Calculations in Analytical Chemistry:

Preparation of Solutions and Stoichiometry

Preparation of Solutions
A. Dilution
The dilution formula provides a convenient way
of preparing dilute solutions from more
concentrated ones. The dilution formula is
given by the equation:
Example (Skoog, et al.,2014):
1. Calculate the pH of a buffer solution
prepared by mixing 0.2M formic acid and 0.5M
sodium formate.
The Ka of formic acid is 1.8×10-4.

Example (Skoog, et al.,2014):

Describe the preparation of 2.00 L of 1.00 M
NaOH solution from a 4.00 M NaOH solution.
Using the dilution formula:
2. How do you prepare a 500.0 mL buffer
solution with a pH 4.5 from 1.0 M acetic acid
and sodium acetate? The Ka of acetic acid is
1.8×10-5.
Using the Henderson- Hasselbalch equation,
we solve for the concentration of sodium
acetate.

So, we take 0.500 L of 4.00 M NaOH and dilute

it to 2.00 L with distilled water.

B. Buffer Solutions
Buffer solutions are of special interest and
importance in laboratory work because they
resist pH change despite dilution or the
addition of acid and base. They are usually
The solution is prepared by weighing 23.3g
prepared from a conjugate acid/base pair. sodium acetate and dissolving it in the 1.0M
The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation is used acetic acid solution. The pH is then checked
in buffer solutions calculations: and adjusted by adding small amounts of acid
or base as appropriate.

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Stoichiometry 2. What mass of Ag2CO3 (275.7 g/mol) is
formed when 25.0 mL of 0.200 M AgNO3 are
Stoichiometry allows us to establish the
mixed with 50.0 mL of 0.0800 M Na2CO3?
quantitative relationships among elements in a
compound or among chemical species involved Solution:
in a chemical reaction.
In general, the following scheme is being
followed when solving problems in reaction
stoichiometry:

Note that the Stoich. Ratio is based on the

balanced chemical equation. Therefore, it is
important to always check whether the
chemical equation involved is balanced
correctly.

Examples (Skoog, et al., 2014):

1. (a) What mass of AgNO3 (169.9 g/mol) is
needed to convert 2.33 g of Na2CO3 (106.0
g/mol) to Ag2CO3?
Since the amount of Na2CO3 that is needed to
(b) What mass of Ag2CO3 (275.7 g/mol) will be
react with the available moles of AgNO3 is
formed?
2.5X10-3 mol is less than the available moles
Solution: of Na2CO3 then, we can say that Na2CO3 is
the excess reactant. Thus, the AgNO3 is the
limiting reactant and will determine the mass of
Ag2CO3 formed:

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3. What will be the molar concentration of
Na2CO3 in the solution produced when 25.0 mL
of 0.200 M AgNO3 is mixed with 50.0 mL of
0.0800 M Na2CO3?
Solution:
First, we calculate the excess moles of
Na2CO3 left in solution:
Activity
Instructions: Answer the following questions in
a clean sheet of paper. Submit a photo of your
output in GClassroom
Solve the following Problems (Skoog, et
al.,2014):
1. Describe the preparation of 750mL of 6.00 M
H3PO4 from the commercial reagent that is
86% (w/w) and has a specific gravity of 1.71.
2. What mass of sodium formate must be
added to 500 mL of 1.00M formic acid to
produce a buffer solution with a pH of 3.50?
3. Exactly 0.2220 g of pure Na2CO3 was
dissolved in 100.0 mL of 0.0731 M HCl.
(a) What mass in grams of CO2 were evolved?
(b) What was the molar concentration of the
excess reactant?