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 Ref. Title Page No.
8.1 Pipe Culverts 8-1

8.1.1 General 8-1

8.1.1.1 Description 8-1
8.1.1.2 Submittals 8-1
8.1.1.3 Installation and Checking 8-1
8.1.2 Materials 8- 1
8.1.2.1 Delivery, Storage and Handling 8-1
8.1.2.2 Precast Reinforced Concrete Pipe 8-1
8.1.2.3 Unreinforced Concrete Pipe 8-1
8.1.2.4 Reinforced Concrete Arch Culvert 8-1
8.1.2.5 Reinforced Elliptical Culvert 8-1
8.1.2.6 Corrugated Steel Circular Pipe and Pipe
Arches 8-1
8.1.2.7 Bituminous Coated Corrugated Steel
Circular Pipe and Pipe Arches 8-1
8.1.2.8 Polymer Coated Steel Circular Pipe and Pipe
Arches 8-2
8.1.2.9 Concrete and Steel 8-2
8.1.3 Construction Requirements 8-2
8.1.3.1 Excavation, Bedding and Backfilling 8-2
8.1.3.2 Pipe Laying 8-2
8.1.3.3 Precast Concrete Pipe and Pipe Arches 8-2
8.1.3.4 Corrugated Metal Pipe and Pipe Arches 8-2
8.1.3.5 Cast-in-Situ Concrete Pipe and Pipe Arches 8-2
8.1.4 Method of Measurement 8-2
8. 1.5 Basis of Payment 8-3
8..1.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 8-3

8.2 Storm Sewers 8-3

8.2. 1 General 8-3

8.2.1.1 Description 8-3
8.2.1.2 Installation and Checking 8-3
8.2.1.3 Submittals 8-3
8.2.2 Materials 8-3
8.2.2.1 Delivery and Storage 8-3
8.2.2.2 Concrete and Steel 8-3
8.2.2.3 Concrete Pipes 8-3
8.2.2.4 uPVC Pipe 8-3
8.2.2.5 Polyethylene (PE) Gravity Pipe 8-4
8.2.2.6 GRP Pipes 8-4
8.2.2.7 Vitrified Clay Pipes 8-4
8.2.2.8 Joints for Concrete Beds and Pipe Surrounds 8-4
8.2.2.9 Bitumen Emulsion 8-4
8.2.2.10 Pumping Plant 8-4

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 Ref. Title Page No.
8.2.3 Construction Requirements 8-4
8.2.3 .1 Excavation, Bedding and Backfilling 8-4
8.2.3.2 Pipe Laying 8-4
8.2.3.3 Jointing of Pipes 8-5
8.2.3.4 Line and Gradient 8-5
8.2.3.5 Floatation 8-5
8.2.3 .6 Pipe Built Into Structures 8-5
8.2.3.7 Cleaning and Inspecting of Storm Sewer
Pipes 8-5
8.2.3.8 Field Testing: Generally 8-5
8.2.3.9 Air Testing of Pipelines 8-6
8.2.3. 10 Hydrostatic Testing ofPressure Pipelines 8-6
8.2.3 .11 Infiltration Test for Gravity Pipes 8-6
8.2.3.12 Deflection Tests for GRP Pipes 8-6
8.2.3.13 Hydraulic Individual Joint Test for Pipes

( Exceeding I 000 mm 8-6

8.2.-t :Vlethod of Mea surement 8-6
8.2.5 Basis of Payment 8-7
8.2.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 8-7

8.3 Manholes, Inlets and Chambers 8-7

8.3.1 Description 8-7

8.3.2 Materials 8-7
8.3.3 Constru<·tion Requirements 8-8
8.3.3.1 Manholes 8-8
8.3.3 .2 Chambers for Grated Inlets, Curb Inlets and
Ditch Inlets and Outlets 8-8
8.3.3.3 Ironwork 8-8
8.3.3.4 Cleaning 8-8
8.3.-t Method of Measurement 8-8
8.3.5 Basis of Payment 8-9
8.3.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 8-9

8.4 Drainage of Structures 8-9

8.4.1 Description 8-9

8.4.2 Materials 8-9
8.4.2. 1 Gully and Channel Gratings and Frames 8-9
8.4.2.2 Pipes 8-9
8.4.2.3 Drainage Backfilling 8-9
8.4.3 Construction Requirements 8-9
8.4.4 Method of Measurement 8- 10
8.4.5 Basis of Pa yment 8-10
8.4.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 8-10

