International Teenagers’

Mathematics Olympiad (ITMO) 2019

13th to 16th October, 2019
City Montessori School, Gomti Nagar(Campus I), Lucknow, India

Individual Contest
Section A.
In this section, there are 12 questions. Fill in the correct answer in the space
provided at the end of each question. Each correct answer is worth 5 points.

1. The subset B of the set of integers from 1 to 100, inclusive, has the property that
no two elements of B have a sum equal to 125. What is the maximum possible
number of elements in B?【Submitted by Vietnam】
【Solution】
The question asks for the maximum possible number of elements. The integers from
1 to 24 can be included because we cannot make 125 with integers from 1 to 24
without the other number being greater than 100. The integers from 25 to 100 are left.
They can be paired so the sum is 125 = 25 + 100 = 26 + 99 = 27 + 98 = ... = 62 + 63 .
That is 38 pairs, and at most one number from each pair can be included in the set.
The total is 24 + 38 = 62 . Also, it is possible to see that since the numbers 1 to 24 are
in the set there are only the numbers 25 to 100 to consider. As 62 + 63 gives 125,
the numbers 25 to 62 can be put in subset B without having two numbers add up to
125. In this way, subset B will have the numbers 1 to 62, and so the maximum
possible number of elements in B is 62.
Answer: 62
2. Each of the numbers N, N + 1 and N + 2 has exactly 4 divisors.
If K = N + ( N + 1) + ( N + 2) , how many divisors does K have?【Submitted by
Bangladesh】
【Solution】
If any integer M has 4 divisors then there are 2 possible forms of M:
(i) M = P3 , where P is a prime number.
(ii) M = PP 1 2 , where P1 and P2 are two distinct prime numbers.
Suppose N is an even integer so that N = 2m .
If N = 2m = p3 , where p is a prime number, then p = 2 and hence N = 8 and
N + 1 = 9 . But 9 has only 3 divisors, 1, 3 and 9. This violates our given condition.
Hence N = 2m = p1 p2 , where p1 and p2 are two distinct prime numbers. Without
loss of generality, assume p1 = 2 and p2 = m , where m is a prime number and
m  2 . Thus N + 2 = 2m + 2 = 2(m + 1) .
If N + 2 = 2(m + 1) = q3 , where q is a prime number, then q = 2 and hence m = 3 .
Thus N + 1 = 7 . But 7 is a prime number. This violates our given condition. Hence
N + 2 = 2(m + 1) = q1q2 , where q1 and q2 are two distinct prime numbers. Without
loss of generality, assume q1 = 2 and q2 = m + 1, where m + 1 is a prime number
and m + 1  2 . Thus m and m + 1 are both odd prime numbers. This is impossible.
So N is an odd integer, N + 1 is even and N + 2 is odd.
Let N + 1 = 2 x . If N + 1 = 2x = r 3 , where r is a prime number. Then r = 2 and
hence N = 7 . But 7 is a prime number. This violates our given condition. Hence
N + 1 = 2 x , where x is a prime number and x  2 .
Thus K = N + ( N + 1) + ( N + 2) = 3( N + 1) = 3  2x . If x = 3 , then N = 5 . But 5 is a
prime number. This violates our given condition. Hence x  3 .
So, K has 8 divisors, namely 1, 2, 3, 6, x, 2x, 3x, 6x.
Answer: 8
2
3. The area of the parallelogram ABCD is 2 cm . The line parallel to AD intersects
the boundary of the parallelogram at P and R, and the line parallel to AB intersects
AD and BC at S and Q, as shown in the figure below. What is the total area, in cm2,
of the triangles AQR, BSR, DPQ and CSP?【Submitted by Vietnam】
A P
B

