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CPBO423 - Lesson 1 - Basic Concepts and Computer Evolution
CPBO423 - Lesson 1 - Basic Concepts and Computer Evolution
William Stallings
Computer Organization
and Architecture
10th Edition
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken,
NJ. All rights reserved.
+
Chapter 1
Basic Concepts and
Computer Evolution
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
Computer Architecture
Computer Organization
•Attributes of a system •Instruction set, number of
visible to the bits used to represent
programmer various data types, I/O
•Have a direct impact on mechanisms, techniques
the logical execution of a for addressing memory
program
Architectural
Computer attributes
Architecture
include:
Organizational
attributes Computer
Organization
include:
n Hierarchical system
n Structure
n Set of interrelated
n The way in which
subsystems
components relate to each
n Hierarchical nature of complex other
systems is essential to both
their design and their n Function
description n The operation of individual
components as part of the
n Designer need only deal with structure
a particular level of the system
at a time
n Concerned with structure
and function at each level
I/O Main
memory
System
Bus
CPU
CPU
Registers ALU
Structure Internal
Bus
Control
Unit
CONTROL
UNIT
Sequencing
Logic
Control Unit
Registers and
Decoders
Control
Memory
ª System Interconnection –
some mechanism that provides
for communication among CPU,
main memory, and I/O
n Registers
n Provide storage internal to the CPU
n CPU Interconnection
n Some mechanism that provides for
communication among the control
unit, ALU, and registers
n Core
n An individual processing unit on a processor chip
n May be equivalent in functionality to a CPU on a single-CPU system
n Specialized processing units are also referred to as cores
n Processor
n A physical piece of silicon containing one or more cores
n Is the computer component that interprets and executes instructions
n Referred to as a multicore processor if it contains multiple cores
Processor
I/O chips chip
PROCESSOR CHIP
L3 cache L3 cache
CORE
Arithmetic
Instruction and logic Load/
logic unit (ALU) store logic
L2 instruction L2 data
cache cache
Figure 1.3
Motherboard with Two Intel Quad-Core Xeon Processors
zEnterprise
EC12 Processor
Unit (PU)
Chip Diagram
zEnterprise
EC12
Core Layout
AC MQ
Input-
Arithmetic-logic output
circuits
equipment
(I, O)
MBR
Instructions
and data
Instructions
and data
M(0)
M(1)
M(2)
M(3) PC IBR
M(4) AC: Accumulator register
MQ: multiply-quotient register
MBR: memory buffer register
IBR: instruction buffer register
MAR IR PC: program counter
MAR: memory address register
Main
IR: insruction register
memory
(M)
Control
Control
circuits
signals
M(4092)
M(4093)
M(4095)
Program control unit (CC)
Addresses
0 8 20 28 39
opcode (8 bits) address (12 bits) opcode (8 bits) address (12 bits)
Memory address • Specifies the address in memory of the word to be written from
register (MAR) or read into the MBR
Instruction register (IR) • Contains the 8-bit opcode instruction being executed
Accumulator (AC) and • Employed to temporarily hold operands and results of ALU
multiplier quotient (MQ) operations
Yes Is next No
instruction MAR PC
No memory in IBR?
Fetch access
cycle required
MBR M(MAR)
Left
No Yes IBR MBR (20:39)
IR IBR (0:7) IR MBR (20:27) instruction
IR MBR (0:7)
MAR IBR (8:19) MAR MBR (28:39) required?
MAR MBR (8:19)
PC PC + 1
Decode instruction in IR
Execution Yes
Is AC > 0?
cycle
AC MBR AC AC + MBR
Table 1.1
branch 00001110 JUMP M(X,20:39) Take next instruction from right half of M(X)
00001111 JUMP+ M(X,0:19) If number in the accumulator is nonnegative,
take next instruction from left half of M(X)
0 JU If number in the
0 MP accumulator is nonnegative,
Conditional branch 0 + take next instruction from
The IAS
1 M(X right half of M(X)
0 ,20:
0 39)
Instruction Set
0
0
00000101 ADD M(X) Add M(X) to AC; put the result in AC
00000111 ADD |M(X)| Add |M(X)| to AC; put the result in AC
00000110 SUB M(X) Subtract M(X) from AC; put the result in AC
00001000 SUB |M(X)| Subtract |M(X)| from AC; put the remainder
in AC
00001011 MUL M(X) Multiply M(X) by MQ; put most significant
bits of result in AC, put least significant bits
Arithmetic
in MQ
00001100 DIV M(X) Divide AC by M(X); put the quotient in MQ
and the remainder in AC
00010100 LSH Multiply accumulator by 2; i.e., shift left one
bit position
00010101 RSH Divide accumulator by 2; i.e., shift right one
position
00010010 STOR M(X,8:19) Replace left address field at M(X) by 12
rightmost bits of AC
Address modify
00010011 STOR M(X,28:39) Replace right address field at M(X) by 12
rightmost bits of AC (Table can be found on page 17 in the textbook.)