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Ministry ofT1 ansporl &
8.1 Pipe Culverts
8.1.1 General
( 8.1.1.1 Description
This Sub-section describes requirements for furnishing all
materials, constructing and installing concrete and steel pipe culverts
including excavation, bedding and backfilling and all work described
in this Section of the Specification and as shown on the Drawings.
8.1.1.2 Submittals
Coordination Drawings: Submit drawings showing culverts
and major system components. Indicate interface and spatial
relationship between culverts, system components, adjacent utilities,
and proximate structures.
2 Shop Drawings: Submit shop drawings of culverts including
plan layout and locations, types, sizes, capacities, and flow
characteristics in accordance with the requirements of this
Specification Sub-section 1.11.
3 As-Built Drawings: At project close-out, submit record
drawings of installed culverts, in accordance with requirements of
this Specification, Sub-section 1.11.
( 4 Certificate of Compliance: Submit certificates of compliance
required by the Client Authority and as directed by the Engineer.
8.1.1.3 Installation and Checking
The work shall be supervised by qualified representatives of
the Contractor and full facilities and assistance shall be provided by
the Contractor to enable the Engineer to inspect or check the work at
any time. Such inspection or checking shall in no way relieve the
Contractor from any of his obligations.
2 The Contractor shall be responsible for making minor
adjustments to the location of work as necessary to suit site
constraints and road alignment and profile subject to the approval of
the Engineer.
8.1.2 Materials
8.1.2.1 Delivery, Storage and Handling
Deliver piping with factory-applied end caps. Maintain end
caps through shipping, storage, and handling to prevent pipe-end
damage and to prevent entrance of dirt, debris, and moisture.
2 Protect stored piping from moisture and dirt. Elevate above
grade. Do not exceed structural capacity of floor when storing inside.
3 Protect flanges, fittings, and specialties from moisture and dirt.
4 Manufacturer's recommendations on handling, repairing,
laying, jointing, anchoring, cutting and other works for pipes and
fittings are to be strictly followed.
8.1.2.2 Precast Reinforced Concrete Pipe
Reinforced concrete pipe shall meet the requirements of
Volume 2 of the Highway Design Standards and shall comply with
BS 5911-1, BS EN 1916 Class H, ASTM C76-02 Class IV or DIN V
1201 and DIN EN 1916. Cement used in manufacture shall be
ordinary Portland cement to BS EN 197-1 .
2 Joints shall be gasket type with flexible spigots and sockets.
The shape of the joint shall be designed to prevent any movement of
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the gasket during assembly and to produce full water-tightness.
Rubber gasket shall be to ISO 4633 orBS EN 681-2.
3 Manufactured pipe shall, if required by the Engineer, be tested,
prior to delivery to site, for structural strength, crushing strength and
absorption. The manufacturer's specification and certificate shall be
submitted for prior approval before pipes are delivered to the site.
4 Pipes that fail to meet the strength requirements may, with the
approval of the Engineer, be incorporated in the work provided the
following requirements are met.
i. The strength does not fall below 80% of that specified.
ii. The pipes are clearly marked and stored separately from
pipes which fully comply with strength requirements.
111. The pipes are bedded in Class 15 concrete.
5 If under-strength pipes are installed and bedded in Class 15
concrete with pipes fully complying with the strength requirements,
the whole run shall be classified as under-strength for record
purposes. No payment will be made for the concrete bed.
8.1.2.3 Unreinforced Concrete Pipe
Unreinforced concrete pipe shall meet the requirements of the
Highway Design Standards and shall comply with BS 5911-1 ,
AASHTO M 86M I M 86, DIN V 1201 and DIN EN 1916 or ASTM
C14M and with Paragraph 8.1.2.2 items 2 to 5. Class shall be as
designated on drawings. Cement used in manufacture shall be
ordinary Portland cement to BS EN 197-1.
8.1.2.4 Reinforced Concrete Arch Culvert
Reinforced concrete arch culvert shall comply with AASHTO
M 206M I M 206 or ASTM C506-02. Unless otherwise specified
Class A-IV shall be used for spans of 1300mm or less, and Class A-
III for larger spans.
Reinforced Elliptical Culvert
8.1.2.5
Reinforced concrete elliptical culverts shall be to AASHTO M
207M I M 207 or ASTM C507M-02. Their Class shall be as
designated on drawings.
8.1.2.6 Corrugated Steel Circular Pipe and Pipe Arches
Corrugated steel culvert pipe shall comply with the
requirements of AASHTO M36 and be zinc coated.
2 A certificate of guarantee from an approved pipe fabricator
shall be submitted by the Contractor for each shipment of pipe
delivered to the Site. The Certificate shall show the quantities of
material and state that the listed materials conform to the specified
requirements.
3 The Engineer may test any material for compliance with the
Specification at any time and reject any material which does not
meet the requirements even though it has received prior approval
based on a Certificate of Guarantee.
8.1.2.7 Bituminous Coated Corrugated Steel Circular Pipe and
Pipe Arches
Bituminous coated corrugated steel circular pipe and pipe
arches shall comply with AASHTO M 190, and with Paragraph
8.1.2.6.
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 Drainage > Highway Design Standards 2017
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8.1.2.8 Polymer Coated Steel Circular Pipe and Pipe Arches
Polymer coated metal pipe and pipe arches shall comply with
AASHTO M 246 and with Paragraph 8. I .2.6.
8.1.2.9 Concrete and Steel
Concrete, reinforcing steel and reinforced concrete shall
conform to the requirements of Sub-sections 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3
respectively. Structural steel and other metalwork shall conform to
Sub-section 6.2.
8.1.3 Construction Requirements
8.1.3.1 Excavation, Bedding and Backfilling
All excavation and backfill shall conform to the requirements
of Sub-Sections 2.7 and 2.8.
8.1.3.2 Pipe Laying
Pipes shall not be placed until the foundation has been
approved by the Engineer. Pipes shall be laid accurately to line and
level and shall have a uniform bearing at each joint and along the
entire length of pipe. Pipe laying shall begin at the downstream end
and progress upstream.
2 Manufactured pipe shall be handled and assembled in
accordance, with the manufacturer's instmctions. When pipe laying
is not in progress, the Contractor shall close open ends of pipes with
properly fitted temporary wooden plugs or standard caps as directed
3 The Contractor shall use ropes, wire slings, band slings,
spreader beams etc. for lowering pipes as recommended by
manufacturer for each type of pipe and as approved.
4 All material shall be carefully examined for damage and tested
in accordance with manufacturer's instructions before laying, to the
satisfaction of Engineer.
5 The Contractor shall remove dirt and other materials before
lowering the pipe into the trench and verify the pipe inside is clear
from constmction debris before making joints.
6 Pipe on solid ground: The Contractor shall cut holes in the
bottom of trench to allow proper jointing and for barrel of pipe to
bear evenly on solid ground for its full length.
7 Pipe on granular bedding: The Contractor shall scoop out
locally at sockets/couplings to enable the pipe to rest uniformly on
the barrel and adjust to the exact line and level. After testing, the
Contractor shall lay and compact further granular material in 150
mm layers or as approved to levels shown on the Drawings.
8.1.3.3 Precast Concrete Pipe and Pipe Arches
Pipes shall be laid with hub, bell or groove ends upstream.
2 Where lift holes have been used, they shall be filled with an
approved cement-sand mortar to provide a watertight section.
Mortar shall be finished flush on the inside of the pipe.
3 Pipe joints shall be sealed with flexible watertight elastomeric
or mbber gaskets, approved bituminous sealers or plastic sealants.
Bituminous or plastic sealants shall be applied at the time pipe is
being laid. Sealants shall be installed in accordance with the sealant
manufacturer's instructions so that the joint is completely filled.
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4 Multiple pipe culverts, unless otherwise shown on the I
Drawings, shall be laid with one-half diameter of pipe or a minimum I
of300mm, whichever is greater, between the pipes.
8.1.3.4 Cormgated Metal Pipe and Pipe Arches
Metal pipe shall be laid with outside laps of circumferential
joints pointing upstream and with longitudinal laps along the sides. If
pipe sections are jointed on the Site, the ends shall be butted as
closely as cormgations will permit and shall be joined with a firmly
bolted coupling band of the same material as the pipe. Camber shall
be built into the pipe structure to compensate for settlement from fill
loads,
2 Multiple culverts, unless shown otherwise on the Drawings,
shall be laid with one-half span of pipe or a minimum of 300mm
whichever is the greater, between pipes.
3 The Contractor shall examine material to ensure internal
coating or lining and outer coating or sheathing are undamaged. If
damaged, the Contractor shall make good or dispose of as directed.
Damage to bituminous or epoxy resin coatings may be repaired on
site by application of a repair material of a brand and type approved
by the Engineer. Pipes having any localized bends in excess of 5%
of the nominal pipe diameter or dents in excess of 13mm depth will
be rejected. Pipes rejected because of these defects may be used if
satisfactorily repaired and approved by the Engineer.
8.1.3.5 Cast-in-Situ Concrete Pipe and Pipe Arches
Cast-in-situ pipes shall be constructed in accordance with the
Drawings, or in a manner proposed by the Contractor and approved
by the Engineer.
2 When the Contractor elects to construct the pipe in a trench
with no external vertical forms, 40mm of additional concrete cover
to the reinforcement steel shall be provided.
)
3 Longitudinal construction joints will only be permitted as
shown on the Drawings. Transverse construction joints will be
permitted provided prior approval is obtained from the Engineer.
4 Forms for cast-in-situ pipe shall be approved prior to their use.
Inside pipe forms shall be suitably unyielding during placement of
concrete. Interior arch forms may be removed after 72 hours if
approved by the Engineer. The Contractor shall take precautions
when removing forms to protect the culvert from damage.
Backfilling shall not commence until tests indicate the concrete has
attained strength of 50% of the requirement for its Class.
8.1.4 Method of Measurement
Pipe culverts shall be measured by the linear meter of culvert
laid or constructed as per the contract Drawings. Culverts of each
type, class and size shall be measured separately. For pipe culverts
without headwalls, measurement shall be taken from end to end
along the centerline of the pipe. For pipes connected to structures,
measurement shall be taken between the inside faces of parapet or
wall along the centerline of the pipe. )
2 The measured length of cormgated metal pipe shall include the
length ofbends (elbows) installed.
3 Headwalls, wing walls, aprons and cut-off walls that are part
of a pipe culvert installation are measured separately in accordance
with Sub-Section 5.9.
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4 Trench excavation, bedding and backfilling for culvert pipe
runs is measured separately under Sub-sections 2. 7 and 2.8, Clauses
2.7.4 and 2.8.4
5 No separate measurement or payment will be made for
connection to drainage structures or to existing pipes. Nor for
additional reinforcing steel, cover and protection to in-situ concrete
pipe culverts and pipe arches, all of which are considered subsidiary
work.
8.1.5 Basis of Payment
The quantity of completed and accepted work. measured as
provided for above, will be paid for at the unit rate per linear meter
in the Bill of Quantities for 'the various types, classes and sizes of
pipe and arch culverts, which rate shall be full compensation for the
cost of supply, transport, handling, installation of pipe, joints,
materials, labor, equipment, tools and other items necessary for
proper completion of the work.
8.1.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
Drainage
8
2 Shop Drawings: Submit shop drawings of storm sewers
systems including plan layout and locations, types, sizes, and
capacities of pipes, manholes and stormwater inlets in accordance
with the requirements of the Specification Sub-section 1.12.
3 As-Built Drawings: At project close-out, submit record
drawings showing the installed pipes and related components with
sufficient details to allow for locating the pipes for future
maintenance. The As-Built drawings shall be in accordance with
requirements of the Specification, Sub-section 1.12.
4 Certificate of Compliance: Submit certificates of compliance
as required by the Client Authority and as directed by the Engineer.
8.2.2 Materials
8.2.2.1 Delivery and Storage
Delivery, storage and handling shall comply with the
requirements of Paragraph 8.1.2.1.
2 During storage plastic pipes shall be protected from sunlight
and supported to prevent sagging and bending.

