Designation: A 730 – 93 (Reapproved 1999)

Standard Specification for

Forgings, Carbon and Alloy Steel, for Railway Use1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 730; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope Current Grade Former Designation and Grade

A A 236, A
1.1 This specification covers eight grades of untreated and B A 236, B
heat-treated carbon steel forgings and six grades of heat-treated C A 236, C
alloy steel forgings for railway use. D A 236, D
E A 236, E
NOTE 1—It is recommended, when semi-finished steel is desired to F A 236, F
process these forgings, that the latest issue of ASTM Specification A 711, G A 236, G
H A 236, H
for Carbon and Alloy Steel Blooms, Billets, and Slabs for Forging,2 be I A 238, A
used. This will enable the forger to select semi-finished material of such J A 238, B
chemistry as he desires. K A 238, C
NOTE 2—Railway axles are covered by Specification A 21. L A 238, D
M A 238, E
1.2 The grades of carbon steel forgings and the purposes for N A 238, F
which they are frequently used are as follows, the choice 1.4 Supplementary Requirements (Sections S1 to S5) of an
depending on design and stress or service to be imposed: optional nature are provided. These shall apply only when
1.2.1 Grade A is untreated and is mostly used for drop specified by the purchaser.
forgings and parts of minor importance, and those which are to 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
be case hardened. as the standard.
1.2.2 Grade B is untreated and is used for a general group
of miscellaneous ordinary forgings where heat treatment is not 2. Referenced Documents
deemed necessary. 2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2.3 Grade C is annealed, normalized, or normalized and A 21 Specification for Carbon Steel Axles, Non-Heat-
tempered. Treated and Heat-Treated, for Railway Use2
1.2.4 Grade D is annealed, normalized, or normalized and A 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
tempered. of Steel Products3
1.2.5 Grade E is normalized and tempered. A 711 Specification for Steel Forging Stock4
1.2.6 Grade F is double normalized and tempered. E 112 Test Methods for Determining the Average Grain
1.2.7 Grade G is quenched and tempered. Size5
1.2.8 Grade H is normalized, quenched, and tempered. E 381 Method of Macroetch Testing Steel Bars, Billets,
1.2.9 Grades E, F, G, and H forgings are used in high-duty Blooms, and Forgings5
service on locomotives, cars, and other equipment.
1.3 The grades of alloy steel forgings are as follows: 3. Ordering Information
1.3.1 Grades I, J, and K are normalized and tempered. 3.1 The purchaser shall specify in the inquiry, contract, and
1.3.2 Grades L, M, and N are normalized, quenched, and order the grade of steel desired, and any restrictive modifica-
tempered, and are used in heavy-duty service on locomotives, tions of this specification.
cars, and special equipment. 3.2 Supplementary requirements are provided and shall
NOTE 3—The forgings described above were formerly designated as apply only when specified in the purchase order.
follows:
4. Manufacture
4.1 Melting Process—The steel shall be made by one or
1
more of the following processes: open-hearth, basic-oxygen, or
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A-1 on Steel,
Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
electric-furnace.
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 1993. Published February 1994. Originally
3
published as A 730–76 to replace A 236 and A 238. Last previous edition Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.03.
4
A 730–81(1988). Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.05.
2 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.04. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 A 730 – 93 (1999)
4.2 Discard—Sufficient discard shall be made to assure
freedom from piping and undue segregation.
4.3 Forging Practice—The forgings may be made direct
from the ingot or from blooms. The total reduction from ingot
or strand cast bloom to forging shall not be less than 3 to 1,
unless otherwise specified.
4.4 Cooling and Heating:
4.4.1 After carbon steel blooms are produced, they shall be
allowed to cool uniformly and shall not be subject to contact
with water or drafts.
4.4.2 After alloy steel blooms are produced, they shall be
cooled in closed containers, hoods, or furnaces.
4.4.3 Blooms shall be reheated for forging in a manner that