S Q

D C
R
【Solution 1】
If AP = xAB and AS = yAD , then the area of triangle ABQ is y cm2, the area of
triangle ARD is x cm2, and that of triangle CRQ is (1 − x)(1 − y) cm2. Hence the area
of triangle AQR is 2 − x − y − (1 − x)(1 − y) cm2. With a similar reasoning, the areas
of triangles BSR, DPQ and CSP are 2 − (1 − x) − y − x(1 − y) cm2,
2 − x − (1 − y) − y(1 − x) cm2and 2 − (1 − x) − (1 − y) − xy cm2, respectively. By
adding up the areas, we get the total area is
8 − 2( x + (1 − x)) − 2( y + (1 − y)) − ( x + (1 − x))( y + (1 − y)) = 3 cm2.
【Solution 2】
Let [*] denote the area of region * , line PR and SQ intersect at point O. Then
[ AQR] = [ ABCD] − [ ADR] − [CQR] − [ ABQ]
1
= [ ABCD] − ([ ADRP] + [CQOR] + [ ABQS ])
2

A P
B

S Q
O

D C
R
 [ BSR] = [ ABCD] − [ ABS ] − [SDR] − [ BCR]
1
= [ ABCD] − ([ ABQS ] + [SDRO] + [ BCRP])
2

A P
B

S Q
O

D C
R
[ DPQ] = [ ABCD] − [ ADP] − [CDQ] − [ BPQ]
1
= [ ABCD] − ([ ADRP] + [CDSQ] + [ BPQO])
2

A P
B

S Q
O

D C
R
[CSP] = [ ABCD] − [ APS ] − [CDS ] − [CBP]
1
= [ ABCD] − ([ APOS ] + [CDSQ] + [CBPR])
2

A P
B

S Q
O

D C
R
Hence
[ AQR] + [ BSR] + [ DPQ] + [CSP] = 8 − ([ ADRP] + [CBPR]) − ([ ABQS ] + [CDSQ])
1
− ([CQOR] + [ SDRO] + [ BPQO] + [ APOS ])
2
= 8 − 2 − 2 −1
= 3cm2
Answer: 3 cm2
 2x + 7
4. Let f1 ( x) = − and f n+1 ( x) = f1 ( f n ( x)) for any positive integer n. Evaluate
x+3
f 2019 (2020) .【Submitted by Vietnam】
【Solution】
For any positive real number x, we have
2x + 7 1
f1 ( x) = − = −2 − ,
x+3 x+3
Therefore,
1 1 1
f 2 ( x) = f1 ( f1 ( x)) = −2 − = −2 − = −3 −
f1 ( x) + 3 −2 −
1
+3 x+2
x+3
and
1 1
f3 ( x) = f1 ( f 2 ( x)) = −2 − = −2 − = x,
f 2 ( x) + 3 −3 −
1
+3
x+2
From this, we see that f3k ( x) = x for some positive integer k and then
f3( k +1) ( x) = f3 ( f3k ( x)) = f3 ( x) = x ,
is also true. Hence, by using mathematical induction, we can prove that
f 3 k ( x) = x
for every positive integer k. Therefore, f 2019 (2020) = 2020 .
Answer: 2020
5. How many prime numbers do not have any multiples consisting only of the digit 1?
【Submitted by Jury】
【Solution】
The unit digit of a multiple of 2 is an even digit and the unit digit of a multiple of 5 is
0 or 5.
The prime 3 has 111 as a multiple with the desired property. Any prime p  5 is
relatively prime to 10. By Fermat’s Little Theorem, there exists a positive integer
such that 10k  1(mod p) . Hence the k-digit number 99...9 = 9  11...1 is a multiple
of p. So any prime not equal to 2 or 5 has a multiple consisting only of the digit 1.
Answer: 2
6. In triangle ABC, ABC = 90 and AB = 20 cm.
A
Point D is on AC so that BD is perpendicular to AC.
E is on BC so that ACB = 2BAE , point F is on AC
so that EF is perpendicular to AC. If EF = 10 cm,
what is the length, in cm, of BD? 【Submitted by D
Indonesia】 F