i. Unreinforced precast concrete 8.2.2.2 Concrete and Steel

Pipe culvert (diameter) (lin.m.)
ii. Reinforced precast concrete Concrete, reinforcing steel and reinforced concrete shall
( Pipe culvert (diameter) (lin.m.) conform to the requirements of Sub-sections 5.1 , 5.2, and 5.3
iii. Reinforced precast concrete arch respectively. Structural steel and other metalwork shall conform to
Culvert (size) (lin.m.) Sub-section 6.2.
iv. Reinforced precast concrete
8.2.2.3 Concrete Pipes
Elliptical culvert (size) (lin.m.)
V. Corrugated steel pipe culvert Reinforced and unreinforced concrete pipes shall comply with
(Diameter) (Coating) (lin.m.) the requirements of Paragraphs 8.1.2.2 and 8.1.2.3, respectively.
vi. Corrugated steel pipe arch
Culvert (size) (coating) (lin.m.) 8.2.2.4 uPVC Pipe
vii. Cast in-situ concrete pipe or
Pipes shall conform to DIN 8061 I 8062 Class 6 kg/cm2 or
Pipe arches (size, type) (lin.m)
Class 10 as indicated on the Drawings or the Bill of Quantities. Use
concrete encasement if cover is less than 1 meter or greater than 5
8.2 Storm Sewers meters.
2 Fittings shall be to DIN 8061 I 8062 fabricated from pipe.
8.2.1 General
3 Joints shall be to DIN 8061 I 8062, socket spigot with rubber
8.2.1.1 Description sealing rings to BS EN 681-2.
4 Under-drain pipes shall be perforated plastic pipe conforming
This Sub-section describes requirements for constructing pipes
to DIN 8061 Class 10 kg/cm2 or equivalent. Perforations may be
for the removal of surface water from roads, including connections to
circular holes or slots. Different filter requirements shall apply to
rainwater inlets and discharge to suitable outfall. The work shall
each type of perforation.
include furnishing all materials, installing pipes, excavation, bedding
and backfilling. 5 Circular perforations shall be between 5 mm and 10 mm in
diameter arranged symmetrically in a minimum of 4 rows parallel to
8.2.1.2 Installation and Checking the axis of the pipe. All rows shall be in the lower half of the pipe but
no row shall be closer than 36 degrees to the invert. Perforations in
Installation and checking shall comply with the requirements
each row shall be at a maximum distance of 100 mm center to center.
ofParagraph 8.1.1.3.
6 Slotted perforations shall be between 1.5 mm and 3 mm in
2 Collect site information by performing site survey, researching
width, and between 25 mm and 40 mm in length measured on the
public utility records, and veri tying existing utility locations.
inside of the pipe. Perforations shall be in 2 rows parallel to the axis
8.2.1.3 Submittals of the pipes on each side of the invert. Each row shall be
approximately 45 degrees from the invert. Perforations shall be
Coordination Drawings: Submit drawings showing pipes and spaced between 20 and 30 times the average slot width along each
major system components. Indicate interface and spatial relationship row.
between pipes, system components, adjacent utilities, and proximate
7 Pipes and fittings shall be protected from the direct rays of the
structures.
sun at all times by means of reflective cover sheets.

