,
q. T t wdtdf (17) (16) oils and water.
Fig. pump
5 Experimental apparatus for measuring
f  (20)

w  w x   qw  w x  Δx Δt  A Δx
 t
Aφ (SdS

w w ) f  ( S w w )  (11)
 t Δt
 t relativePp permeabilities. P
where is the injection pressure, and L is the length of the sand
ubstituting into the Buckley–Leverett equation, we get Tablesample.
1 PhysicalTheproperty
degree of of water
oils and water. is calculated based on the
saturation
In the Buckley–Leverett solution, we follow a fluid front of
which is often called the frontal advance equation2). 3.1 Relative permeability
fractional andconcept
flow fractional as flow curve of light oil
ich reduces dx tosaturation
constant the
qT continuity
df w duringequation when Δt 
the displacement 0 and as
process Properties WaterLight oil Heavy oil
Oil Water
0  . (18) The permeability to either fluid is expected to be lower than
dt A dS Sw S Density ρ (g/cm 3
) S 0.795 Vps 0.837 only 1.00of the pore
 0  w dx  w3.dtLaboratory . Experiments (17) that for the single
Fig. 5fluid, because
Experimental ( fod itapparatus
foccupies
o ) dVp  for Spart

1 measuring
o, (23)
 qw  w  A x  S wt w  (12) Viscosity
space and μ
may(Pa s)
also
w
be
0
0.00242
affected by 0.0167
interaction 0.001
with other phases.
ntegration x with respect to
t time as ・ relative permeabilities.
SubstitutingLaboratory experiments forequation,
into the Buckley–Leverett measuring The relative where
relative permeability
we get fod is theoffractional
permeability oil and discharge
water, kroofand displaced
krw, areoil, and fo is the
sume that the dx fluid compressibility
qT df w may be neglected; that is, Relative permeability and fractional flow curve of light
and 
dt fractional flow dt are performed based(19 on) the steady-state 3.1
The experimental
calculated apparatus
fractional
by Darcy’s as depicted
lawpumping ratioinofFig.oil 5onisthe
used. the oil rate. (For
In pumping
total
is a constant. dx we
dtAlso, qt7,8)
TA df wdSthat
have The samples
permeability tocalculation,
eitherbyfluid is expected
t

method . Two . different types of oils, light oil(18
w
) first, and
(kerosene) the sand details are
of thesaturated oil,seeand then
Ref. ) to
7) oil andbewater
lower than
dt A dSw that forq 
the p
single fluid, q
because  p
ields an
f wexpression
qT  qw , for the position of the water front as(13) are simultaneously w w pumping ratios. Thethe pore
it occupies only part of
k ro  o o /pumped , k rwat different / (21)( 22 )
Integration with respect to time as experiment k
spacestarts A
and from L
may also
high be affected
ratio k Aand
of oil L ratio ofwith
by interaction
low waterother
(thephases.
qT t  df w  ―3relative
― k krw, are
x   2016  , (20) iｍwhere The
bibitionp isprocess).
permeability
The experiment of oil and
measures water,
L is the the pressure
ro and
theand
Vol.
Adx
f wf Vol.
φXLI,dt
XLI, SdS2016 q df w the injection pressure, and length of sand
   ww  f T
.  dt (14) (19) amount − 55
of The −
calculated by Darcy’s
discharge andlaw as
x t qdt T t t A dS w sample. degreeofofoilwater water.
saturation is calculated based on the
2)
which is often called the frontal advance equation .
 Abdul Jamil NAZARI, Fahim NASIRY and Shigeo HONMA
Abdul Jamil NAZARI, Ahmad Fahim NASIRY and Shigeo HONMA

