DEFINATIONS

1.Colloidal dispersion: It is a heterogeneous system consist of

dispersed phase and dispersion medium in which the particle size
of dispersed phase ranges from Inm to 1µm. particle is less than 1
nm.
2.Lyophilic colloid: If the dispersed phase interact to a great extent
with the dispersion medium, then colloid is called a lyophilic
colloid.
3.Lyophobic colloids: If the dispersed phase has little or no affinity
to interact with dispersion medium, then colloid is called a
lyophobic colloid.
4.Peptization: It is the process in which aggregates are break into
colloidal size particle in the presence of peptizing agent.
5.Brownian movement: The continuous collisions between the
colloidal particles and molecules of dispersion medium produce
zigzag movement of colloidal particles which is known as
Brownian movement.
6.Electrophoresis: The movement of colloidal particles through a
liquid under the influence of electric field.
7.Donnan effect: It describe the behaviour of charged particle near
semi permeable membrane that sometime fails to distribute
equally across the two side of membrane. This is due to the
presence of different charged substance which are unable to pass
through membrane and therefore they create uneven electrical
charge.
8.Sedimentation potential: It is the potential difference develop
when particles settle under the influence of gravity. It is reverse of
electrophoresis.
9.coacervate defination:When two opposite charged hydrophilic
colloids are mixed, there will be separation of the colloid rich layer.
The colloid-rich layer is known as coacervate. This phenomenon is
called coacervation. For example: Gelatin and Acacia.
10.Tyndall effect: Tyndall, in 1869, observed that when a beam of
light is pass through a colloidal solution, the path of light gets
illuminated. This phenomenon is known as Tyndall Effect. The
light is scattered due to presence of particles in colloidal solution.
The intensity of the scattered light is related to the difference
between the refractive indices of the dispersed phase and the
dispersion medium..
11.Define Gold number
Answer- It is defined as number of milligram of protective colloid
required in 10 ml of red gold sol to prevent the change in color
from red to violet on addition of 1ml of 10% solution of sodium
chloride.
12.Define Coarse dispersion
Answer- It is a heterogenous dispersion system in which the size
of dispersed particles ranges from 1 µm to 100 µm.
13. Define Suspension
Answer- It is defined as a heterogenous system in which solid
particles (i.e. dispersed phase) is uniformly dispersed in liquid
medium (i.e. continuous phase).
14. Define Sedimentation volume
Answer- It is the ratio of the ultimate volume of sediment to the
actual volume of sediment before settling.
15. Define Degree of flocculation
Answer- It is the ratio of the sedimentation volume in case of
flocculated suspension to the sedimentation volume in case of
deflocculated suspension
16.Emulsion: It is a biphasic system consisting of two immiscible
liquids where one liquid (dispersed phase) contains minute
droplets is uniformly distributed into the another liquid
(continuous phase) by using emulsifying agent.
17.Emulgent: The substance that are used to stabilizes an
emulsion is called an emulsifier or emulgent.
18.Oil-in-water emulsion (o/w); The emulsion in which dispersed
phase is oil and continuous phase is water.
19.Water-in-oil Emulsion (w/o): The emulsion in which dispersed
phase is water and continuous phase is oil.
20.Oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) emulsions: It is an emulsion in which
o/w emulsion is dispersed in another oil phase.
21.Water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions: It is an emulsion in
which w/o emulsion is dispersed in another aqueous phase.
22.Microemulsion: They are clear, transparent emulsion consisting
of globules of less than 0.1 um in diameter.
23.Creaming: It is the condition in which droplets of dispersed
phase come together or deposit at the surface of the emulsion.
24.Phase inversion: It include conversion of o/w emulsion to w/o
emulsion or vice versa.
11.Effect of electrolyte on Lyophillic colloid
Lyophobic colloids are thermodynamically stable. But particles
undergo aggregation, coagulation or precipitation. This is due to
following reason
When electrolytes are added in higher concentration, hydration of
particles is observed. There is no more water for hydration of
particle. As a result flocculation or salting out of colloidal particles
occur.
The addition of non solvent such as alcohol to hydrophilic
colloids cause dehydration flocculation of particles. When small
amount of electrolytes are added it cause
The coagulation power in lyophilic colloid is given by Hoffmeister
series. The precipitating power is depend on the hydration of the
ion and hence to its capacity to detach water molecules from the
colloidal particles. Several anions of the Hofmeister series in
decreasing order of precipitating power are:
citrate>tartrate>sulphate>acetate>chloride>nitrate>bromide>iodide.
12.DESIRED FEATURES OF GOOD SUSPENSION
1. The suspended molecules should not settle rapidly
2. The particles which settle down should not deposit at the
bottom as hard cake. They must be easily re-suspended by
moderate shaking.
3. It should be easy to pour
4. It should be free from grittiness.
5. The suspension should have pleasant odour, colour and
palatability.
6. It should be stable in case of physical, chemical and microbial
attack.
7. It should be easily flow out from syringe needle.
8. The suspended material should be stable in the medium.
13.INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES OF SUSPENDED PARTICLES
In suspension the solid particles is uniformly dispersed in liquid
medium. The interface is formed in between the two phases, which
influence the stability of suspension.
In the formulation of suspension, the solid is reduced to fine
particles and disperse them in a continuous medium. The system
with very fine particles is thermodynamically unstable because of
large surface area. The large surface area of the particles is
associated with a excess of surface free energy. Due to this the
particles become highly energetic and tend to regroup in such a
way as to decrease the total area and reduce the surface free
energy.