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8.2.2.5 Polyethylene (PE) Gravity Pipe
Polyethylene (PE) pipes and fittings shall conform to ASTM
03035-01 , ASTM F894. and installation shall be in accordance with
ASTM 02321-00 and manufacturer's recommendations.
2 Jointing system should be in accordance with ASTM F894.
3 Materials used shall have a standard PE code designation 2406
and a minimum hydrostatic design basis of 1250 psi (8.6MPa) for
water at 73.4°F (23°C) according to AWW A C906 Table I.
8.2.2.6 GRPPipes
Pipes and fittings shall conform to BS EN1796 & BS
EN 14364 or American Water Works Association A WWA C950.
2 Pipe and fittings shall include a corrosion resistant liner, a
structural wall and a resin rich exterior surface.
3 The liner shall have a nominal thickness of 1.0 mm. The liner
surface shall be reinforced with C glass. The remainder of the liner
thickness shall be reinforced with an acid resistant chopped E glass
strand or mat.
4 The pipe structural wall shall consist of glass reinforcement,
and fine silica sand, all impregnated with resin. The fine silica sand
shall be added to the structural layer to achieve the design thickness
for the required stiffness specified such that the overall hoop flexural
modulus (E) for pipe is not less than 24 GN/m 2 • Silica sand and filler
content shall not exceed 50%.
5 Pipes shall be provided with a resin rich outer layer reinforced
with one layer of C glass veil. The exterior layer shall have a
minimum thickness of 0.2 mm. The layer shall be resin rich and
reinforced with one layer of C glass.
6 The resin used for the corrosion resistant liner of the pipe and
fittings shall be high grade polyester resin (isophthalic or better) type.
For the structural wall and exterior layer of the pipe a high grade
isophthalic polyester resin shall be used. No dark pigments shall be
used in the pipe or fittings.
7 Pipes shall be designed for a life of not less than 50 years.
Contractor shall submit calculations for initial and long term
deflection with truck loads, buckling, vacuum, pressure class, and
strain in accordance with Appendix A of AWWA C-950 or
equivalent. The maximum calculated long term deflection should not
exceed 3%. Copies of the design calculations shall be submitted to
the Engineer for approval.
i. Stiffness: Minimum 5,000 N/m 2. Suitability of stiffness
shall be verified by Contractor for the various trench
and pipe laying conditions and as recommended by the
manufacturer. Pressure Class; 6 kg/cm2 minimum or as
shown on Drawings.
II. Longitudinal Strength: Conform to BS EN1796 & BS
EN14364 or ASTM 03262 table 7.
iii. Hoop strength shall be according to ASTM 03517
Table 8.
IV. Strain corrosion resistance tests shall be carried out as
per ASTM 0 3681 or to BS EN1796 & BS EN14364
strain corrosion value at 50 years to equal or exceed
0.7%.
V. Markings shall be to BS EN1796 & BS EN14364
Clause 11.
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vi. Joints shall be GRP double socket couplings with
rubber rings to ISO 4633 orBS EN 681-2
v11. The allowable angular deflection shall conform to the
requirements ofBS EN1796 & BS EN14364.
8.2.2.7 Vitrified Clay Pipes
Vitrified clay pipes and fittings shall be to BS EN 295 and
shall be marked accordingly.
2 Unless otherwise indicated, pipes and fittings shall be Extra
Strength and shall comply with absorption tests made in accordance
with BS 65 .
3 Pipes shall be supplied with approved flexible and telescopic
rubber ring joints which shall be capable of withstanding the
specified tests pressures applied both internally and externally.
4 Junctions on clay pipe sewers shall be of similar material and
suitable for use with flexibly jointed pipes.
5 Before any length of pipe is laid, it shall be inspected and
stood or slung vertically at the side of the trench and ' rung' with a
wooden mallet. Any damaged or cracked pipe shall be rejected.
6 Where shown on the Drawings, pipes for use in the
construction of drains shall be British Standard Surface Water pipes
glazed or unglazed manufactured in accordance with the
requirements ofBS 65, with Type 2 sockets or plain ended supplied
with sleeve couplings.
7 Perforated pipes shall be Type I socketed and sleeve coupled
pipes.
8 Field drain pipes shall comply with the requirements ofBS EN
295-5 and BS 1196.
8.2.2.8 Joints for Concrete Beds and Pipe Surrounds
Flexible joints in concrete beds and surrounds to pipes shall be
formed with compressible fibrous board, or similar approved
material, 20mm thick.
8.2.2.9 Bitumen Emulsion
Bitumen emulsion shall be to BS 434 and shall contain not less
than 53% of prime bitumen.
8.2.2.10 Pumping Plant
Pumping plant is as specified in Section 17.
8.2.3 Construction Requirements
8.2.3.1 Excavation, Bedding and Backfilling
All excavation and backfill shall conform to the requirements
of Sub-Sections 2.3, 2.7, and 2.8.
8.2.3.2 Pipe Laying
1 Pipe laying shall comply with the requirements of Paragraph
8.1.3.2.
2 For pipe on a concrete bed or surround, the Contractor shall
provide rectangular blocks of concrete Class 25, made in approved
moulds at least 14 days before use, and approved hardwood folding
wedges. The Contractor shall provide two concrete blocks for each
pipe, set and boned into the correct level on the trench formation
bottom and will lay the pipe properly centered and socketed.
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'·
3 The Contractor shall insert two hardwood folding wedges (of a
width equal to the width of the concrete block) between the body of
the pipe and block, and drive them together until the pipe is brought
( to the exact level required. The Contractor shall leave blocks and
wedges undisturbed while pipes are being jointed and the concrete
bed and haunch or surround are being placed. The Contractor shall
ensure blocks and wedges are of sufficient size and strength to
prevent settlement of pipes. The Contractor shall leave sufficient
space to enable joints to be made, tested and inspected.
4 The Contractor shall lay pipes on an even formation true to
grade and line, with sockets facing up the gradient.
5 Tolerances shall be 6 nun in level and 25 nun in line between
manholes or access points unless otherwise specified. Where pipe is
to be constructed in straight lines between manholes the length will
not be accepted if a light at each manhole carmot be seen from
adjacent manholes.
8.2.3.3 Jointing of Pipes
Unless otherwise specified, the manufacturer's instructions
( shall be followed regarding placement of bedding and backfilling,
cleanliness of joint surfaces, lubricant used, correct location of
components, provision of correct gaps between end of spigot and
back of socket for flexible joints etc.
2 Concrete pipes shall have watertight joints sealed with
approved rubber rings or flexible gaskets. Joints shall have a gap
formed between the end of the spigot and the base of the bell of not
less than 6nun and not greater than 20nun. The gap shall then be
filled with a cement mortar composed of I part Portland cement and
3 parts fine aggregate, mixed with sufficient water to form a
workable paste. As each section of pipe is laid, the bell or hub of the
preceding pipe shall be wetted and cleaned and the bottom portion
filled with mortar. After the pipe is placed, the remaining top part of
the gap shall be filled.
3 The inside of the joint shall be finished smooth and wiped
clean. The mortar on the outside shall, after its initial set, be
protected from the sun. Plastic joint compound may be used in lieu
of Portland cement mortar, in which case it shall be prepared in
accordance with the manufacturer's reconunendations.
4 Synthetic or rubber joint rings shall be stored until needed in a
cool place away from direct sunlight.
5 Properly fitted temporary wooden stoppers shall be used to
close the ends of uncompleted pipe lines. The stoppers shall only be
removed when pipes are being laid and jointed.
6 The Contractor shall not deflect flexible joints beyond
maximum permissible angles given by manufacturer and/or relevant
Standards.
7 The Contractor shall strictly comply with special instructions
issued by manufacturers of proprietary joints when laying and
jointing.
8 The Contractor shall joint differing pipe and fitting material
with adaptors as reconunended by the pipe manufacturer.
8.2.3.4 Line and Gradient
In open excavation: The Contractor shall provide and maintain
sight rails and boning rods properly painted to ensure correct
alignment of pipe runs. Sight rails shall be positioned either
vertically above the lines of pipes or immediately adjacent thereto.
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At no time shall there be less than three sight rails in position on
each length of pipeline under construction to any one gradient.
2 Where pipes are laid in headings, the Contractor shall provide
and maintain marks to establish line and level of pipeline. Marks
shall be fixed in each working shaft and two further marks
established in each length of heading.
8.2.3.5 Floatation
Prevention: Whenever water is excluded from interior of pipe,
the Contractor shall place sufficient backfill above pipe to prevent
floatation.
2 The Contractor shall remove: any pipe that has floated, correct
the bedding and relay.
8.2.3.6 Pipe Built Into Structures
The Contractor shall thoroughly clean outside surface of pipes
to be built-in immediately before installation. Remove protective
coating to metal pipes, and roughen clay and concrete pipes as
directed. Plastic pipes shall be painted with appropriate solvent
cement and sprinkled with dry coarse sand whilst wet. The
Contractor shall cut away sheathing from sections to be built-in and
after installation restore protection up to external face of structure
with approved bituminous material.