will prevent internal bursts and overheating.
4.4.4 Forgings (Grades C through N) shall be slow cooled in
closed containers, covered conveyors, or hoods. If forgings
(Grades C through N) are heat treated directly from forging,
they shall be slow cooled following the final heat treatment.
4.4.5 Forgings (Grades C through N) that are heat treated
directly from forging (1) shall be cooled below the transfor-
mation temperature or to approximately 1000°F (538°C) be-
fore any reheating operation, and (2) must not be permitted to
cool below 500°F (260°C) without slow cooling as defined in
4.4.4.
NOTE 4—As the temperature of the forgings approaches the minimum
of 500°F (260°C) a supplemental heat source may be necessary to assure
an effective slow cooling cycle.
4.4.6 When properly vacuum degassed steel is used, the
slow cooling requirements of 4.4.2, 4.4.4 and item (2) of 4.4.5
may be omitted, but forging blooms must then be pile cooled.
4.5 Boring:
4.5.1 Boring, if specified under Supplementary Require-
ment S5, shall be performed before normalizing or quenching
in the case of normalized and tempered or quenched and
tempered forgings, and before either normalizing or quenching,
in the case of normalized, quenched, and tempered forgings.
4.5.2 For quenched and tempered forgings or normalized,
quenched and tempered forgings it is recommended, but not
mandatory, that all forgings over 7 in. (178 mm) in diameter be
bored.
4.5.3 For carbon steel no solid forgings over 10 in. (254
mm) in diameter and no forgings over 8 in. (203 mm) in wall
thickness shall be liquid quenched under this specification.
4.5.4 In bored forgings, the diameter of the hole shall be a
matter of agreement between the manufacturer and the pur-
chaser.
4.6 Heat Treatment:
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements for Carbon Steels
Composition, %
Elements
Grade A Grade B
Carbon 0.15 max 0.15–0.25
Manganese 0.30–0.60 0.30–0.60
Phosphorus, max 0.045 0.045
Sulfur, max 0.050 0.050
Silicon, min ... ...
2
4.6.1 Forgings for heat treatment shall be reheated gradually
and uniformly to the proper temperature to refine the grain and
shall be held at this temperature for a sufficient time to effect
the desired change.
4.6.2 Annealing—After heating to a suitable temperature
the forgings shall be allowed to cool slowly and uniformly. A
furnace charge thus treated is termed an annealing charge.
4.6.3 Normalizing—After heating to a suitable temperature,
the forgings shall be withdrawn from the furnace and allowed
to cool uniformly in air. A furnace charge thus treated is termed
a normalizing charge. Cooling may be accelerated by increased
air circulation, which must be controlled to provide reasonably
uniform cooling.
4.6.4 Double Normalizing—The procedure shall consist of
two separate heat treatments. The second treatment shall be
performed at a lower temperature than the first. A furnace
charge thus treated is termed a double-normalizing charge.
Cooling may be accelerated by increased air circulation, which
must be controlled to provide reasonably uniform cooling.
4.6.5 Quenching—After heating to a suitable temperature,
the forgings shall be quenched in a suitable medium under
reasonably uniform conditions. A furnace charge thus treated is
termed a “quenching charge.”
4.6.6 Tempering—Forgings shall be reheated gradually to,
and held at, a suitable temperature below the critical range and
shall then be allowed to cool under suitable conditions. A
furnace charge thus treated is termed a “tempering charge.”
4.6.7 Heat treatment may be performed in either batch-type
furnaces or continuous furnaces.
4.7 Straightening:
4.7.1 Straightening of forgings shall be done before machin-
ing and in such a manner as to leave the surface free of
injurious scars.
4.7.2 Straightening preferably shall be performed at a tem-
perature no lower than 950°F (510°C). Straightening per-
formed at temperatures lower than 950°F shall be followed by
stress relieving or applicable heat treatment.
5. Chemical Requirements
5.1 Composition:
5.1.1 Carbon steel (Grades A through H) shall conform to
the requirements for chemical composition prescribed in Table
1.
5.1.2 Alloy steel (Grades I through N) shall conform to the
following requirements for chemical composition:
Phosphorus 0.045 max
Sulfur 0.050 max
Grades G and H
Grades C, D, and E Grade F
0.40–0.55 0.45–0.59 ...
0.60–0.90 0.60–0.90 0.60–0.90
0.045 0.045 0.045
0.050 0.050 0.050
0.15 0.15 0.15

