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Bio-effectiveness and Sludge Free Deep Shaft Reactor based on Sequential

Fluidized Beds in Biological Aerobic Wastewater Treatment developed in the
Republic of Panamá.

Article · April 2013

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Bio- effectiveness and Sludge Free Deep Shaft Reactor based on Sequential Fluidized
Beds in Biological Aerobic Wastewater Treatment developed in the Republic of
Panamá.

Author names and affiliations:

CARLA LAUCEVICIUS, Department of Research and Development, INISA Ambiental, P.O. Box. 0832-0744 WTC,
Republic of Panamá, e-mail: ca.laucevicius@inisapanama.com
TANIA MAURE, Department of Chemical, Toth Research & Lab, P.O. Box. 0832-0744 WTC, Republic of Panamá, e-mail:
tmaure@inisapanama.com

Corresponding author:
CARLA LAUCEVICIUS, MD, MSc. Department of Research and Development, INISA Ambiental, PO Box. 0832-0744
WTC, Republic of Panamá, e-mail: ca.laucevicius@inisapanama.com, phone number: +507-366-3350, fax number: +507-396-
7408

Abstract:
The objective of this study is to evaluate the biological effectiveness of organic matter elimination, in a biological wastewater
treatment, based on extended aeration applied widely in the Republic of Panama. The System uses a deep shaft reactor that
promotes the fluidization of the matter and the formation of fluidized beds by controlled form, allowing almost total inhibition
of the bacterial competition when stoichiometric variables are controlled in biotic niches. The study use parameters that focus
on treated water production - conductivity, BOD5, COD, total solids, turbidity and sludge production - by a period of 20
weeks, in a statistical sample of installed and operation systems population for the calculation of the effectiveness. The results
obtained in the analyses were compared to theoretical and normative referential values based in 90% design system efficiency.
The results bring a statistical significance bioeffectiveness of 89,92%, indicating high efficacy (quality) and no need of sludge
handling (quantity), in the evaluated system. These results allow conducting precise studies of the technology, with more
investment and focusing on the technical character, since it demonstrates the applicability and great potential research to
development countries in water security and sustainable development fields.

Keywords:
Deep Reactor, Fluidization, Fluidized Beds, Biotic Niches, Effectiveness, Sludge Production

Abbreviations:
BOD5: Biological Oxygen Demand in 5 days P: Sludge Production
COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand Y: Yield Observation
TDS: Total Disolved Solids Q: flowrate
EC: Electrical Conductivity S: BOD or COD
TS: Total Solids
1. Introduction

The fluidized bed is a physical phenomenon that Kunii & Levenspiel (1991) used for mechanical particle classification
according size, forms and density, using innumerable variables, of which we emphasized the bubbles, and promoting the
location of equivalent masses substrates in specific points of the fluidizator system by criteria. According to physical models
proposed by Harrison & Leung (1961), when a bubble is formed, it moves the material upwards, creating a balance between
the flotation force and the inertia of the material surrounding the bubble. The diameter of the bubbles alters, as they hit during
their distribution by the vertical axis, as Darton & La Nauze (1977) studies, and promotes axial particle stratification. In
organic and colonized platform, the stratification of the fluidized bed provokes the selective bacterial activity, characteristic of
Gerardi (2006) biotic niches. In these biological habitats, the bacteria place themselves, according to the substrate availability,
oxygenation and temperature, avoiding competition between species, as Cheremisinoff (1996) describe, and using
effectiveness the sources provided by the environment for their growth and multiplication, like in Rougharden (1979) Theory.
The residual water is an organic platform that can be fluidized and present particular characteristics that allows the
identification of the bacterial metabolic activity since the reduction of the organic components determines the capacity of
oxidation of the matter by chemical and biological activities. The Panamerican Health Organization (PAHO, 2006) determine,
in developed countries, each inhabitant contributes 54 kg/day of substance that can be oxidized biologically and determine the
Biochemical Demand of Oxigeno (DBO).
With the promulgation of the Panamanian Environmental General Law (1998), the 82nd article it was determined, that all users
who take advantage of the hydric resources are forced to make the necessary work for their conservation, of determined
permissible values of effluents discharge according Technical Regulation DGNIT from 2000 year. Over 60% of the
Panamanian population live in urban areas, 82% corresponding to domestic activity, with accumulated population growth of
16% in the last 10 years (rate of growth: approximated 1.43% in 2011), results by INEC (2010). These characteristics, added
to the need of the fulfillment of the law to apply, created a big development of modular wastewater treatment systems, because
it demanded greater efficiency to the wastewater treatment. In addition, Third World Countries lack of funds and the
inefficiency in the installation of a conventional treatment, contributed to the enhancement of the law.
The system object of the present study, is denominated CORÓH® SYSTEM, whose development and design came from the
exposed principles of fluids dynamics, fluidized beds and biological niches; composing a Deep-shaft Biological Aerobic
Reactor. It consists of four individual and contiguous tanks, that promote the flow of the residual water without recycling, as
shown in the fig. 1. The homogenization tank makes the homogenous mixture of the affluent and it is conduce to the deep-
shaft reactor tank that, in agreement with the experiment done by Jackson and Shen (1978), offers minor energy consumption
in the discharge oxygenation capacity, low cost and low maintenance, elevating the partial pressure and the Oxygen solubility;
distributing the fluid to the sedimentation tank and through a secondary filtration/percolation treatment.