n Cheaper
n Introduced:
n More complex arithmetic and logic units and
control units
n The use of high-level programming languages
n Provision of system software which provided the
ability to:
n Load programs
n Move data to peripherals
n Libraries perform common computations
Mag tape
units
CPU
Card
punch
Data
channel Line
printer
Card
reader
Drum
Multi- Data
plexor channel
Disk
Data
Disk
channel
Hyper-
tapes
n Discrete component
n Single, self-contained transistor
n Manufactured separately, packaged in their own containers, and
soldered or wired together onto masonite-like circuit boards
n Manufacturing process was expensive and cumbersome
Read
Activate Write
signal
Chip
Gate
Packaged
chip
ed of
rc
o r in
ga w
d
st rk
ci
ul s la
at n
te
gr t io
si o
an w
’
om e
te n
r
tr irst
in ve
pr oo
In
M
F
100 bn
10 bn
1 bn
100 m
10 m
100,000
10.000
1,000
100
10
1
1947 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 11
n Announced in 1964
Increasing
Increasing
number of I/O
speed
ports
Increasing
Increasing cost
memory size
Omnibus
Generations
VLSI
Very Large
Scale
Integration
ULSI
Semiconductor Memory Ultra Large
Microprocessors Scale
Integration
In 1974 the price per bit of semiconductor memory dropped below the price per bit
of core memory
There has been a continuing and rapid decline in Developments in memory and processor
memory cost accompanied by a corresponding technologies changed the nature of computers in
increase in physical memory density less than a decade
Each generation has provided four times the storage density of the previous generation, accompanied
by declining cost per bit and declining access time
Pentium Pro
• Continued the move into superscalar organization with aggressive use of register renaming, branch
prediction, data flow analysis, and speculative execution
Pentium II
• Incorporated Intel MMX technology, which is designed specifically to process video, audio, and graphics
data efficiently
Pentium III
•Incorporated additional floating-point instructions
•Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE)
Pentium 4
• Includes additional floating-point and other enhancements for multimedia
Core
• First Intel x86 micro-core
Core 2
• Extends the Core architecture to 64 bits
• Core 2 Quad provides four cores on a single chip
• More recent Core offerings have up to 10 cores per chip
• An important addition to the architecture was the Advanced Vector Extensions instruction set
Processor Memory
Human Diagnostic
interface port
A/D D/A
conversion Conversion
Actuators/
Sensors
indicators
n It is the fourth generation that is usually thought of as the IoT and it is marked
by the use of billions of embedded devices
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
+
Embedded Application Processors
Operating versus
Systems Dedicated Processors
n Is not programmable once the program logic for the device has been
burned into ROM
Cortex-M
• Cortex-M0
Cortex-R • Cortex-M0+
• Cortex-M3
Cortex- • Cortex-M4
A/Cortex-
A50
Peripheral bus
32-bit bus
Voltage Voltage High fre- High freq Flash SRAM Debug DMA
regula- compar- quency RC crystal memory memory inter- control-
tor ator oscillator oscillator 64 kB 64 kB face ler
Microcontroller Chip
ICode SRAM &
interface peripheral I/F
Bus matrix
Debug logic
Memory
DAP protection unit
ARM
NVIC core ETM
Cortex-M3 Core
NVIC ETM Cortex-M3
interface interface
Processor
32-bit ALU
Hardware 32-bit
divider multiplier
Control Thumb
logic decode
Instruction Data
interface interface
Cloud Storage
n Subset of cloud computing
Managed
by client
Applications Applications Applications Applications
Managed by client
Application Application Application Application
Framework Framework Framework Framework
Managed by CSP
Managed by CSP
Databases Databases Databases Databases
IT = information technology
CSP = cloud service provider