2 Install two flexible joints or flexible patented joints adjacent to
structures. The Contractor shall place first joint not more than one
pipe diameter from face of structure and second not more than the
following distances away from first:
i. Pipelines not exceeding 450 mm: 2 pipe diameters.
11. Pipelines over 450 mm and not exceeding I 000 nun:
1.2 m.
iii. Pipelines over 1000 nun: 1.8 m.
8.2.3.7 Cleaning and Inspecting of Storm Sewer Pipes
After backfilling and completion of connections to manholes,
etc., but before the trench surfaces are permanently reinstated, the
interior of the sewers shall be cleaned out and ready for inspection by
the Engineer.
2 Pipelines of 700 mm or more diameter will, where practicable,
be inspected from the inside and the Contractor shall provide a
suitable personnel trolley for this purpose.
3 Pipelines less than 700 mm diameter and larger pipes which
carmot be inspected from the inside shall have a mandrel formed
from a cylinder, of diameter 25nun smaller than the pipe diameter
and of length not less than the internal diameter of the sewer, passed
through.
4 On completion the drains and sewer pipes shall be flushed
from end to end with water and left clean and free from obstructions
and debris.
8.2.3.8 Field Testing: Generally
All test equipment and related items shall be provided on site
before the test, i.e. pressure gauges, instruments, water etc .. .
2 The Contractor shall carry out tests in the presence of the
Engineer's Representative.
3 Fittings and joints shall be permanently anchored before
testing and all joints shall be exposed for checking.
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4 Sections of pipeline under test shall not exceed 500m in length
for any one test.
5 Test plugs at the ends of each section shall be secured by struts.
6 The Contractor shall apply pressure by manually operated test
pump or, in the case of large diameter mains, by power driven test
pump, if approved.
7 The Contractor shall examine exposed joints and repair visible
leaks.
8 Should a test fail , the Contractor shall locate leak and replace
or make good defective pipe or replace and make good faulty joint
and retest main.
9 The Contractor shall keep test records in an approved form and
hand original copy to the Engineer immediately after completion of
test.
I0 The Contractor shall carry out hydrostatic test while pipeline is
partially backfilled.
8.2.3.9 Air Testing of Pipelines
As soon as practicable after a length of pipe has been
completed it shall be subjected to an air test to BS EN 1610. The
length shall be plugged and sealed and air pumped into the pipe by
approved method (i.e. hand pump) until a pressure 100 mm head of
water is indicated on a U -tube connected to the system
2 The Contractor shall allow 5 minutes for stabilization of air
temperature and adjust pressure to 100 mm. The section will not be
considered satisfactory if the air pressure fails from IOOmm to 75mm
head of water in 5 minutes or less.
3 Failure to pass the air test is not conclusive and if no leakage
can be traced by external application of soapy water to all sealing
areas then a hydrostatic test shall be carried out before final rejection
8.2.3.10 Hydrostatic Testing of Pressure Pipelines
The pipeline shall be filled slowly with water from the lowest
point. After filling with water, absorbent pipes shall be allowed to
stand for at least 24 hours before testing to allow for complete
absorption.
2 Entrapped air shall be bled and pressurizing shall then proceed
until the specified test pressure is reached in the lowest part of the
pipeline section under test. Further quantities of entrapped air shall
be bled while the pressure is being raised.
3 Unless otherwise specified, the test pressure shall be equal to
1.0 m head of water above pipe soffit at highest point and not greater
than 6 m head of water at lowest point of section under test but shall
in no case exceed 75% of the· factory hydrostatic test pressure. If
maximum head is exceeded, the Contractor shall test section in
stages.
4 The test pressure shall be maintained for one hour by pumping
using a separate test pump. Pumping shall then be stopped for 2
hours, at the end of which time the line shall be re-pressurized to the
original test pressure and the volume of water pumped into the line
recorded.
5 The pipeline shall be deemed to have failed the test if visible
leaks are detected (regardless of leakage being within the allowable
specified limit) or if the volume of water pumped to restore original
test pressure after the period when pumping was stopped exceeds
0.05 liter/linear meter/meter d.iameter/30 minutes.
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8.2.3.11 Infiltration Test for Gravity Pipes
The Contractor shall carry out infiltration test after total
backfilling oflength under test.
2 All inlets to the section under test shall be plugged and the
residual flow measured by an approved method.
3 The following limits are not to be exceeded:
i. Pipelines not exceeding 700 mm: 0.02 liters/hour/100
linear meters/mm diameter,
ii. Pipelines over 700 mm: 0.03 liters/hour/! 00 linear
meters/mm diameter.
5 The section shall be deemed to have failed if allowable
infiltration of water is exceeded. The Contractor shall locate source
of excessive infiltration by approved means i.e. traversing light and
mirrors or inflated rubber plug etc., make good, and repeat tests until
successful.
8.2.3.12 Deflection Tests for GRP Pipes
The Contractor shall conduct deflection tests for GRP pipes
(as % of overall pipe diameter) as required by the Engineer at three
stages. Deflection shall be measured at the spigot end at mid-point
and at socket end.
i. Stage 1: at completion of primary backfill (deflection at
this stage should be below 0.5%).
ii. Stage 2: at final backfill (maximum allowable
deflection 2.5%).
iii. Stage 3: six months after final backfill (maximum
allowable deflection 4.0%).
2 Pipes not passing the deflection tests at Stage 2 or Stage 3 will
be removed and replaced.
8.2.3.13 Hydraulic Individual Joint Test for Pipes Exceeding
1000 mm
The Contractor shall carry out procedures to BS 5886, Type 2
testing after backfilling, or equivalent. The Contractor shall
pressurize the joint to 2 bars and wait for 10 minutes then re-
pressurize to 2 bars and again wait for 5 minutes. No pressure drop
should be observed at the end of the latter period. If a pressure drop
is observed, the Contractor shall remedy the failed joint to the
Engineer's approval.
8.2.4 Method of Measurement
Trench excavation, bedding and backfilling are measured
under Sub-section 2.8, Clause 2.8.4.
2 Pipes shall be measured in linear meters; each type, class and
size is measured separately. Measurement shall be as a straight line
between the inside wall faces of manhole, inlet, sump or gully
connection. No allowance will be made for cut ends and waste.
3 No separate measurement will be made for jointing materials,
junctions and pipe fittings , nor for ancillary work such as breaking
into existing pipelines or chambers, cleaning, protection and testing
of pipelines, or any other item necessary for the proper completion of
the work, but shall be considered subsidiary work the costs of which
shall be deemed to be included in the rates and prices for pipes stated
in the Bill of Quantities.
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8.2.5 Basis of Payment
The amount of completed and accepted work. measured as
( provided for above, will be paid for at the unit rates listed in the Bill
of Quantities, which unit rates shall be full compensation for
installation, fitting, supplying materials, transport, labor, equipment,
forms, tools and other items necessary for the proper completion of
( the work as specified in Section 1.
2 Excavation, bedding and backfilling shall be paid for as
indicated in Sub-section 2.8, Clause 2.8.5.
3 Rates for pipes shall include for the following:
i. Staking out, field surveying and preparation of shop
and coordination drawings.
ii. Pipe fittings, specials and couplings.
iii. Transportation to and hauling about the Site, loading,
unloading and lowering materials in the trench.
IV. Lubricating agent used for assembling the pipe sections.
v. Cutting, machining, chamfering, etc. of standard length
pipes.
vi. Assembling the pipes and couplings and connecting to
inlets, manholes and/or structures as applicable.
vii. Testing as per the specification.
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diameter. Frames shall be provided with openings for fixing bolts
which ensure solid frame embedment into the concrete manhole neck.
Covers and frames shall be coated to BS 3416, Minimum thickness
250 microns. Manholes covers shall have the words "Stormwater
Drainage" inserted, unless instructed otherwise by the Concerned
Authority.
6 Grated inlets and channel gratings and frames shall comply
with BS EN 124 or equivalent. Grated inlet grating shall have a clear
open area of not less than 600x600 mm and shall be coated to BS
3416. Minimum thickness 250 microns. The Contractor shall submit
manufacturer's details of the proposed grated inlet grating and frame
for prior approval by the Engineer.
7 Bricks shall be to BS EN771-l. Net volume of clay masonry
units shall be determined according to BS EN 772:3. Water
absorption of clay masonry shall be determined according to BS EN
772:7.
8 Steel ladders shall be mild steel to BS 4211 , galvanized to BS
EN ISO 1461 with 200 grams ofzinc per square meter.
9 GRP ladders shall be obtained from an approved experienced
manufacturer, fabricated to an approved pattern and purpose made to
suit the depth of each installation as shown on the Drawings. The
ladders shall be drilled for wall fixing at both ends and additional