Fig. 1 – Flow-chart of CORÓH® System

In the conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment, Eriksson (1991) determine before oxidation began, the homogenate
organic matter is agglutinated in flocks that aggregate itself transforming into sludge. In the studied system, the flocculation
stage is continuous in the homogenization tank, not allowing the formation of aggregates, conducing the flocks to a sequential
circuit inside the deep-shaft.
The mass of biological sludge assumes a linear formation during the conventional activated sludge process described in
Metcalf & Eddy (2002) and needs devices for handling and disposition of sludge. In the studied system, such use of
descendent flow conduction of the flocks by Potter & Wiggert (2002) with sequential Gibilaro’s (2001) fluidization dynamics
and Contois (1959) Oxygen availability control; occurs a digestion that can be described as non-linear function, according to
Devaney (1989), forming dynamic, thermodynamic and biochemical systems characterized by adaptation to the change and
stability, similar to a sigmoid function in a isomorphism concept of Rapoport (1966). The logistic phase is proportional to the
shaft depth and the decay phase forms the digestion of the organic matter. The set of simultaneous linear equations
circumscribes a complex and organized attribute to the existence of strong interactions, being logically nonhomogenous and
representing different conceptual models and technical mathematics, which defy the referential theories.
The flocks are placed in different fluidized beds, limiting nutrient of bacteria species and the specific growth rate, according
bacteriology Contois study (1959), in function of the population density as well as concentration of nutrient; those are applied
to different bacteria niches formed in the system under analysis, bring the final organic matter bio-oxidation to water, carbonic
gas, ions and energy.
The objective of the present study is to apply classical analytic to determine the effectiveness of the deep-shaft biological
aerobic reactor based on fluidized beds, using applicable principles and measuring the parameters Chemical Demand of
Oxygen (COD), the Biochemical Demand of Oxygen (BOD5), Electrical Conductivity, Total Solids (TS), Turbidity and
Sludge Production as effectiveness indicators of organic compound removal in domestic wastewaters.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Treated Wastewater Samples

The wastewater systems under study consist in a population of 200 CORÓH Systems installed in the Republic of Panama,
whose the affluent is of domestic type. For analysis calculation, the study base on Sampiere (1997) bibliography, where the
sample representative unities of n, are secured on 0.095 standard error and a 95% trust probability, p=95, resulting n= 5,14. Fit
this value to the variability, n´= 5,3, determining a 5 unities statistical sample. The sample selection was by randomized
Microsoft Excel program, configuring this present investigation object and indentified by S -1 to S-5.

2.2. Time of Study

The sample collection in the selected wastewater treatment unities took 20 months. Such constituted monthly quantification of
sludge and each four month parameter characterization. The analysis samples were collected in the inspection box placed in
the end-pipe of each wastewater treatment system. Are used glass and polypropylene bottles to the sample storage, it was
refrigerated at 4ºC and send to ISO 17025 (2005) certified laboratory to analysis.

