3.

1 Define

Reverse osmosis is a common method used to separate dissolved substances from water. This process
is often applied in drinking water filtration to remove salt and other wastes. Reverse osmosis has been
in use since the 1950s and has undergone many advances in technology, particularly effective in the
field of sleep and polymer production [1]. Membranes permeable are often made from materials such
as polymers, carbon fibers, glass fibers, ceramic fibers, synthetic fibers and other types of synthetic
materials. These permeable membranes come in different thicknesses and are designed to remove
different solutes. This reverse osmosis process uses a permeable membrane that allows water
molecules to move and retains almost all large molecules, impurities, etc. such as: dissolved salts,
organic substances, microorganisms, etc. bacteria and pyrogen. [2]

Figure 1: Reverse Osmosis method works

The first, osmosis is a process that occurs in nature due to a difference in concentration, the solution
will move from a low place to a higher concentration without consuming any energy. To reverse this
osmosis process, a pressure is applied to overcome the minimum legal pressure to prevent the solution
from moving across the membrane and this pressure or pressure is called osmotic pressure. As the
auto Gibbs energy in the system decreases, the environmental concentration difference will lead to an
increase in the process kinetics both sides of the membrane decreases. By changing in the direction of
decreasing concentration, osmotic pressure will be created as the solvent moves to a more
concentrated solution.. [2], [3]
3.2 Advantages and limitations of reverse osmosis (RO) method

Desalination technology by reverse osmosis is basically a physical method. This method is widely
known and commonly used in many fields because it brings obvious effects such as: The filter pore
size is much smaller than other filters, making the water purer. Safe for human health and
environmental protection because no toxic chemicals are used to create clean water. Can remove
almost all contaminants and unwanted impurities, producing clean water up to 99% purity. [4]–[6]

Besides, this method still has certain limitations that researchers rely on to improve and optimize
changes: To maintain stable pressure, a pump is required which will consume a lot of electricity and
operating costs. This filter can prevent and remove some minerals and trace elements that are
beneficial to human health, therefore it is necessary to add these substances back into the water after
filtering to improve our health. The initial cost of installing the system is quite expensive. You need to
pay attention to the appropriate time to change and wash the filter, otherwise, it will affect the
effectiveness. [4]–[6]

3.7 Reverse osmosis method among different articles and studies:

First, the article uses a new outstanding technology which is the semi-hollow cake operating mode of
reverse osmosis called closed circuit RO (CC-RO). The article talks in detail, comparing economic
problems and the effectiveness of different applied methods in innovation. reverse osmosis today.
Regarding the advantages of the article's CC-RO method, it helps reduce the amount of energy needed
and the emission of exhaust gases and waste when compared to the FO or MD method. The
disadvantage of this method comes from cost as well as longevity compared to conventional RO
methods. [7]

Next, the second article is a study on the energy-efficient reverse osmosis (EERO) process. This is a
method that combines 1-stage reverse osmosis (SSRO) with 2 or 3 stages (CMCR), the data evaluates
the water recovery rate factors, helps directly reduce pump operating costs, as well as maintenance
fees. Operating at lower pressures will also reduce fixed costs compared to desalination facility
construction costs and minimum energy expenditure capacity (SEC) when not using an energy
recovery device (ERD). However, these advantages of (CMCR) also come with disadvantages. Reuse
also increases interstage pressure, requiring pumps pumping between floors. [8]

The third is research into improvements in membrane permeability in RO systems, the most popular is
saving energy to optimize production costs. The higher the permeability the system will have to
pressurize below the osmotic poduces the same flux under the same applied force and thus reduce the
specific energy consumption (SEC). Throughput in the system is often finitely non-zero, so
researchers consider the impact of maintaining operation at one stage with throughput held constant.
Operating RO with multiple RO stages helps reduce SEC, achieve optimal efficiency and low
throughput, evenly distributed pressure, etc. The impact on SEC across multiple stages and batches of
operations due to improved membrane permeability investigated keeping throughput constant. [9]