By agreement between purchaser and manufacturer, analysis
may be required and limits established for elements not
specified above.
5.2 Cast or Heat Analysis:
5.2.1 An analysis of each cast or heat of carbon steel shall
be made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of
carbon and the elements prescribed in Table 1. The chemical
composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser
or his representative and shall conform to the requirements
prescribed in Table 1.
5.2.2 An analysis of each cast or heat of alloy steel shall be
made by the manufacturer to determine the percentage of
carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon; also the
alloying elements agreed upon in accordance with 5.1.2. The
chemical composition thus determined shall be reported to the
purchaser or his representative and shall conform to the
requirements specified and agreed upon in 5.1.2.
5.3 Product Analysis:
5.3.1 An analysis may be made by the purchaser from a
carbon steel forging representing each heat. The chemical
composition thus determined shall conform to the requirements
in Table 1, subject to the tolerances shown in Table 2.
5.3.2 An analysis may be made by the purchaser from an
alloy steel forging representing each heat. The chemical
composition thus determined shall conform to the requirements
of 5.1.2 subject to tolerances shown in Table 3.
5.3.3 Samples for analysis may be taken from the forging or
from a full-size prolongation, at any point midway between the
center and surface when solid, or midway between the inner
and outer surfaces of the wall when bored. If drillings are
taken, they shall be obtained by using a 5⁄8 -in. (16-mm)
diameter drill, or turnings may be taken from the test specimen.
6. Physical Requirements
6.1 Tensile Properties:
6.1.1 Carbon steel forgings (Grades C through H) and alloy
steel forgings (Grades I through N) shall conform to the
requirements prescribed in Table 4 when tested in accordance
with the latest issue of Test Methods A 370.
6.1.2 The size classification of forgings shall be determined
by the specified diameter or thickness of solid forgings
disregarding large ends or collars or by the specified wall
thickness of bored forgings that are heat treated after rough
boring.
TABLE 2 Permissible Variations for Product Analysis of Carbon
Steels
Permissible Variations, over the Maximum Limit
or Under the Minimum Limit, %
Elements 100 in.2 Over 100 to 400 in.2
(645 cm2) (645 to 2581 cm2),
and UnderA
Carbon (Grades A and B) 0.02
Manganese 0.03
Phosphorus 0.008
Sulfur 0.008
Silicon 0.02
A
Determine by cross section from which drillings are taken.
A 730 – 93 (1999)
6.1.3 The diameter of the test prolongation of forgings shall
be the specified diameter or thickness of the forgings disre-
garding large ends or collars.
6.1.4 Tests of forgings shall be made only after final heat
treatment.
6.2 Number of Specimens:
6.2.1 Test prolongations shall be attached to at least 5 % of
the forgings in each size classification in each heat in each heat
treatment lot.
6.2.2 Forgings may be used for test procurement if forgings