The particles in a liquid suspension tend to flocculate and form
light, fluffy conglomerates (which is held together by weak van der
Waals forces) or form aggregates (or compacted cake). occurs by
the growth and fusing together of crystals in the precipitates.
14.PREPARATION OF SUSPENSION
Different steps follows during preparation of suspension are:
Grinding of insoluble material with vehicle containing wetting
agent to get smooth paste
↓
Dissolve soluble ingredients in some portion of vehicle and add
into above step to get slurry
↓
Transfer the slurry to graduated cylinder
Rinse mortar with some part of vehicle
↓
Add suspending agent or flocculating agent if any by mixing into
vehicle
↓
Finally adjust the volume by vehicle.
15.PSEUDOPLASTIC FLOW
Pseudoplastic material does not exhibit yield value. Polymer (such
as HPMC, CMC) in water eudoplastic material do When polymers
are placed between layers of water. Due to hydration the polymer
molecules will swell. These swollen molecules will produce Due to
hydration the polyme and the solution will become viscous. Now,
by applying shear stress, these polymer molecules will dehydrate
and these molecules will align themselves in the direction of flow.
Thus the material become less viscous as shear rate is increased.
The viscosity does not remain constant at different rate of shear.
Hence these systems are also known as shear.
DILATANT FLOW
Dilatant flow is exhibited by suspension containing more than 50%
deflocculated particles. For example corn starch in water. When
corn starch molecule is added into water. The quantity of corn
starch is more than volume of water. On applying shear stress
suddenly, the particles bunch up together and large voids also
developed there. Since the amount of vehicle is constant. With
further increase in shear rate the particles shows increase
resistant to flow and the material become more viscous and attain
solid paste like consistency. Therefore it is called shear thickening
system
PLASTIC FLOW
The material which follows plastic flow are called Bingham bodies.
Flocculated system are example of plastic flow. On applying shear
stress initially floccules will not break and they will move away
from each other. When shear stress will be more than yield value,
then particle will break and act as individual particle. These
particle will follow Newtonian flow. The amount of shear stress are
required to break the floccules is called yield value (f).
16.IDENTIFICATION TESTS FOR EMULSION
Dilution test: If the emulsion is diluted with water then it is o/w
type. If the emulsion is diluted with oil then it is w/o type. The
addition of opposite liquid (i.e. addition of oil in o/w type emulsion)
will cause breaking of emulsion.
Conductivity Test: In this test, a pair of electrodes connected to an
electric bulb is immersed into an emulsion. As we know water is a
good conductor of electricity. The electric bulb will glows, if the
emulsion is o/w type.
Cobalt Chloride Test In this test, a filter paper is firstly soaked in
cobalt chloride solution, then it is dipped in to an emulsion and
dried. It will convert from blue to pink, if the emulsion is o/w type.
Dye Solubility Test: When an emulsion is mixed with a water
soluble dye such as amaranth and viewed through the microscope.
The emulsion will be o/w type, if the continuous phase appears red.
If the scattered globules appear red and continuous
17.TYPES OF EMULSION:
Oil-in-water emulsion (o/w): The emulsion in which dispersed
phase is oil and continuous phase is water are called as oil-in-
water emulsion. Example: Milk in which liquid fat globules are
dispersed in water. These type of emulsions are also called
aqueous emulsion.
2. Water-in-oil Emulsion (w/o): The emulsion in which dispersed
phase is water and continuous phase is oil are called as water-in-
oil emulsion. These emulsion are also known as oil emulsions.
Example: Butter and cold cream.
3. Multiple emulsion: They are also known as "double emulsion" or
"emulsion- within-emulsion". Multiple emulsions may be of the 'oil-
in-water-in-oil' (O/W/O) type or 'water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) type.
Oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) emulsions is an emulsion in which o/w
emulsion is dispersed in another oil phase while water-in-oil-in-
water (W/O/W) emulsions is an emulsion in which w/o emulsion is
dispersed in another aqueous phase. They are called multiple
emulsion because the droplets of one liquid are dispersed in
droplets of a second liquid, which is further dispersed in the
dispersion medium.
4. Microemulsiore Microemulsion is defined as clear, transparent
emulsion consisting of globules of less than 0.1 µm in diameter.
These type of emulsion are preferred due to high capacity of
microemulsions for drugs. Microemulsions thermodynamically
stable as compared to conventional emulsion. They are prepared
by dispersing oil in an aqueous surfactants solution and then co-
surfactant is added.
Oil in water emulsion (o/w)
1.Water is the dispersion
medium
and oil is the dispersed phase.
2.Water soluble drugs are more
quickly released from o/w
emulsions.
3.They are preferred for
formulations meant for internal
use as bitter taste of oils can be
masked.
4.They are non greasy and
easily
removable from the skin
surface.
5.They are used externally to
provide cooling effect e.g.
vanishing cream
6.O/W emulsions give a positive
conductivity test as water is the
external phase which is a good
conductor of electricity.
Water in oil emulsion (w/o)
1.Oil is the dispersion medium
and water is the dispersed
phase.
2.Oil soluble drugs are more
quickly released from w/o
emulsions .
3.They are preferred for
formulations meant for external
use like creams.
4.They are greasy and not water
washable.
5.They are used externally to
prevent evaporation of moisture
from the surface of skin e.g.
Cold cream.
6.W/O emulsions go not give a
positive conductivity test as oil
is
the external phase which is a
poor
conductor of electricity.