( viii.
1x.
Ancillary works and materials.
Flushing, cleaning, painting, lining and coating.
intermediate fixing connections shall be provided at centers not
greater than 1.5 meters. Rungs shall be at 300 mm centers and at a
distance of not less than 150 mm from the wall.
8.2.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities i. The resins, glasses and synthetic fabrics used in the
manufacture of the ladders shall be chosen to produce a
i. Storm sewer (type) (diameter) (lin.m.) chemically resistant product with a resin-rich surface
layer suitable for use in aggressive atmospheres likely
8.3 Manholes, Inlets and Chambers to the encountered in sewers and sewage pumping
stations.
8.3.1 Description ii. Rungs of tubular construction shall be no less than 30
( This Sub-section specifies works related to manholes, grate
mm outer diameter and stringers shall be of a
rectangular or channel section, no less than 70 mm x 25
inlets, chambers, grated channels, curb inlets, ditch inlets and ditch
mm in size. The upper face of non-tubular rungs shall
outlets.
be finished with a non-slip surface such as silica sand.
All remaining surfaces shall be free of sharp edges,
8.3.2 Materials
protrusions etc.
Concrete, reinforcing steel and reinforced concrete shall iii. Each rung shall be able to withstand a point load of
conform to the requirements of Sub-sections 5.I , 5.2 and 5.3 5000N.
respectively. Structural steel and other metalwork shall conform to iv. When supported horizontally over a span of 1 m with
Sub-section 6.2. the climbing face uppermost and with a load of 1000 N
2 Plain (blinding) and reinforced concrete shall be Class 15 and applied at the center of the span the ladder shall not
25, respectively. Cement shall be ordinary Portland cement to BS EN deflect more than 15 mm at the point of application of
197. the load and shall show no permanent deflection after
3 Concrete manholes shall comply with BS EN 1917 and BS removal of the load. Each ladder fixing shall be
5911 Part 3. Thickness shall be as indicated on the Drawings. capable of withstanding shear and pull-out loads of
5000 N.
4 Manholes and chambers covers, gratings and frames shall
v. All ladders shall comply with BS 5395: Part 3. All
comply with BS EN 124 or equivalent. Two sets of lifting keys
fixings shall be stainless steel.
shall be supplied with each removable cover. Covers and frames
shall be non-rock, locking, solid top. Grades shall be as follows: 10 Fixing bolts shall be steel, type suitable for particular purpose
i. For roadways: heavy duty test load 40 tons. and use and to approval. When used to fix galvanized material,
ii. For sidewalks, carriage drive and cycle tracks: medium washers are to be galvanized and fixing bolts and nuts cut to pre-
duty test load 25 tons. plating limits and electroplated with zinc to BS ENISO 2081.
iii. For footpaths and fields: light duty, test load 7 tons. 11 Steel castings shall be mild to medium strength castings and
5 Manhole covers shall be of circular pattern unless otherwise shall conform to AASHTO Ml03MIM103. Unless otherwise shown
indicated on Drawings with a clear opening of not less than 560 mm on the Drawings or instructed by the Engineer, castings shall be