with prolongations are not available or have been expended.
6.2.3 Mechanical tests shall be made from each size classi-
fication shown in Table 4 in each heat in each annealing or
normalizing charge, or from each size classification in each
heat in each normalizing or quenching charge represented in
each tempering charge.
6.2.4 Where batch-type heat treating furnaces are used, one
test shall be made from each size classification shown in Table
4 of each heat represented in each annealing or normalizing
charge, or from each size classification in eachheat in each
normalizing or quenching charge represented in each temper-
ing charge.
6.2.5 Where continuous heat-treating furnaces are used, one
test shall be made from each grade from each size classification
shown in Table 4 represented by each heat. The pieces
represented by each test shall be designated a heat treatment
lot, and each lot shall contain no more than 70 pieces from each
heat.
6.2.6 If any test specimen fails because of mechanical
condition of the testing apparatus, it may be discarded and
another specimen taken.
6.3 Test Location and Orientation:
6.3.1 Test specimens shall be taken from the test prolonga-
tion or a forging in accordance with the provisions of 6.2.
6.3.2 The axis of the specimen shall be located at any point
midway between the center and surface of the solid forging or
full-sized prolongation, or at any point midway between the
inner and outer surfaces of the wall of bored forgings, and shall
be parallel to the axis of the forging in the direction in which
the metal is most drawn out.
6.3.3 Test specimens shall conform to dimensions shown in
Fig. 6 of Test Methods A 370.
6.4 Test Method:
6.4.1 The yield point specified in Table 4 for Grades C, D,
E, F, I, and J may be determined by the drop of the beam or halt
of the gage of the testing machine, or by the use of dividers.
Where a definite yield point is not exhibited, the yield strength
defined in 6.4.2 shall be used.
6.4.2 The yield strength specified in Table 4 for Grades G,
H, K, L, M, and N forgings shall be determined by a strain gage
inclA or extensometer reading to 0.0002 in. (0.005 mm). Yield
0.04 strength may be defined as the stress at 0.6 % total strain under
0.05
0.010
load or as the stress at 0.2 % offset. The procedure described in
0.010 Test Methods A 370 shall be followed. After the yield point has
0.02 been passed, the extensometer may then be removed and the
test continued to determine the tensile strength.
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 A 730 – 93 (1999)
TABLE 3 Permissible Variations for Product Analysis of Alloy Steels
Variation Over Maximum Limit or Under Minimum Limit, %
Limit, or Maximum of Specified Over 100 to 200 in.2 Over 200 to 400 in.2 Over 400 to 800 in.2
Elements To 100 in. 2
Element, % (645 to 1290 cm2), (1290 to 2580 cm2), (2580 to 5160 cm2),
(645 cm2)
incl incl incl
Carbon To 0.30, incl 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.01
Over 0.30 to 0.75, incl 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Over 0.75 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