In this fourth article are RO advances in improving energy efficiency, productivity and cost
effectiveness. Additionally, significant reductions in energy costs result from operating at lower
pressures and thermodynamics by using a low energy RO (LE-RO) system. Improvements in
membrane materials: graphene oxide (GO) and carbon nanotubes. In general, improvements and
developments in materials, hybrid systems and new configurations have expanded in terms of
increased performance, applications, etc. [10]

The fifth article is about high-pressure reverse osmosis (HPRO) to treat industrial hypersaline brine
with extremely high salinity many times higher than normal seawater. . The design of the modules and
pressure vessels is consistent with HPRO using a variety of load-bearing materials, optimal design at
high pressure, etc. In addition to possible increased costs for system components Auxiliary systems
and piping must be able To increase the electrochemical corrosion resistance of hypersaline and high
pressure environments. To increase the electrochemical corrosion resistance of hypersaline and high
pressure environments in salt water. [11]

Tài liệu tham khảo:

[1] J. J. Feria-Díaz, F. Correa-Mahecha, M. C. López-Méndez, J. P. Rodríguez-Miranda, and J.

Barrera-Rojas, ‘Recent Desalination Technologies by Hybridization and Integration with Reverse
Osmosis: A Review’, Water, vol. 13, no. 10, Art. no. 10, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.3390/w13101369.
[2] ‘What is Reverse Osmosis: Definition, Principle, Working, Examples’, Toppr-guides. Accessed:
Nov. 05, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.toppr.com/guides/chemistry/thermodynamics-
reactions/reverse-osmosis/
[3] A. L. LLC, ‘Puretec Industrial Water | Deionized Water Services and Reverse Osmosis Systems’.
Accessed: Nov. 05, 2023. [Online]. Available: //puretecwater.com
[4] Tech G. W., ‘Khử mặn nước biển của Pro và Con bằng cách sử dụng thẩm thấu ngược cho nước
uống’, Genesis Water Technologies. Accessed: Nov. 30, 2023. [Online]. Available:
https://vi.genesiswatertech.com/blog-%C4%91%C4%83ng-b%C3%A0i/%c6%afu-v%c3%a0-nh
%c6%b0%e1%bb%a3c-%c4%91i%e1%bb%83m-c%e1%bb%a7a-kh%e1%bb%ad-m%e1%ba
%b7n-n%c6%b0%e1%bb%9bc-bi%e1%bb%83n-b%e1%ba%b1ng-th%e1%ba%a9m-th%e1%ba
%a5u-ng%c6%b0%e1%bb%a3c-cho-n%c6%b0%e1%bb%9bc-u%e1%bb%91ng/
[5] ‘Pros And Cons Of Seawater Desalination Using Reverse Osmosis For Drinking Water |
Environmental XPRT’. Accessed: Nov. 30, 2023. [Online]. Available:
https://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/pros-and-cons-of-seawater-desalination-using-
reverse-osmosis-for-drinking-water-811507
[6] Shook, ‘9 Advantages of Reverse Osmosis (RO) System’, Newater. Accessed: Nov. 11, 2023.
[Online]. Available: https://www.newater.com/9-advantages-of-reverse-osmosis-system/
[7] G. Amy et al., ‘Membrane-based seawater desalination: Present and future prospects’,
Desalination, vol. 401, pp. 16–21, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2016.10.002.
[8] ‘Energy-efficient reverse osmosis desalination process’, Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 473,
pp. 177–188, Jan. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.09.005.
[9] M. Joshi and J. Swaminathan, ‘Reverse osmosis membrane and module improvement roadmap
for maximum impact’, Desalination, vol. 554, p. 116511, May 2023, doi:
10.1016/j.desal.2023.116511.
[10]V. Somashekar, A. V. Anand, V. Hariprasad, E. M. Elsehly, and M. Kapulu, ‘Advancements in
saline water treatment: a review’, Water Reuse, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 475–491, Aug. 2023, doi:
10.2166/wrd.2023.065.
[11] D. M. Davenport, A. Deshmukh, J. R. Werber, and M. Elimelech, ‘High-Pressure Reverse
Osmosis for Energy-Efficient Hypersaline Brine Desalination: Current Status, Design
Considerations, and Research Needs’, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 467–475,
Aug. 2018, doi: 10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00274.