B E C
【Solution 1】
A

D
F

G B E C
Let ACB = 2 , then BAE =  and BAC = 90 − 2 . Let G be the point on
the extension of CB so that BAG =  . Thus CAG = 90 − 2 +  = 90 −  and
AGB = 90 − BAG = 90 −  , so AC = GC .
Since AGB = 90 −  and AEB = 90 − BAE = 90 −  , triangle AGE is an
isosceles triangle and AB is the angle bisector of GAE . Thus BE = BG .
Let [*] denote the area of region * and BE = BG = x . Then [ AGB] = [ AEB] and
1
[ AEC ] =  AC  EF
2
1 1
[ AGC ] =  GC  AB =  AC  AB
2 2
AC
Therefore [ AEC ] + [ AGC ] =  ( EF + AB) .
2
On the other hand,
[ AEC ] + [ AGC ] = [ AEC ] + ([ AGB] + [ ABC ])
= [ AEC ] + [ AEB] + [ ABC ]
= 2[ ABC ]
1
= 2   AC  BD = AC  BD
2
1 1
So BD = ( EF + AB) =  (10 + 20) = 15 cm.
2 2
【Solution 2】
A

H
D
F

G B E C
Let ACB = 2 , then BAE =  and BAC = 90 − 2 . Let G be the point on
the extension of BC so that BAG =  . Thus CAG = 90 − 2 +  = 90 −  .
Let H be the point on AC so that GH ⊥ AC .
Then AGH = 90 − GAC = 90 − (90 −  ) =  = BAE .
Since AGB = 90 − BAG = 90 −  and AEB = 90 − BAE = 90 −  ,
AGB = AEB and hence AG = AE . Since ABE = 90 = GHA , triangle GHA
is congruent to triangle ABE and hence GH = AB = 20 cm.
Observer that GH//BD//EF, i.e. EFHG is a trapezoid. Since triangle AGE is an
isosceles triangle and AB is the angle bisector of GAE , BE = BG . Thus BD is the
1 1
midline of trapezoid EFHG and hence BD = (GH + AB) =  (10 + 20) = 15 cm.
2 2
Answer: 15 cm
7. Let 19 + 2  20  19 + 3  20  19 + + 19  20 = (t + 4)  19 . Compute t.
18 17 2 16 18 18

【Submitted by Thailand】
【Solution 1】
Let s = x18 + 2x17 y + 3x16 y 2 + + 19 y18 , where x = 19 and y = 20 . Then
xs = x19 + 2 x18 y + 3x17 y 2 +................ + 18 x 2 y17 + 19 xy18 ....(1)
ys = x y + 2 x y + 3x y +................. + 18 xy + 19 y ....(2)
18 17 2 16 3 18 19

(2) − (1) : s = xy − xy18 − x2 y17 − x3 y16 − − x19

19

Since xn y m+1 − xn y m = 19n20m+1 − 19n20m = 19n20m (20 − 1) = 19n+120m = xn+1 y m ,

s = ( xy19 − xy18 ) − x 2 y17 − x3 y16 − − x19
= x 2 y18 − x 2 y17 − x3 y16 − − x19
= x3 y17 − ... − x19
...
= x18 y − x19
= x 20 = 1920 = 192  1918 = 361 1918
Thus, t = 357 .
Answer: 357
8. Find all real numbers x such that x −  x  = 3 .【Submitted by Jury】
3

【Solution】
Note that x3 is an integer but x is not. Hence x = 3 n for some integer n. The
following chart, which compares the values of n − 3 and 3 n , reveals that as the
absolute value of n increases, the absolute value of n − 3 far exceeds the absolute
value of 3 n . Hence the only solution is n = 4 , whereby x = 3 4 .
n −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
n − 3 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
3
n −2 −2 −1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
3
Answer: 4
9. A circle is inscribed in a quadrilateral ABCD so that A
AB + BC + CD + DA = 2019(sin A + sin B + sin C + sin D) cm.
The circle touches AB, BC, CD and DA at P, Q, R
S
and S respectively. The area of the quadrilateral
ABCD is double of the area of the quadrilateral D
PQRS. What is the radius, in cm, of the inscribed P
circle?【Submitted by Bangladesh】 O
R

【Solution】 B Q C
Let O be the center of the circle. Since the circle touch AB, BC, CD and DA at P, Q, R
and S, respectively, we have OP ⊥ AB , OQ ⊥ BC , OR ⊥ CD and OS ⊥ DA .
Therefore, APOS, DROS, CROQ and BPOQ are all cyclic quadrilateral. So,
 POS + A = 180  POS = 180 − A
 POQ + B = 180 POQ = 180 − B
ROQ + C = 180  ROQ = 180 − C
 