Table 2 Relative permeabilities and fractional flow Figure 7 shows the fractional flow curve in the displacement
data for light oil.
of light oil by water. The curve has an elongated S-shape in the
Sw krw kro fw range of effective saturation of the displacing fluid (Swi < Sw <
0.17 0.00 1.00 0 1 - Sor). The degree of saturation at the tangent point of a straight
0.34 0.03 0.55 0.117
line drawn from the irreducible saturation on fractional flow
0.36 0.04 0.42 0.187
curve SBL is used to determine the saturation value at the water
0.41 0.08 0.35 0.356
front according to Buckley–Leverett theory.
0.44 0.10 0.25 0.492
0.47 0.11 0.20 0.571
0.50 0.15 0.18 0.669 3.2 Relative permeability and fractional flow curve of heavy oil
0.52 0.19 0.11 0.807 Table 3 and Fig. 8 show the change in relative permeabilities
0.55 0.21 0.07 0.879 and fractional water flow for the displacement of heavy oil by
0.63 0.34 0.00 1.00 water. The data show that the residual oil saturation Sor is smaller
than light oil, but the relative permeability of water krw is very
small as compared with the light oil displacement. This is
attributed to the viscosity of heavy oil being about 17 times larger
than that of water, and the relative permeability of water
calculated by Eq. (22) becomes very small even though water
flow occurs together with oil flow through sand. Figure 9
illustrates the fractional flow curve for heavy oil. The curve does
not display an S-shape; it swells on the low-saturation side,
krws = 0.34
because of the very small values of krw under low
water-saturation conditions.

Table 3 Relative permeabilities and fractional flow

data of heavy oil.

Fig. 6 Relative permeability curves for the displacement of Sw krw kro fw

light oil by water. 0.12 0.00 0.95 0
0.15 0.01 0.77 0.178
Table 2 and Fig. 6 show the change in relative permeabilities 0.18 0.01 0.64 0.207
and fraction of water flow with the change in water saturation. 0.24 0.02 0.54 0.382
The fractional water flow fw was calculated from Eq. (10) using 0.28 0.03 0.45 0.527
0.34 0.03 0.36 0.582
the fluid properties listed in Table 1 and the values of relative
0.44 0.04 0.27 0.712
permeabilities. Relative permeability curves of light oil and water
0.50 0.04 0.19 0.779
exhibit normal cross curves, and the end-point value of relative
0.60 0.05 0.10 0.893
water permeability was 0.34. At that point, only water was
0.73 0.06 0.00 1.00
pumped into the sand column, and a significant amount of
residual oil remains in sand pores (Sor = 0.37).

krws = 0.06

Fig. 8 Relative permeability curves for the displacement

Fig. 7 Fractional flow curve in the displacement of light oil
by water. of heavy oil by water.

Proceedings of the School of Engineering,

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 Effect of fractional flow curves on the recovery of different types of oil in petroleum reservoirs
Effect of Fractional Flow Curves on the Recovery of Different Types of Oil in Petroleum Reservoirs

progresses with a constant speed toward the production site (right

side). Although there is a large amount of residual oil in the
reservoir, water displaces the most of mobile oil. The oil recovery
factor for this situation is computed as

S w  Swi
RF  . (24)
(24)
1 Swi

From the above, RF = 0.51, from which the total amount of oil
produced by waterflooding is AφB× RF = 28,050,000 m3 ( = 175
million barrels) for the given reservoir.

1.0 0

Residual oil Sor = 0.27

Sw So
Fig. 9 Fractional flow curve in the displacement of heavy oil
by water.
Displaceable mobile oil
The difference in these fractional flow curves on the recovery of 0.5 0.5
reservoir oils is investigated in the next section. SBL=0.29

t=100

800
500

600

700
200
Water

4. Application of the Fractional Flow Curves to the
Waterflooding Method in Reservoirs
Advance of the saturation front in the waterflooding method
may be calculated by using the frontal advance equation given by
Eq. (20), which involves derivatives of the fractional rate of flow
with respect to water saturation. Each saturation advances into the
system at a rate in direct proportion to d fw /dS w. The curve
generally displays a smooth convex curve toward the flow
direction, and the position of abrupt change in saturation, i.e., the
water front, is determined from the value of SBL previously shown
in Figs. (7) and (9).
A petroleum reservoir of extent area A = 10 km2, thickness B
= 25 m, length L = 1 km, and porosity φ = 0.22 is considered. The
total amount of water injected is assumed to be qw = qT = 1,000
m3/day.
1.0
Residual oil Sor = 0.37
Sw
SBL=0.53
Displaceable mobile oil
0.5
t = 100 day
day
Irreducible water Swi = 0.12
0 1.0
0 100 200 300 400 500
x (m)
Fig. 11 Displacement of heavy oil calculated by the frontal
advance equation.
Figure 11 illustrates the calculated results of the saturation
profile for a heavy oil reservoir. A significant amount of mobile
oil remains in the reservoir after displacement, even though the
effective saturation for this displacement is larger than that for
light oil. The total amount of oil produced by waterflooding is
23,100,000 m3 (RF = 0.42) for the given reservoir.
The advance of the water front for the heavy oil reservoir is faster
than that for the light oil reservoir. These results are reflected in
the shape of the fractional flow curve of the reservoir oil. The
viscosity ratios with water used in the waterflooding simulation
are 2.42 for light oil and 16.7 for heavy oil. This suggests that the
0
viscosity ratio between the displaced liquid and displacing liquid
has a significant influence on the degree of oil recovery9). The use
So
of heated water in waterflooding may be a reasonable method for
improving the mobility of the reservoir oils, requiring
0.5 thermodynamic analysis between the immiscible fluid flow and