2.3. Indicator Parameters

Conventional studies of Metcalf & Eddy (2002) use only BOD removal efficiency % to calculate systems efficiency, however
this study approach go hereafter, by the reason of the studied technology must be feasible for application, and in agreement to
Campbell (1963), effectiveness studies E are more heterogeneous and examines natural variations in the object of study, based
on statistical techniques, showing the equilibrium between efficacy and efficiency, what means, between production quality
(p) and production capacity quantity (pc) (2.1.) in comparing outcomes.
(2.1)
The study parameters of production and production capacity are characterized by one mole of cells from organic compound
aerobic biometabolism in equation 2.2., where X is an ion. So, an organic matter is converted in gas, water, ionic compound
and energy.
(2.2)
Measurement use regular water quality indicator, those have definitions and selection criteria, described in table 1.
Table 1. Indicator Parameters.
PARAMETER DEFINITION (APHA-AWWA-WEF, 2005) SELECTION CRITERIA
EC The measure of ionic activity in a solution. It is compared to Total High values indicate high ion activity and can be relation to
Dissolved Solids by the 2.3 equation. the organic degradation..
TDS (mg/l) = 0,5  EC (mS/cm) 10
3
(2.3.)
BOD5 The Oxygen requirement for the biochemistry organic matter Low values represent low remaining of organic matter after
degradation. biometabolism.
COD The Oxygen requirement of total organic matter or susceptible matter The BOD5/COD relation between 1,25-2,50 indicate
oxidation in a liquid sample. biodegradability.
Total Solids All suspended and dissolved material in a water sample. Determine the High values must be differenced between organic and
biological and physical control of WWT processes. inorganic matter.
Turbidity An optical propriety give by the light absorption in a sample When in relation to suspended solids, it can be an indicator
parameter.
Sludge Biological active mass formed by flocks aggregation The sludge production quantification indicates the sludge
metabolism.

The parameters of effectiveness (E) calculation was evaluated in two distinguish group, p and pc, according sample collection
and analytical technique. The p-Group is the quality and assembles TS, BOD5, COD, EC and Turbidity, five parameter
number (pn), and its efficacy (e) determine the capacity of current system bacteria use the organic matter contained in
wastewater to energy source. The pc-Group brings the quantity and is the efficiency (r) of organic matter metabolism
measured as sludge production. (2.4.)

(2.4)

2.4. Theoretical Value

Efficacy or efficiency is a relation between input and output of a system (3.2.) There is no theoretical value for wastewater
input whose fill the study characteristics in the consulted bibliography, so the reference value must be calculated. For the p-
Group the reference input (inputr) was calculated often the value of selected typical composition of untreated domestic
wastewater of Metcalf & Eddy in the table 2; and the maximum allowed value of wastewater discharge in natural source in
Technical Regulation DGNIT-COPANIT 35 (2000) of Republic of Panama.
Table 2. Typical composition of untreated domestic wastewater.
CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANTS Unit Weak Medium Strong
P Organic mg/L 1 3 5
TSD mg/L 250 500 850
BOD mg/L 110 220 400
COD mg/L 250 500 1000
TS mg/L 350 720 1200
For the pc-Group-2 reference, the study uses the equation 2.3.
P (kg/d) = Y (g/g)  Q (m3/d) (S0-S (g/m3)  103 (2.3)

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Reference Value Calculation

3.1.1. p-Group
The reference value of parameters, inputr and outputr, were acquired and calculated for two different situations: pure-
theoretical (PT) and normative-theoretical (NT) and are described in table 3.
3.1.1.1. Pure-Theoretical:
Under the theoretical value of table 2, the study used the proportion of Phosphorus organic total (1-3-5) to obtain a
exponential equation such x= 3,85. Using the same proportion in the others parameters, it was obtain the graphics at figure 2,
those when the x value was replaced, the study could estimate the PT outputr at determined BOD5 of 280 mg/l as Standard
Contract of CORÓH WWT (2012).

A B

C D

Fig. 2 – Graphics of input typical composition of untreated domestic wastewater (A) BOD5, (B) COD (C), TS and (D) TSD.

3.1.1.2. Normative- Theoretical:

The NT inputr was obtained by 90% design system efficience of the NT outputr of the technical reference DGNIT-COPANIT
35/2000 of Republic of Panama.
Table 3. Input y Output PT and NT Reference Values
PT NT
Contaminants Unit Input (A) Output Input Output (B)
TSD mg/L 750 75 5000 500
EC µS/cm 1500 150 10.000 1000(1)
BOD mg/L 280 28 350 35
COD mg/L 668 67 1000 100
TS mg/L 910 91 5350 535(2)
Turbidity NTU 100 10 300 30
(A)
table 1; (B) RT DGNIT-COPANIT 35/2000; (1) TSD relation; (2) TSD + TSS
By analyzing the effectiveness, it is important to emphasize the difference between PT and NT reference values. Remember
that a reference value is estimated by prediction equations, and is the average of the biggest sample of same characteristics
variables. Not often, there is no uniformity between the different prediction equations used commonly, and finished in a
presentation of a different gamma of reference results, depending on the equation factors choice, where we need to have a
especial look to socio economics criteria.
So, Metcalf & Eddy bibliography pointed that when wrote about its reference values, as used in this study as PT, can only be
used like a intention guide, and it recommends a specific affluent characterization when a wastewater system must be design.
However, the Panamanian law is inflexible and irrevocable when fix the outputr values, under civil and penal disposition about
hydric resources.