 ROS + D = 180  ROS = 180 − D
Let OP = OQ = OR = OS = r and [*] denote the area of region *. Then
[ ABCD] = [ AOB] + [QOR] + [ ROS ] + [ SOP]
1 1 1 1
= OP  AB + OQ  BC + OR  CD + OS  DA
2 2 2 2
r
= ( AB + BC + CD + DA)
2
2019
= r(sin A + sin B + sin C + sin D)
2
[ PQRS ] = [ POQ] + [QOR] + [ ROS ] + [ SOP]
1 1 1
= OP  OQ sin POQ + OQ  OR sin ROQ + OR  OS sin ROS
2 2 2
1
+ OS  OP sin POS
2
r2
= (sin POQ + sin ROQ + sin ROS + sin POS )
2
r2
= (sin(180 − B) + sin(180 − C ) + sin(180 − D)
2
+ sin(180 − A))
r2
= (sin B + sin C + sin D + sin A)
2
Since [ ABCD] = 2[PQRS ] , we have
r2
1009.5r(sin A + sin B + sin C + sin D) = 2  (sin B + sin C + sin D + sin A)
2
r = 1009.5
Answer: 1009.5 cm
10. Points N and E are inside the square ABCD such that AN⊥DN and DE⊥CE.
Points F and M are on DN and DE respectively, such that CF⊥DN and AM⊥DE,
as shown in the figure below. If EF = 38 2 cm, what is the area, in cm2, of the
quadrilateral MENF ?【Submitted by Thailand】
A B
N

E
F
M

【Solution】 D C
Connect MN. Observe that triangle DNA is congruent to triangle CFD, so AN = DF
and ND = FC . And triangle AMD is congruent to triangle DEC, so MD = EC and
AM = DE .
Since FDE = FDC − EDC = NAD − MAD = NAM , triangle ANM is
congruent to triangle DFE and hence NM = EF = 38 2 cm.
Thus quadrilateral CDFE and quadrilateral ANMD are congruent because their
corresponding sides and diagonals are all equal. Since ADC = 90 , quadrilateral
ANMD is the image of rotating quadrilateral CDFE 90 clockwise about the center
of square ABCD. Hence EF ⊥ MN .
1 1
So the area of quadrilateral MENF is  EF  MN =  38 2  38 2 = 1444 cm2.
2 2
Answer: 1444 cm2
11.Bunny the Rabbit stands on the square labelled B, as shown in the figure below.

A B C

In one step, Bunny the Rabbit can jump once to the box next to it (in the image it
can move from B to A or to C). In how many ways can Bunny the Rabbit return to
point B if he starts from point B and makes in 8 steps?【Submitted by Indonesia】
【Solution】
z

y A B C x
Case 1: Jump in two directions (x – y, y – z, or x – z).
Since he starts in point B and also ends in point B, he can jump one direction 4 times
and the other direction 4 times. And since there are 3 situations in the two direction,
so the total ways is
8!
3 = 3  70 = 210 ways
4! 4!
Case 2: Jump in three directions.
In this case we split into 2 subcase
Subcase (a)
Bunny the rabbit moves 2 steps forwad in any direction and back 2 steps backward
and now he at square B, and then move 1 step forward and 1 step backward each to
another two direction (for example: 2 f 2 b to x, 1 f 1 b to y, and 1 f 1b to z). For this
3!
subscase he jump in  3! = 3  6 = 18 ways
2!
Subcase (b)
Bunny the rabbit move 1 f 1 b two times in any one direction and one time to each
other two direction (for example: 1 f 1 b to x, x, y, and, z). For this subscase he jump
4!
in = 12 ways .
2!
So, total ways is 210 + 18 + 12 = 240 ways.
Answer: 240 ways
12.Let
(1 + x)2020 = a0 + a1x + a2 x 2 + ... + a2020 x 2020
(1 + y)2000 = b0 + b1 y + b2 y 2 + ... + b2000 y 2000
(1 + z )4020 = c0 + c1z + c2 z 2 + ... + c4020 z 4020
2000
If cn =  ak bk for some integers n, then find the sum of all possible values of n.
k =0
【Submitted by Bangladesh】
【Solution】
Here, x, y and z are dummy variables. So, from the properties of binomial theorem we
can write,
 (1 + x)2020 = a0 + a1x + a2 x2 + ... + a2020 x 2020
(1 + x)2000 = b0 + b1x + b2 x 2 + ... + b2000 x 2000 = b0 x 2000 + b1x1999 + b2 x1998 + ... + b1999 x + b2000
(1 + x)4020 = c0 + c1x + c2 x 2 + ... + c4020 x 4020 = c0 x 4020 + c1x4019 + c2 x4018 + ... + c4019 x + c4020
Thus
(1 + x)2020  (1 + x)2000
= (a0 + a1x + a2 x2 + ... + a2020 x2020 )  (b0 x2000 + b1x1999 + b2 x1998 + ... + b1999 x + b2000 )
2000
So the coefficient of x2000 is a0b0 + a1b1 + a2b2 + ... + a2000b2000 =  ak bk . And
k =0

