psikologi : sbg kajian ilmiah dr perilaku dan proses mental

Arti psikologi berkembang Kembali mjd kajian ilmiah mengenai mind(proses mental), brain dan
behaviour

Indigenous psychology tdk terlepas dr general psychology

Tuk memahami org dalam suatu budaya tertentu kita harus mempelajari dan memahami budaya itu
sendiri

Indigenous psychology kajian ilmiah mengenai perilaku dan proses mental manusia yang asli atau
berasal dr budaya tsb tidak diimpor dr daerah ygn lain dan hanya diskusukan utk menjelasakn org
dikonteks daerah atau budaya tsb.

Jika kita tdk bisa mengaplikasi kan general psychology pd suatu konteks budaya maka kita harsu
memahami fenomena psikologis dan budaya org tsb melalui bingkai budaya org yg bersangkutan

Indigenous lbh ke arah perspektif (bukan metode),

hi everyone in this video i will discuss about indigenous psychology as one of the three approaches
used in psychology in relation to culture. but first off let's talk about these questions what is
smart .what do you think is smart what do you think makes people smart and in what situation can
you show your smartness off reflect on your own experience in life and start answering this question
on your own chances are some of you might think about the academic smart the book smart but
perhaps some other would also think about the life smart the practical smart now if we look at into
some research about intelligence across culture we will see that actually intelligence could be
defined in different ways across culture

the conventional definition of intelligence is that intelligence is seen in terms of practical problem-
solving verbal ability and social competence.

typically in major intelligence we use some standardized tests however in other cultures like in
china the chinese philosophies on the concept of intelligence

the confusion emphasizes benevolence and doing what's right to define intelligence while the
taoism emphasize humility freedom from conventional standards of judgment full of knowledge of
oneself and external condition

so here we can see that according to these two philosophies intelligence are not necessarily mean
to be practical problem solving skills or verbal ability or social competence but it could be something
that's related to someone's character someone's personality and also the understanding of the
situation around this person

in rural kenya there are four distinct terms of intelligence they have

rieko that's the knowledge and skill

luoro that's the respect

winjo that's comprehension of how to handle real life problems and

paro means initiative

which means that in kenya itself there are four different ways to define intelligence so if intelligence
is not defined the same way across cultures why should we rely on the same concept and method to
measure intelligence using the standardized tests that typically are transported from the western
culture into different contexts being translated and then modified to fit into that local culture

so indigenous psychology was developed at the first place to sort of answer those challenges those
questions about the contextual content of psychology the definition of indigenous psychology is it is
the scientific study of human behavior or mind that is native that is not transported from other
regions and that is designed for its people in other words indigenous psychology is study of human
behavior and mind that is developed by and for the people of each particular local cultural context.
the goal of indigenous psychology is

to construct not only providing description theories about psychological phenomena, how?

by creating a more rigorous systematic universal science that can be theoretically and empirically
verified

indigenous psychology also advocates examining explicitly both the content and also the context of
research

in indigenous psychology individuals are viewed as agents of their action and collective agents
through their culture so there's dynamic relations between the individuals and also the culture and
the environment the event the situation as well as the behavior are both observable so what are the
steps to achieve the goal of indigenous psychology

first for sure researcher needs to provide a descriptive understanding of human functioning and then
develop theories and concepts that could explain the observed regularities and

then creating a more rigorous systematic and universal science that can be theoretically and
empirically verified

there are several characteristics of indigenous psychology

first it emphasizes examining psychological phenomena in the context for example some of the
things that have been studied using indigenous psychology approach is leadership happiness trust
and even personality so for example if someone would like to study about happiness this researcher
should not only transport the concept from the western culture should not only use the existing
more established theory but he or she must develop happiness theory from its local cultural context
so the researcher must start from scratch let's first ask um you know about happiness to the local
people in that particular culture to develop theory about happiness for the people of that particular
culture

the second characteristic of indigenous psychology is that indigenous psychologists are not the
studies of native people ethnic groups or people people living in third world countries basically all of
these psychological studies are indigenous psychology so if we would think about it then we would
say that the existing psychological theories and concepts that we typically use now are actually the
indigenous euro-american psychology so it is also indigenous psychology but for the euro-american
cultural context that may not be applicable for other cultural contexts so it's not only study about
particular ethnic groups or minority groups or people living in specific regions in the world but it's
basically everything is indigenous psychology

the third characteristic is that indigenous psychology does not affirm the use of a particular method
so in indigenous psychology researchers can use any methods because the goal of individual
psychology is actually not only using the established method but the goal is to find the appropriate
methods to investigate a phenomenon that is more suitable for that particular cultural context

the next characteristic of indigenous psychology is that it uses both internal and external points of
view to understand the indigenous and cultural phenomena so here we are not only digging the
issue from the local context but also we are trying to understand the local context the phenomenon
in a particular culture using the typical ways that we tend to do for example to disseminate our
research what is the easiest way to make other people from other culture understand about our
results for example we can use numbers so we are using the external points of view so instead of
using narratives to expand our results we can use numbers because maybe numbers is easier to
understand if we for example put some statistic results

most of the scholars the academia in the world who are studying psychology they could understand
the meaning of those statistical results. so in this case we are also using the external points of view
to understand the indigenous and cultural phenomena. and then the role of the indigenous
psychology researchers is to translate episodic knowledge into analytic forms so that they could be
tested and verified so the role of the researchers here are really crucial to make other people from
different cultural contexts understand about the psychology of that people of the particular cultural
context and we need to disseminate it we need to use analytic forms so that other people who may
not be from that culture can also test and evaluate empirically study the results that the researchers
already obtained from that particular culture.