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grade 65-35 fully annealed. Steel castings shall conform to the
dimensions shown on the Drawings. Test bars shall be prepared and
tested as specified in AASHTO MI03MIM103.
12 Mortar for masonry shall be mixed in the proportions 1:3
(cement::sand) by volume, or 1:4:4 (cement; lime: sand). The sand
shall be well graded.
13 The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer manufacturers'
Certificates of Guarantee for steel, cast iron cast steel and wrought
iron parts, stating that the materials supplied meet the applicable
AASHTO or ASTM specification and Standards. The submission of
such test certificates shall not relieve the Contractor of his
obligations to carry out independent tests at an approved laboratory,
as directed by the Engineer, at his own expense.
8.3.3 Construction Requirements
All excavation and backfill shall conform to the requirements
of Sub-Sections 2.7 and 2.8.
2 Form work for cast in place concrete chambers, and the placing,
curing, and protection of the concrete shall conform to the
requirements of Sub-section 5.3, Clause 5.3.3.
8.3.3.1 Manholes
Precast units shall be cast in steel watertight forms at least 3
weeks before sections are used. Lowest unit shall be bedded on in
situ concrete base and bed and haunch in cement mortar. Joints of
units shall be liberally coated with approved bituminous material of
troweling grade prior to fixing. Joints shall be filled solid and neatly
stroked off surplus compound. Work shall remain undistutbed for 7
days thereafter. Alternatively joints may be sealed with approved
preformed jointing strip in accordance with manufacturer's
instructions. The precast concrete cover slab shall be bedded in
cement mortar on the top unit.
2 Channels in bottom of manhole shall be smooth, semi-circular
and sized equal to diameter of adjacent sewers. For straight through
manholes, channels of half pipe sections shall be installed. Changes
in direction of flow shall be made with smooth curves as large as
manholes permit. Changes in size and grade of channels shall be
gradual and even.
3 Benching shall be formed with sulfate resisting concrete Class
25/20 to rise vertically from top of channels to a height not less than
soffit of outlet pipe, then it shall be sloped upwards 1 in 10 to walls.
Floating shall then be carried out within 3 hours with a coat of
sulfate resisting cement -sand mortar 1:2. Smooth finishing shall then
be accomplished with a steel trowel. For concrete strength, refer to
structural specifications.
4 Manholes and chambers shall be coated externally with three
layers of asphaltic composition that shall be applied by brush in
accordance with manufacturer's instructions. Minimum thickness
shall be 600 microns.
5 Internal faces of manholes and chambers shall be coated with
four coats of coal tar epoxy paint, 70% epoxy and 30% coal tar. The
coating shall be applied by brush in accordance with manufacturer's
instructions. Minimum thickness shall be 1000 microns.
6 Adjustment oflevel shall be accomplished with top courses of
brickwork or concrete rings after completion of surrounding levels.
Final levels shall be even and accurate.
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7 The Contractor shall test manholes as follows:
i. Plug manhole inlets and outlets.
ii. Fill manhole with water and allow it to stand for at least
24 hours or such longer period to allow for complete
absorption.
iii. Re-top with water.
iv. Allowable leakage over 24 hours shall not to exceed
1% of total volume of manhole, otherwise necessary
repair and re-testing shall be carried to achieve the
required results.
8.3.3.2 Chambers for Grated Inlets, Curb Inlets and Ditch
Inlets and Outlets
Construction shall be in situ concrete, precast concrete or
blockwork as indicated on the Drawings.
2 Brick and blockwork shall be laid on a full bed of mortar.
Whole bricks and blocks shall be used except where closers must be
cut.
3 Courses (layers of concrete blockwork) shall be stepped back
and not raised above the general wall level more than 900 mrn.
Courses shall be horizontal. Reinforcement in the masonry shall be
fully embedded in the mortar joint.
4 If pointing is required, the joint shall be raked out to a depth of
12mm after completion of the entire face.
5 Brick and blockwork shall be protected by impermeable
sheeting or damp cloth for 3 days after completion oflaying.
6 The nearest pipe line joint to any chamber or grated inlet shall
be not more than 500mrn from the inner wall face and shall not be
restricted by concrete or masonry from the structure.
8.3.3.3 Ironwork
Frames for covers and gratings shall be solidly bedded in
mortar and fixed firmly using fixing bolts. They shall be positioned
centrally over the opening and level and square with surrounding
finishes. Covers shall be set in position to prevent twisting.
2 The upper surface of grated inlet gratings shall be flat. Slots
shall not be parallel to traffic flow unless the slots are less than
150mm long or less than 20mm wide.
8.3.3.4 Cleaning
Manholes, grated inlets, grated channels, curb inlets, ditch
inlets and ditch outlets shall be thoroughly cleaned on completion,
and shall be free from dirt and debris at the time of final inspection.
8.3.4 Method of Measurement
Manholes and inlets shall be measured by the number of each
structure constructed and installed including the supply and
installation of chambers, frames, grates, covers and ladders as
applicable. Grated channels shall be measured per linear meter.
2 No separate measurement or payment shall be made for any
other concrete works, excavation, shoring, sheeting or backfilling, or
for breaking into existing pipes or culverts in order to install new
manholes, chambers, inlets and the like. All such work prescribed in
this Sub-section shall not be measured for direct payment, but shall
be considered as subsidiary work, the costs of which shall
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be deemed to be included in the unit rates for manholes etc. stated in
the Bill of Quantities.
Pipe Material Pipe Standard
3 No separate payment shall be made for blinding, painting,
equipment, forms, tools, furnishing and placing materials, labor, Ductile Iron BS EN 545 [I]
transport, or any other item necessary for the proper completion of BS EN 1452 [9] or to DIN 8061/8062,
the work. All such items prescribed in this Sub-section shall not be uPVC
Series 4 and 5
measured for direct payment, but shall be considered as subsidiary
ISO 4427, DIN 8074/8075 or AWW A
work, the costs of which shall be deemed to be included in the unit Polyethylene (PE)
C906 Class I 0
rates for manholes etc. stated in the Bill of Quantities.
Table 8A.2- I: Drainage Pipe Standards for Bridge Deck
8.3.5 Basis of Payment
2 Pipes for filter drains shall be to the standards listed in Table
The amount of completed and accepted work measured as 8.4.2.2 or equivalent and as specified in Clause 8.2.2.
provided for above, will be paid for at the unit rates of 'Manholes',
'Grated Inlets', 'Curb Inlets', 'Grated Channels', 'Ditch Inlets' and Pipe Material Pipe Standard
'Ditch Outlets' in the Bill of Quantities, which rates shall be full uPVC DIN 8061 Class 10 kg/cm2
compensation for excavation, installation, fitting, testing, backfilling, ASTM D3035and ASTM
supplying materials, labor, transport, equipment, forms, tools and Polyethylene (PE)
F894
other items necessary for the proper completion of the work.
Vitrified clay BS 65
8.3.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities AASHTO M175MIM175 or
Concrete
ASTMC444M
i. Manholes (size and type) nr.
Table 8A.2.2: Drainage Pipe Standards for Filter 01·ains
nr.
( ii. Grated Inlet (type)
8.4.2.3 Drainage Backfilling
iii. Curb inlet (type) nr.
Permeable backfilling to structures shall be crushed rock or
iv. Ditch inlet (type) nr.
precast porous concrete blocks to BS 6073-2 laid in stretcher bond
v. Ditch outlet (type) nr. with dry joints. The minimum thickness of backfilling shall be
225mm.
vi. Chamber (type and depth) nr.
2 Granular backfill to structures shall be natural sand and gravel
vii Grated Channel (width and depth) lin.m. or with a particle size distribution as given in Table 8.4.2.3.