(1 + x) 2020
 (1 + x)
= (1 + x) 2000 4020

= c0 + c1x + c2 x 2 + ... + c4020 x 4020

= c0 x4020 + c1x 4019 + c2 x 4018 + ... + c4019 x + c4020
so the coefficient of x2000 is c2000 or c4020−2000 = c2020 . Therefore, n has two possible
values, namely 2000 and 2020. Hence the answer is 2000 + 2020 = 4020 .
Answer: 4020
Section B.
Answer the following 3 questions, and show your detailed solution in the
space provided after each question. Each question is worth 20 points.

1. There are 13 boxes containing the same number of marbles in each box. The
number of marbles per box is more than 100 but less than 300 pieces. Renard took
6 boxes and distributed all the marbles equally to his 14 friends and left 10
marbles. Thedy took 3 boxes and distributed all the marbles equally to 15 of his
friends and left 9 marbles, and lastly, Dinko took all the marbles from the
remaining boxes and distributed them to 6 friends and left 2 marbles. What is the
largest possible number of marbles in each box?【Submitted by Indonesia】
【Solution 1】
Let x be the number of marbles in each box, where 100  x  300 .
From the 6 boxes that took by Renard, we get 6 x = 14r + 10 , or 3x = 7r + 5 , where
each of Renard’s 14 friends gets r marbles. Note that 300  3x = 7r + 5  900 , i.e.
295 895
42  r  128 .
7 7
From the 3 boxes that took by Thedy, we get 3x = 15t + 9 , or x = 5t + 3 , where each
of Thedy’s 15 friends gets t marbles. Note that 100  x = 5t + 3  300 , i.e.
97 297
19   t   60 .
5 5
From the 4 boxes that took by Dinko, we get 4 x = 6d + 2 , or 2 x = 3d + 1 , where
each of Dinko’s 15 friends gets d marbles. Note that 200  2 x = 3d + 1  600 , i.e.
199 599
66  d   200 .
3 3
Then
 15t + 4 t+4
(i) 3x = 7r + 5 = 15t + 9 , i.e. r = = 2t + . Since r is a positive integer,
7 7
t = 7a + 3 , where a is a non-negtive integer.
10t + 5 t+2
(ii) 2 x = 3d + 1 = 10t + 6 , i.e. d = = 3t + 1 + . Since d is a positive integer,
3 3
t = 3b + 1, where b is a non-negtive integer.
7a + 2 a+2
Thus t = 3b + 1 = 7a + 3 , i.e. b = = 2a + . So a  1(mod 3) .
3 3
Now, we want to find the largest possible number of marbles that Thedy took at first,
so the value of t should be taken as largest as possible. Sicne t = 7a + 3  60 , a  8 .
Thus take a = 7 , then t = 52 and hence x = 5  52 + 3 = 263 .
【Marking Scheme】
⚫ Find the range of r, t, d ............................................................................. 5 marks
⚫ Find t = 7a + 3 , t = 3b + 1 ..................................................................... 5 marks
⚫ Find t = 52 ............................................................................................. 5 marks
⚫ Find the correct answer ............................................................................ 5 marks
【Solution 2】
Let x be the number of marbles in each box, where 100  x  300 .
From the 6 boxes that took by Renard, we get 6 x = 14r + 10 ; from the 3 boxes that
took by Thedy, we get 3x = 15t + 9 , or 6 x = 30t + 18 ; from the 4 boxes that took by
Dinko, we get 4 x = 6d + 2 , or 6 x = 9d + 3 , where r, t and d are the marbles gotten
by each of Renard’s, Thedy’s and Dinko’s friends, respectively. Then combine
together we have:
6 x = 14r + 10 .........(1)
6 x = 30t + 18 .........(2)
6 x = 9d + 3 .........(3)
From (2) and (3), we have 6 x = 48 + 90m , where 7  m  19 . Then together with (1),
we have 6 x = 318 + 630n , where 1  n  2 . To get the largest possible number of
marbles in each box, take n = 2 and 6 x = 318 + 1260 = 1578 , i.e. x = 263 .
Answer: 263 marbles
【Marking Scheme】
⚫ Find the equation (1), (2), (3) ................................................................... 5 marks
⚫ Find 6 x = 48 + 90m , where 7  m  19 ................................................ 5 marks
⚫ Find 6 x = 318 + 630n , where 1  n  2 . ............................................... 5 marks
⚫ Find the correct answer ............................................................................ 5 marks