1000 day

porous media. This might produce a challenging problem for

200

300

400

500

700
600

800

900

Water waterflooding oil recovery.

Irreducible water Swi = 0.17

5. Conclusion
0 1.0
0 100 200 300 400 500
x (m)
The effect of fractional flow curves on different types of oil
Fig. 10 Displacement of light oil calculated by the frontal
recovery in petroleum reservoirs was investigated in this paper.
advance equation.
Relative permeabilities of light and heavy oils were measured
Figure 10 illustrates the calculated results of a saturation through laboratory experiments, and fractional water flow was
profile for a light oil reservoir. Here, the saturation front evaluated using the fractional flow equation. The fractional flow

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XLI,2016
Vol. XLI, 2016
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 Abdul Jamil NAZARI, Fahim NASIRY and Shigeo HONMA
Abdul Jamil NAZARI, Ahmad Fahim NASIRY and Shigeo HONMA

curve of light oil showed a regular S-shape, and application of A Cross-sectional area
this curve to the waterflooding method showed that a large B Thickness of reservoir
amount of mobile oil in the reservoir is displaced by water RF Recovery factor
injection. In contrast, the fractional flow curve of heavy oil did
not display an S-shape because of its high viscosity, and a
significant amount of mobile oil remains in the reservoir behind References
the water front. With the fractional flow data employed in this
1) R.C.Craft and M.Hawkins, Revised by R.E.Terry: Applied
study, the oil recovery rate by waterflooding of light oil reservoirs
Petroleum Reservoir Engineering, (Prentice-Hall, 1991)
was about 52 % and that of heavy oil reservoirs was 42 %. pp.1-6.
2) A.Y. Dandekar : Petroleum Reservoir, Rock and Fluid Proper-
ties, (CRC Press, 2013) pp.45-83.
Nomenclature 3) Water Flooding Concept : youtube TekOil
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4Ipuo1IBdk
k Intrinsic permeability 4) B. Philip and M. A. Celia: Practical implementation of the
krw Relative permeability of water fractional flow approach to multi-phase flow simulation,
kro Relative permeability of oil Advance in water resource, Vol.22, No.5, (1991), pp 461-487.
krws End-point relative permeability 5) A. Arabzai and S. Honma: Numerical simulation of the
μw Viscosity of water Buckley-Leverett problem, Proc. School of Eng. of Tokai
μo Viscosity of oil University, Vol.38 (2013) pp.9-14.
ρw Density of water 6) S.E. Buckley and M.C. Leverett: mechanism of fluid dis-
ρo Density of oil placement in sands, Transactions AIME, Vol.146, (1942),
pw Water pressure pp.107-116.
po Oil pressure 7) K.N. Seddiqi, Z. Mahdi and S. Honma：Laboratory meas-
qT Total pumping rate of oil and water urement of relative permeabilities of oil and water in sand,
qw Amount of water Proc. School of Eng. of Tokai University, Vol.41 (2016), pp.
qo Amount of oil 47-51. (This Volume)
Sw Water saturation 8) A.J. Nazari, A.F. Nasiry and S. Honma: Measurement of rela-
So Oil saturation tive permeability of oil and water and application to
Swi Irreducible water saturation waterflooding technique in petroleum reservoir, JSCE,
Sor Residual oil saturation SessionⅦ, (2016).
fw Fractional water flow 9) A.J. Nazari, A.F. Nasiry, K.N. Seddiqi and S. Honma: Influ-
fo Fractional oil flow ence of relative permeability and viscosity ratio on oil dis-
φ Porosity of reservoir placement by water in petroleum reservoir, Proc. School of
Vp Pore volume Eng. of Tokai University, Vol.40 (2015), pp.15-20.

Proceedings of the School of Engineering,

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