3.1.2. pn-Group
According the 2.2 equation, in the table 4 we can appreciated the theoretical calculated value for the sludge production in the
WWT study object.
Table 4. Theoretical calculated value of Sludge Production
S- 1 S- 2 S- 3 S- 4 S- 5
P (kg/d) 4,52 6,00 12,00 12,00 9,08
3.2. Experimental Analysis Results
3.2.1. p-Group
By the experimental output (outpute) single parameter results, analysis statistical of each object system at four month semester
show the average (A), standard deviation (σ) and coefficient of variation (CV) values of table 5.
Table 5. Statistical Analysis of Outpute Results Single Parameter of each object system.
EC (µS/cm) BOD (mg/L) COD (mg/L) TS ( mg/L) Turbidity (NTU)
A σ CV A σ CV A σ CV A σ CV A σ CV
S-1 297.3 72.4 0.24 2.8 0.8 0.30 21.5 2.1 0.09 246.0 179.7 0.73 17.0 14.4 0.84
S-2 190.0 41.9 0.22 15.3 1.6 0.10 25.3 1.1 0.04 124.0 20.2 0.16 2.1 0.9 0.41
S-3 450.0 28.3 0.06 25.3 17.1 0.67 57.3 18.8 0.32 335.7 95.3 0.28 35.0 24.3 0.69
S-4 390.0 129.6 0.33 22.3 11.5 0.51 98.0 50.9 0.52 212.3 64.8 0.30 23.7 12.6 0.53
S-5 482.5 27.9 0.05 6.6 6.3 0.95 29.4 19.2 0.65 239.5 44.4 0.18 17.9 15.7 0.87

The outpute results single parameter were process to obtain a global average (gA), global standard deviation (gσ) and global
coefficient of variation (gCV) given in table 6 of single parameter.
Table 6. Single Parameter Global Average
EC (µS/cm) BOD (mg/L) COD (mg/L) TS ( mg/L) Turbidity (NTU)
gA 362,0 14,5 46,3 231,5 19,1
gσ 119,2 9,7 32,2 75,9 11,9
gCV 0.32 0.67 0.69 0.32 0.62
Using equation 3.1., all single parameter global average were submit to 95% confidence limit (CL). Parameters A, t, σ and n
are, respectively, global average, cumulative distribution function equal 2,78 from Miller’s Statistics (1993), standard
deviation and population; whose are worked at n-1confidence level and is represented at table 7.
(3.1.)
Table 7. CL, Lower and Upper Single Parameter Outpute
EC (µS/cm) BOD (mg/L) COD (mg/L) TS ( mg/L) Turbidity (NTU)
CL 148,2 12,1 40,0 94,4 14,8
Lower Outpute 213,8 2,4 6,3 137,1 4,3
Upper Outpute 510,2 26,6 86,3 325,9 33,9
In the figure 3, it is visible the single parameter outpute behavior in relation of the single parameter outputr TP y TN

Fig. 3 – Single Parameter Outpute Behavior

The efficacy e is the consumed and produced source percentile fraction and it was quantitatively calculated by equation 3.2.,
which used the input PT and NT as reference value (in table 5) and experimental output (in table 6), with the intention to relate
the capacity of deep-shaft reactor object to produce expected results, and is presented as single parameter global efficacy in
table 8.

 (3.2)

Table 8. Single Parameter Individual System Global Effectiveness

EC (µS/cm) BOD (mg/L) COD (mg/L) TS ( mg/L) Turbidity (NTU)
e (%) e (%) e (%) e (%) e (%)
PT NT PT NT PT NT PT NT PT NT
S-1 80.2 97.0 99.0 99.2 96.7 97.9 73.0 95.4 83.0 94.3
S-2 87.3 98.1 94.5 95.6 96.2 97.5 86.4 97.7 79.0 93.0
S-3 70.0 95.5 90.9 92.8 91.4 94.3 63.1 93.7 65.0 88.3
S-4 74.0 96.1 92.0 93.6 85.3 90.2 76.7 96.0 76.3 92.1
S-5 67.8 95.1 97.6 98.1 95.6 97.1 73.7 95.5 82.1 94.0

For calculation of Global Parameter Efficacy, the study use Single Parameter Global Average (table 6) as e Input and Lower
and Upper Single Parameter Outpute (table 7) as e output, numbers those can be appreciated at table 9.