2. Let ABCD be a quadrilateral such that AB is parallel to DC and AC = BC . A line

through the midpoint M of AB meets the line AD at P and the line BD at Q. If P
and Q are in different sides of CD and ACP = 113 , what is the measure, in
degrees, of BCQ ?
【Submitted by Jury】
 P

D R C

A M B
【Solution】
Let PQ intersect the line CD at R. Then triangles PAM and PDR are similar, so that
AM PM BM QM
= . Triangles QBM and QDR are also similar, so that = . Since
DR PR DR QR
PM PR
AM = BM , = . Observe that CR is the bisector of PCQ . Here, we have
QM QR
PCR = QCR . Since AC = BC , ACD = CAB = ABC . Hence
ACP + BCQ = (ACD + PCR) + (BCD − QCR)
= CAB + BCD
= ABC + BCD
= 180
BCQ = 180 − 113 = 67
Answer: 67
【Marking Scheme】
⚫ Show that triangles PAM and PDR are similar ......................................... 5 marks
⚫ Show that triangles QBM and QDR are similar, ..................................... 5 marks
⚫ Observe that CR is the bisector of PCQ .............................................. 5 marks
⚫ Find the correct answer ............................................................................ 5 marks

3. Let p be the total number of ways to add numbers from the set { −2 , −1, 1, 2} to a
5  5 size table, where the product of the numbers in every box of each row and
the product of the numbers in every box of each column are always equal to −2 .
What is the value of p?【Submitted by Thailand】
【Solution】
2 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 1 1
1 1 2 1 1
1 1 1 1 2
1 1 1 2 1
Step I
Step I Use the absolute value of all numbers to fill in the table. Select the box with
unique rows and not repeating columns with 2, we have 5! ways.
Step II Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4}, sets the plus or minus sign of aij , where i, j  S .
Calculate the product of aij in each row, each column which marked the plus or
minus sign, and mark the box in the remaining fields to make the product equal to
−2 . For example, if a11 + a12 + a13 + a14 = 2 , we mark a15 = −1; if
a11 + a12 + a13 + a14 = −2 , we mark a15 = 1 ; if a14 + a24 + a34 + a44 = 1 , we mark
a54 = −2 . The last column and last row except a55 , are all uniquely determined. Use
the face that product of all row product equals to the product of all column product,
a55 is also uniquely determined.
We have 24 = 216 ways. Hence the total number of ways are p = !  216 = 7864320
2

ways.
Answer: !  216 = 7864320
【Marking Scheme】
⚫ Find the Step I have 5! ways .................................................................... 5 marks
⚫ Find the Step II have 216 ways ................................................................ 10 marks
⚫ Find the correct answer ............................................................................ 5 marks