Manganese To 0.90, incl 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

Over 0.90 to 2.10, incl 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

Phosphorus Over maximum only 0.005 0.010 0.010 0.010

Sulfur To 0.060, incl 0.005 0.010 0.010 0.010

Silicon To 0.35, incl 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04

Over 0.35 to 2.20, incl 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.07

Nickel To 1.00, incl 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

Over 1.00 to 2.00, incl 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Over 2.00 to 5.30, incl 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07
Over 5.30 to 10.00, incl 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10

Chromium To 0.90, incl 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05

Over 0.90 to 2.10, incl 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.07
Over 2.10 to 3.99 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.14

Molybdenum To 0.20, incl 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03

Over 0.20 to 0.40, incl 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04
Over 0.40 to 1.15, incl 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

Tungsten To 1.00, incl 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06

Over 1.00 to 4.00, incl 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.12

Vanadium To 0.10, incl 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Over 0.10 to 0.25, incl 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Over 0.25 to 0.50, incl 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
Minimum value specified, check under 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
minimum limit

7. Metallurgical Structure 10. Reheat Treatment

7.1 For Grades D, E, F, G, H, I, J, and K forgings, one
microscopy test shall be made from each size classification in
each heat represented in each heat treatment lot. The entire
specimen shall show a uniform, heat-treated grain size of No.
5 or finer measured in accordance with Test Methods E 112.
7.2 For grades specified in 7.1, a specimen for the micro-
scopical test shall be cut from the large undistorted portion of
the tension test specimen in such a way as will give a face
transverse to the axis of the forging.
8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
8.1 The forgings shall conform to the sizes and shapes
specified by the purchaser. When centered, standard 60-deg
centers with clearance drilled for lathe center points shall be
used.
8.2 The forgings shall be free of injurious imperfections and
shall have a workmanlike finish.
9. Number of Tests and Retests
9.1 If the results of the mechanical tests of any test lot do
not conform to the requirements specified because a flaw
developed in the test specimen during testing, a retest shall be
allowed if the defect is not caused by ruptures, cracks, or flakes
in the steel.
10.1 If the results of the mechanical tests of any test lot do
not conform to the requirements specified, the manufacturer
may retreat such lot, but not more than three additional times,
and retests shall be made in accordance with Sections 6 and 7,
and shall meet the requirements for the grade of forgings
involved.
11. Inspection
11.1 Inspection of the material shall be made as agreed upon
by the purchaser and manufacturer as part of the purchase
contract.
12. Rejection and Rehearing
12.1 Rejection:
12.1.1 Any rejection based on tests made in accordance with
5.3 shall be reported to the manufacturer within 5 working days
from the receipt of samples by the purchaser.
12.1.2 Material that shows injurious imperfections subse-
quent to its acceptance at the manufacturer’s works will be
rejected, and the manufacturer shall be notified.
12.2 Rehearing—Samples tested in accordance with this
specification that represent rejected material, shall be held for
a period of 14 days from the date of notification. In case of

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 A 730 – 93 (1999)
TABLE 4 Tensile Requirements
Size
Elongation
in 2 in. or Reduction
Grade Solid Diameter or Thickness Bored Wall ThicknessA Tensile Strength, Yield Point or Yield 50 mm, of Area,
min Strength, min min, % min, %
Over Not Over Over Not Over
in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm psi MPa psi MPa
C (Annealed, normalized, or ... ... 8 203 ... ... ... ... 75 000 515 37 500C 260 20 33
normalized and tempered)B 8 203 14 356 ... ... ... ... 75 000 515 37 500C 260 19 31

D (Annealed, normalized, or ... ... 8 203 ... ... ... ... 80 000 550 40 000C 275 22 35
normalized and tempered)B 8 203 14 356 ... ... ... ... 80 000 550 40 000C 275 21 33

E (Normalized and tempered) ... ... 8 203 ... ... ... ... 85 000 585 44 000C 305 25 40
8 203 14 356 ... . . ... ... 83 000 570 43 000C 295 23 37

F (Double normalized and ... ... 8 203 ... ... 4 102 88 000 605 50 000C 345 22 37
tempered) 8 203 12 305 4 102 6 152 86 000 595 48 000C 330 21 35
12 305 14 356 ... ... ... ... 84 000 580 46 000C 315 20 33

G (Quenched and tempered) ... ... 4 102 ... ... 2 51 90 000 620 55 000D 380 20 39
4 102 7 178 2 51 31⁄2 89 85 000 585 50 000D 345 20 39
7 178 10 254 31⁄2 89 5 127 85 000 585 50 000D 345 19 37
... ... ... ... 5 127 8 203 82 500 565 48 000D 330 19 36

H (Normalized, quenched ... ... 7 178 ... ... ... ... 115 000 795 75 000D 515 16 35
and tempered) 7 178 10 254 ... ... 4 102 105 000 725 65 000D 450 18 35
... ... ... ... 4 102 8 203 100 000 690 60 000D 415 18 35

I (Normalized and tempered) ... ... 8 203 ... ... 4 102 80 000 550 55 000C 380 28 60
8 203 20 508 4 102 8 203 80 000 550 55 000C 380 28 55

J (Normalized and tempered) ... ... 5 127 ... ... 21⁄2 64 90 000 620 60 000C 415 24 48
5 127 9 229 21⁄2 64 41⁄2 114 90 000 620 60 000C 415 22 44
9 229 13 330 41⁄2 114 61⁄2 165 90 000 620 58 000C 400 21 42
13 330 20 508 61⁄2 165 8 203 88 000 605 56 000C 385 20 40