Table 9. Single Parameter Average Effectiveness and Global Parameter Effectiveness

PT NT Global Average
Lower e (%) Average e (%) Higher e (%) Lower e (%) Average e (%) Higher e (%) Lower e (%) Average e (%) Higher e (%)
EC 66 75,9 85,7 94,9 96,4 97,9 80,45 86,15 91,8
BOD 90,5 94,8 99,1 92,4 95,9 99,3 91,45 95,35 99,2
COD 87,1 93,1 99,1 91,4 95,4 99,4 89,25 94,25 99,25
TS 64,2 74,6 84,9 93,9 95,7 97,4 79,05 85,15 91,15
Turbidity 66,1 80,1 95,7 88,7 93,6 98,6 77,4 86,85 97,15
Global Parameter Efficacy (%) 83,52 89,55 95,71

The reference values EC, TS y Turbidity, those have the biggest discrepancy between PT and PN, expose higher impact in
single parameter efficacy, however the Global Parameter Efficacy is within the confidence limits of the study, between
83,52% a 97,71%; and has no decision factor when the study define closer to 90% efficacy. So, although some variations may
be noted over the course of individual parameters, the fluctuations were smaller than the changes observed in the global
analysis. The turbidity measure was affected because the procedure of measurement immediately the sample go against the air
bubble disperse, giving false results; but the methodology study did not permit the use of different technique analysis. All
efficacy results and important observations could be visualized in figure 4.

100
90
80 Minimum
70 Efficacy (%)
60 Average
50 Eficacy (%)
40 Maximun
30 Efficacy (%)
20
10
0

Figure 4. Individual Parameter Efficacy Rate.

 3.2.2. pc-Group
The sludge production P was quantify by the sludge drag, those management was determining by subjective criteria of
operation and maintenance of evaluated systems. All dragged sludge was quantified in kilograms. The sludge production
efficiency r% used the table 4 input and table 10 output.
Table 10. Sludge production output and Efficiency
Pe (Kg/m) Pt r (%)

S- 1 0,295 135,60 99,78

S- 2 0,595 180,00 99,67
S-3 1,820 360,00 99,49
S- 4 2,435 360,00 99,32
S- 5 0,945 272,40 99,65

The results show r% = 99,58% as efficiency sludge removal average, σ = 0,18, CV% = 0,72 y CL = 0,001, indicating almost
zero sludge production, with no system or flow dependency.

3.3. Effectiveness
The effectiveness E was calculated from equation 2.4. and use Tables 9-10 and concluded E=89,92%, whose confidence
interval is 6,005. Those values show near 90% to produce the efficiency design being very effective by repetition in 100(1 –
0.06) % of the cases E will be in the calculated interval, what means, the difference between the reference value and the
experimental analysis is not statistically significant at the 6% level.

4. Conclusions
 The analysis of wastewater treatment has been distorted by conventional parameters attributable exclusively by the
adoption of theories based on linear models. The academic-dogmatic prison of uncontrollable bacterial growth produced
decades of obsolete behavior observing regimes of unrealistic theories and anachronistic references, creating an inflexible
fieldwork methodologies and research laboratories. This dificulties in the scientific evaluation harmed the greatest
potential for technological application in wastewater treatment, introducing treatment process that preaches traditional
optical structures and extremely expensive unnecessary techniques.
 The effectiveness perspective reflects an underlying paradigm shift toward greater concern with variety impacts of
wastewater treatment and toward a corresponding reexamination of what is considered relevant scientific evidence on the
value of practical WWT systems.
 Wastewater treatment systems are designed according to data from the literature. It becomes visibly inconsistent in
compliance with environmental requirements, because there is no individual or applicable cost-effectiveness analysis.
The globalization of the parameters to be considered in the various climatic peculiarities is in breach of regulations and
disappointment with the analysis results expected performance.
 This unconventional studied system demonstrates that scientific basis underlying, using non-traditional holistic
approaches remain viable as a solution to problems of modern origins in big cities and demands sustainable development,
opening the horizon of research in the field. Real analyses redefining methods must be shared and developed, combining
features of efficacy and effectiveness research, and separating conventions such as traditional nonapplicable approaches.

Acknowledgements
The authors wish to express they thanks and appreciation for the interest given by Ingeniería Industrial and INISA Ambiental;
and contribution from Toth Research & Lab for providing the assistance in the collection of water samples and water analysis
management for this research. We would also like to thank SENACYT for promote the R&D and innovation in Republic of
Panamá.
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