another characteristic of indigenous psychology is that some indigenous concepts have been
analyzed as examples of indigenous psychology such as amai in japan or sabar indonesia next is
many indigenous psychologists search philosophical and religious texts to explain indigenous
phenomena which is typical and have been done by many scholars however indigenous psychology
scholars still want this refuse to be empirically tested and validated so not only stopped in the
review activity only but also really testing and validating whether this philosophical and religious
texts actually explain the behaviors of the people in that culture.

indigenous psychology is identified as a part of the cultural sciences tradition which we already know
it advocates a linkage of humanity such as philosophy, history, religion literature that is related to
human behavior with social sciences which focus on the analytical knowledge empirical analysis and
verification

the last characteristic of individual psychology is that it starts from two starting points one is the
indigenization from without and the other one is the initialization from within. indigenization from
without using a more top-down approach that is by transporting theories and concepts from outside
world and modifying them to fit into the local cultural context however what is advocated more by
the indigenous psychology is the indigenization from within that's using the bottom-up approach in
which we are really digging into the local culture and trying to explain it using the theories that is
easier to be understand to be understood by people from the outside world

so how is the position of indigenous psychology in comparison to cross-cultural psychology and

cultural psychology we have learned in previous meetings that cross-cultural psychologists use a
more universalist approach where they try to understand differences but at the same time they are
also trying to see similarities across culture. cultural psychologist is the opposite they want to just
understand the people in the context in the local context itself without thinking about searching for
similarities between one context and another or differences between one context and another to
just want to understand human behavior and mind in each particular culture while the indigenous
psychology actually uses both approaches it's universalist and also contextualized it's contextualized
it's extremely versatile so indigenous psychology claims that it is using integrationist approach
because it is trying to understand people in the context but at the same time also trying to
understand whether people in different contexts have similarities and maybe differences and also
trying to develop theories that can be universally understood by people inside the culture itself and
also people from outside the culture.

next i would also like to talk about one research example that was done by lestati fatou rahman and
kim about trust in parent-child relationships among undergraduate students indigenous
psychological analysis the objective of this study was to describe the pattern of trust in parent child
relationship and to capture the reason of why children trust their parents. why we needed this study
because there might be different patterns of parent-child relationship between the indonesian
especially the japanese family context and the typical western family context. so in japanes family
context there are some philosophical guidance to to guide the relationship between parent and child
for example about child respect to their parents the language that they must use and also the honor
that the parents meet the children needs to carry um and also some emotional relationship that
might not be easily understood by people outside of the japanese cultural context like unconditional
love isin or sungkan and also the hesitance to to do some actions or to say something that is
inappropriate in a particular context. so the researchers in this study use some questionnaire it had
basically four questions

how much do you trust your father

how much to trust your mother

so these two are quantitative questions yeah and there are two other qualitative questions that's in
the form of open-ended questions

why do you trust your father or mother there were 555 undergraduate students in jogja who
participated in the study and the data analysis used both categorizing categorization and coding of
the open-ended responses and also some statistical analysis you use crosstabulation regression t-
test and also anova the result from the open-ended questions shows that the basis of trust to father
included some of this these things support emotional bonding modeling role of relationship honesty
and reliability while basis of trust for mother based on the open-ended question was emotional
funding first and then support and role of relationship reliability honesty and modelling.

in a more quantitative analysis they course tabulated the theme the categories that they found from
the open-ended questioners with the child's gender parental education parental occupation and
standard of living so they found that only standard of living was significant to differentiate the theme
of the basis of trust to father and to mother while the thetas of the level of trust the you remember
the quantitative from the quantitative questions showed that trust to mother was significantly
higher than trust to father the multiple regression results showed that all factors of the basis of trust
were significant predictors to level of trust to father so here the support and emotional bonding
predicted trust stronger than other factors to both father and mother this study described parent-
child relationship in japanese family that includes in instrumental relational and emotional
relationship the support role of relationship and modeling were not typically discussed in previous
studies that use that was done in different cultural context

so then the next question is if the indigenous psychology movement started in the 90s is there any
development of the methods or theories at this time so there is a different way like there is a
development of the methods that can be done in indigenous psychology that is using cross-cultural
indigenous psychology basically indigenous psychology approach that is done in different cultural
contexts at once so here the goal is to find empirical integration integration to integrate common
characteristics such as component process construct structure or pattern and the functions
possessed by all the indigenous psychology being compared and also to integrate theory developing
theories that can understand explain and predict psychological phenomena and behaviors in specific
domain such as happiness in two or more cultural contexts so here the goal of the integration is will
be achieved for the indonesian multicultural context where we have many ethnic groups the cross
culture in indigenous psychology approach is considered to be more suitable so that we can perhaps
develop theories that can explain the psychology of the indonesian people but at the same time also
considering the differences the multicultural differences across ethnic groups in individual