K (Normalized and tempered) ... ... 5 127 ... ... 21⁄2 64 95 000 655 72 000D 495 23 55
5 127 9 229 21⁄2 64 41⁄2 114 95 000 655 70 000D 485 22 53
9 229 13 330 41⁄2 114 61⁄2 165 93 000 640 67 000D 460 22 50
13 330 20 508 61⁄2 165 8 203 91 000 625 65 000D 450 21 48

L (Normalized, quenched, ... .. 7 178 ... ... 31⁄2 89 95 000 655 70 000D 485 23 54
and tempered) 7 178 10 254 31⁄2 89 5 127 90 000 620 65 000D 450 20 50
... ... ... ... 5 127 8 203 85 000 585 60 000D 415 20 50

M (Normalized, quenched, ... ... 7 178 ... ... 31⁄2 89 105 000 725 80 000D 550 20 50
and tempered) 7 178 10 254 31⁄2 89 5 127 100 000 690 75 000D 515 19 50
... ... ... ... 5 127 8 203 95 000 655 70 000D 485 19 50

N (Normalized, quenched, ... ... 4 102 ... ... 2 51 125 000 860 105 000D 725 16 50
and tempered) 4 102 7 178 2 51 31⁄2 89 115 000 795 95 000D 655 16 45
7 178 10 254 31⁄2 89 5 127 110 000 760 85 000D 585 16 45
A
Where no figures are shown in the bored wall thickness column, it is understood that the size classification is determined by the outside diameter, whether the forging
is bored or not.
B
Alternative treatments specified are optional with the manufacturer.
C
Yield point, see 6.4.1.
D
Yield strength, see 6.4.2.

dissatisfaction with the results of the tests, the manufacturer
may request a rehearing within that time.
13. Certification
13.1 Upon request of the purchaser in the contract or order,
a manufacturer’s certification that the material was manufac-
tured and tested in accordance with this specification, together
with a report of the test results, shall be furnished at the time
of shipment.
14. Product Marking
14.1 Identification marks shall be legibly stamped on each
forging and each test specimen. The purchaser may indicate the
location of such identification marks.
14.2 After the material has been inspected, the inspector
shall stamp each accepted forging with his private mark.

5
 A 730 – 93 (1999)
14.3 In addition to the above required markings, bar code 15. Keywords
tags may be applied to the forgings. If these tags are applied, it
15.1 alloy steel forgings; carbon steel forgings; rail appli-
is recommended that Bar Code 39 be used. The size and
cations
location of the tags, as well as the information to be included,
shall be agreed upon by the purchaser and the manufacturer.

SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS

One or more of the following supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified by the
purchaser in the inquiry, contract, or order. Details shall be agreed upon by the manufacturer and the
purchaser.

S1. Chemical Composition
S1.1 The purchaser may specify on Grades A through H that
the residual alloy elements, not intentionally added, shall not
exceed 0.25 % nickel, 0.20 % chromium, and 0.06 % molyb-
denum.
S1.2 The purchaser may specify on Grades I through N that
the residual alloy elements, not intentionally added, shall not
exceed 0.35 % copper, 0.25 % nickel, 0.20 % chromium, and
0.06 % molybdenum.
S2. Turning
S2.1 The purchaser may specify a preliminary rough ma-
chining prior to the heat treating operation.
S3. Macroscopic Tests
S3.1 The prolongation from the largest forging in each heat
shall be sawed normal to the axis of the forging and shall then
be split longitudinally. The transverse and longitudinal faces
shall be etched for macroscopic examination. When macroetch
testing of forgings is required, reference shall be made to the
latest issue of Method E 381.
S4. Boring
S4.1 Boring, as described in 4.5, may be specified.
S5. Additional Tests
S5.1 Any testing Sections 6 and 7 shall be a matter of
agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
S5.2 The purchaser may specify mechanical tests of Grades
A and B forgings. If mechanical property tests do not conform
to the requirements agreed upon, the manufacturer may anneal
or normalize the lot involved, but not more than three times.

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