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The following material addresses those dimensioning and tolerance principles necessary for you to detail the
design and manufacturing processes used to make your team's Pipsqueak engine.
1(b) could lead to tolerance variations of ± 0.15 while 1(c) leads to a smaller tolerance variation.
0.15 variation is more than enough to bind up a pipsqueak engine. The accumulation of tolerances
shown in 1(b) can occur because of the production processes you use, or inconsistent datum(s). Your tol-
erances will be determined by the machining process that you use, by the requirements of the part, and
by the cost associated with the part. Common machine tolerances can range from +/-0.02” to +/-
0.0005”. Also note that if you choose multiple datum's you will have to recalibrate your mill or lathe,
which takes time.
From the reference in Figure1.1: "This range of allowable dimensions is the tolerance band. The
larger the difference between the upper and lower limits, the larger the tolerance band, also consid-
ered a “looser” tolerance. Conversely, the smaller the difference, the smaller the tolerance band, al-
so considered a “tighter” tolerance. Tolerances should always be used. Always. Ambiguity is not
your friend. If you leave a dimension without a tolerance, no one else will know the importance, or
the unimportance, of that dimension."
Clearness
All drawings should be clear. If you are unsure about how to draw a dimension, as a rule of thumb go
with what is cleaner to the eye. For a FULL list of dimensioning and tolerance standards see:
http://www.eng.fiu.edu/mme/robotics/EML4501MechDesignII/Catalogs/ASME_Y14.5M-
1994_Dimensioning_and_Tolerancing.pdf
Common dimension symbols (like diameters, threading and countersinks) will be discussed in another
section. Another way to make the drawings clearer is types of views, which will be discussed in greater
detail in the readability section.
Completeness
Compare the pictures below. Assuming these are flat disks, where would you make the holes (the
small round circles)?
Good Bad
Dimensioning Conventions
Dimensions should be placed on the face or
view of the object that describes the feature
most clearly. Avoid dimensioning to hidden
lines and between dissimilar surfaces (i.e. flat
to round).
Holes, radii, and threads should be dimen-
sioned on a view facing the observer. Other-
wise this can lead to feature ambiguity. Cen-
terlines and axes should be shown to clearly
mark the center of a circular feature. Dimen-
sioning to these lines is not only allowed, but
encouraged.
If possible, dimensions should be stacked
using one datum. Stacking dimensions allows
for the use of one datum for multiple features. Figure 2.1 Courtesy of:
Repeatedly measuring from one point to an- Source: MIT OpenCourseWare:
other will lead to inaccuracies; see Accuracy, http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-007-
Clearness, and Completeness section. It is of- design-and-manufacturing-i-spring-2009/related-
resources/drawing_and_sketching/#Dimension
ten better to measure from one end to vari-
ous points. This gives the dimensions a refer-
ence standard.
It is helpful to choose the placement of the
dimension in the order in which a machinist
would create the part. This convention may
take some experience. This saves time for the
machinist and also adds more clarity to the
drawing. Using the same datum for multiple
dimensions allows the machinist to edge find
or “zero- out" the machine just once before
making several features. (For more info, visit:
http://www-
mdp.eng.cam.ac.uk/web/library/enginfo/drawings/index.
html)
Figure 2.2
It is not necessary to place a dimension on
every feature. If a feature, such as a hole or a
notch, is repeated on a part, preferred procedure is to only dimension one of the features. This reduces
See if you can read the all of the callouts in complete sentences. For example, the first (left) callout
says, “Drill a 10 mm diameter hole through this location, then counterbore the hole at a 20 mm diameter
down 8 mm.” A cross-sectional view of how the features look is given as well.
From these examples it is very easy to see the usefulness of callouts and dimensioning symbols. A lot
of information is conveyed using only a few characters.
Homework Question
Write out a process sheet (using the Template on Learning Suite) for changing a tire. Print out your pro-
cess sheet and turn it in.
Cross Section
Figure 4.1 shows a cross sectional view with an additional side view to visualize the inside of the
part. The correct formatting of this, as seen above, shows a dotted line along the cross sectional area
with two arrows perturbing from the end. These arrows point towards the cross section. The cross sec-
tion is then labeled “Section A-A” corresponding to the letters on the drawing.
Isometric Views
Isometric views are also used on a drawing page and the exploded view to provide a 3-D model visu-
alization. These are often located on the top right hand side of the page as shown in Figure 4.2.
Really good suggestion: Remember that cleanliness is next to Godliness. Keeping everything clean and
orderly means that your part will be made correctly and ultimately your team will receive a good pro-
jects grade.
D&C 88:119: "Organize yourselves; prepare every needful thing; and establish a house, even a house of
prayer, a house of fasting, a house of faith, a house of learning, a house of glory, a house of order, a house
of God;"