AASHTO sieve size ~. passing (by mass)

8.4 Drainage of Structur·es
75.0mm 100
8.4.1 Description 37.5 mm 85-100
This Sub-section describes requirements for gully and channel 9.5 mm 45-100
gratings and frames on bridge decks, subways and underpasses with
the associated pipework. It includes the supply and placing of 4.75 mm 25-85
permeable drainage backfilling to structures. Table 8A.2.3: Granular Batklill to Structure

8.4.2 Materials 8.4.3 Construction Requirements

8.4.2.1 Gully and Channel Gratings and Frames
Gully and channel gratings and frames shall be heavy duty
with locking and shall conform to the requirements ofBS EN 124 or
equivalent. Integral hoppers shall be of the same grade and quality as
the gully or channel grate and frame. Molded uPVC or GRP shall be
to the approval of the Engineer who may require material and load
testing.
8.4.2.2 Pipes
Pipes used in bridge decks shall be to the standards listed in
Table 8.4.2.1 or equivalent with a minimum internal diameter of
IOOmm.
Drainage pipes cast into the concrete structure shall be firmly
supported to prevent their displacement during the concreting
operation. Pipes located within the cellular sections of a bridge deck
where access after completion of the deck is limited, shall be
installed, tested and approved by the Engineer before the deck
construction is allowed .to proceed to the stage where access to the
pipes will not be possible
2 Pipe joints in bridge decks shall be flexible and watertight
Seals and gaskets shall be appropriate for the pipe material- used.
3 Joints between bridge deck waterproofing and drainage
components shall be watertight and the sealants shall be compatible
with the waterproofmg system.

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4 Granular drainage backfill shall be placed and compacted in

accordance with Sub-section 2.5, Paragraph 2.5.4.2.
5 Drainage pipes and connections in bridge decks shall be tested
for water tightness on completion in accordance with Clause 8.2.3.
6 All excavation and backfill shall conform to the requirements
of Sub-Sections 2.3 - ' Roadway Excavation' and 2.7- ' Excavation
and Backfilling for Structures.
7 PE pipes installation shall be in accordance to ASTM 02321
and manufacturer's recommendations.

8.4.4 Method of Measurement

Gully gratings and frames shall be measured by number; each
type shall be measured separately
2 Pipework shall be measured in linear meters, measured as the
actual length installed, including nominal length of bends and
fittings; each type and size shall be measured separately.
3 Permeable backfilling shall be measured in cubic meters of the
volume placed in position.
4 Granular backfill shall be measured in cubic meters of the
volume placed in position.
5 No separate measurement shall be made for blinding, painting,
equipment, forms, tools, furnishing and placing materials, labor, or
any other item necessary for the proper completion of the work. All
such items prescribed in this Sub-section shall be considered as
subsidiary work, the costs of which shall be deemed to be included in
the rates and prices stated in the Bill of Quantities.

8.4.5 Basis of Payment

The amount of completed and accepted work measured as
provided for above, will be paid for at the unit rate for the various
items of'Drainage for Structures' in the Bill of Quantities, which rate
shall be full compensation for supplying, fabricating, connecting and
testing, and for labor, transport, materials, equipment, tools, and
other items necessary for the completion of the work.

8.4.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities

i. Gully grate and frame (type) nr.

ii. Drainage pipe in structure

(type) (diameter) (location) lin.m.

iii. Permeable backfilling cu.m.

iv. Granular backfill cu.m.

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