liên từ và trạng từ liên kết

UNIT 4: CONJUNCTIONS AND CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS

Khóa học Toeic 450 +

Cô Vũ Thị Mai Phương
_____________________________________

A. Liên từ tương quan (Correlative Conjunctions)

1. both A and B

They attempted to both enlarge their business and specialize their services, which
was difficult to do.

2. either A or B

I'm going to buy either a camera or a CD player with the money.

3. neither A nor B

We are going to select neither the ruling party nor the opposition party in the
upcoming election.

4. not only A but also B

The information I received was not only important but (also) very helpful.

Ví dụ

1. We are currently looking for new ________ experienced sales personnel.

A. nor B. and

2. The furniture you ordered yesterday is expected to arrive ______ today or

tomorrow.

A. neither B. either

B. Liên từ kết hợp (Coordinating conjunctions)

Từ hoặc cụm từ đứng trước và đứng sau “and/ or/ but/ nor) phải có hình cùng hình
thức và từ loại với nhau.
 ✓ My boss encouraged me to avoid getting discouraged and to get into a new
business more actively.

✓ The conference's keynote speaker should have arrived on time but she was
delayed.

✓ Rain or snow is expected later this afternoon.

✓ They cannot read nor can they comprehend such concepts.

✓ Email is a simple but powerful way to promote your products.

✓ The restaurant serves fresh and organic vegetables.

Ví dụ

1. Review a copy of our invoice and _____ it by mail with a payment check.

A. return B. returning

2. Mr. Simmons presented his creative and ______ design for the contest.

A. innovate B. innovative

C. Liên từ phụ thuộc (Subordinating Conjunctions)

1. Subordinating conjunctions (that, if, whether) introduce a noun clause.

✓ The accountant noticed that he made some mistakes on the bills.

✓ The management is considering whether they will hold the annual meeting
for shareholders.

2. Conjunctions of concession: although /even though/ though/ even if ->

despite/in spite of

✓ She decided to take that job even though it is a temporary position.

✓ Despite the reduced working hours at the factory, the new system helped to
raise the production level.
 ✓ It was possible for him to use all necessary data in spite of his limited access
to the data system.

Ví dụ

1. ______ she is young, Ms. Rowell has much experience in the field.

A. Despite B. Although

2. ______ you want to see this report, please let me know.

A. If B. Often

3. Conjunctions of reason: because/ as/ since/ now that → because of/ due to/
owing to/ thanks to

✓ Let's do our best since we can expect no help from others.

✓ The country's economic problems are largely due to the weakness of the
recovery. hồi phục

✓ Thanks to recent research, effective treatments are available.

Ví dụ

1 ______ the weather is cooler, it is important to keep warm

A Due to B. Now that

2. Mr. Raymond succeeded in his business _______ his diligent efforts.

A. because of B. if

4. Conjunctions of time

1. while
David will be in charge of the department while his boss is away.
vắng
 ngay khi
2. once (= as soon as)
Once he finishes collecting samples, we will analyze them and show you the
results immediately.

3. when
Power to the whole building lost when the tree fell against the electric pole.
điện
4. before
Transit police officers issue a verbal warning before they write a ticket.

5. after
Patrons who arrive after the concert begins will be asked to wait to be seated.

6. since
Office productivity has been higher since the new system was installed.

7. by the time
He will have served for the company for 10 years by the time he retires next
September.

8. until
Only two weeks have left until voters decide which candidates have the greater
appeal.

Ví dụ

1. Construction work will start as soon as the materials ________.

A. arrive B. will arrive

2. You will be allowed to move in _______ you sign the contract.

A. because B. once

5. Conjunctions of purpose: so that (= in order that = so as to order to)

✓ If you are interested, please let us know so that we can add you to our list.

✓ Please include your email address in order to contact you easily.

Ví dụ

1. ______ you can sign the form, please print it out and mail it to this address.

A. so as to B. in order that

2. We all need stress _____ achieve and do our best work.

A. so that B. in order to

D. Trạng từ liên kết (Conjunctive adverbs)

1. Cause and effect: therefore, so, consequently

I have been getting used to that job. Therefore, it is quite difficult to quit it right
now.

2. Contrast: however, nevertheless

She refused to take that position. However, the management kept asking her to do
it.

3. Condition: otherwise
Make a note of the questions you want to ask. Otherwise, you will forget some of
them.

4. Addition/ Expansion: besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition

You can make cookies as long as you want. Besides, you can take them home if
you want.

Ví dụ

1. Prices have been rising; _______, it does not seem to continue.

A. therefore B. however

2. The terms were satisfactory; ______, we signed the contract.

A. nevertheless B. therefore
PRACTICE

1. ______ to the airline strikes, Mr. Jones had to postpone his business trip to
Rome.
(A) Owed (B) Because
(C) Due (D) As

2. I think you would be great at recruiting _______ you're energetic and

communicate exceptionally well.
(A) since (B) due to
(C) unless (D) even though

3. Candidates should have strong research skills, be fluent in English, ______ have
a college degree in business.
(A) but (B) either
(C) and (D) both

4. Applicants should not only have a degree in social science ______ also have at
least four - year experience in a research facility.
(A) and (B) but
(C) or (D) nor

5. The bank will maintain exceptional service ______ renovations are under way in
several branches.
(A) although (B) despite
(C) in spite (D) however

6. To prepare for marathon, I ran 15 kilometers three _______ four days a week.
(A) either (B) only
(C) but (D) or

7. _______ the housekeeping staff was getting the room ready, I decided to wait
outside.

(A) During (B) While

(C) For (D) But
8. Those in research positions are responsible for compiling and _______ research
data.
(A) store (B) storage
(C) storing (D) to store

9. Development expenditures are expected to grow in ______ the private and

public sectors.
(A) both (B) either
(C) neither (D) not only

10. If this notice was sent in error, please contact us immediately either by
telephone _______ by e-mail.
(A) and (B) or
(C) nor (D) but

11. I had to wait for an hour for my food ________ the fact that the restaurant was
rather empty.
(A) although (B) nevertheless
(C) despite (D) without

12. All visitors should present photo identifications _______ our security personnel
can ensure everyone’s safety.
(A) in order to (B) in case of
(C) now that (D) so that

13. The tunnel will not replace the existing bridge ______ will relieve traffic
congestion on the roads.
(A) and (B) if
(C) however (D) but

14. The marketing conference in Detroit was called off _______ the small number
of attendees.
(A) resulting in (B) due to
(C) owed to (D) thanks for

15. Downsizing of Market Solution has resulted in more serious problems ______
analysts had predicted.
(A) while (B) whether
(C) than (D) as

16. Emergency phone numbers must be provided to all lifeguards _______ on

duty.
(A) while (B) during
(C) for (D) as

17. The casual ________ professional environment will allow attendees to have a
brief conversation about internship.
(A) nor (B) but
(C) as (D) although

Questions 18-20 refer to the following invitation

Dear Mr. Strobel

You have been ______ recommended by several of our members as a keynote
speaker for the banquet.
18.
(A) far
(B) much
(C) highly
(D) so
The place is the Sheraton Inn in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina; the date is the
evening of October 3.
The banquet is a purely social affair, climaxing three days of hard work, and we
prefer a speech on the light side, but with an inspirational theme. I would leave it
to you to select a topic, which will be appropriate ______ the occasion.
19.
(A) about
(B) regarding
(C) with
(D) for
May I hear from you by June 14?
Please indicate in your reply the financial arrangements you require. _______ we
have reached an agreement, I will send you more details, including a tentative
convention program schedule.
20.
(A) As soon as
(B) Although
(C) Since
(D) Unless