الترجمة والملف الاصلي

University of Diyala
College of Science
Department of Computer Science
MOBILE COMPUTING for

Computer Science
Fourth Class
Second Term
Lecture 2
Mobile Communication
made by Echo https://t.me/mkfrbot
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University of Diyala College of Science Department of Computer Science
‫ﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ دﻳﺎﻻ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟ‬
MOBILE COMPUTING for Computer Science
‫ﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻨﻘﻠﺔ ل ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟ‬
Fourth Class Second Term Lecture 2 Mobile Communication
‫ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺘﻨﻘﻠﺔ‬2 ‫ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮة‬‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧ‬
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MOBILE COMPUTING Dr. Khalid Mohammed
Chapter 2. Mobile Communication College of Science / University of Diyala
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)
GSM is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. GSM (Global System
for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephony system that is widely used in
Europe and other parts of the world.
In 1982, the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations

(CEPT) created the Groupe Special Mobile (GSM) to develop a standard for a mobile
telephone system that could be used across Europe. In 1989, GSM responsibility was
transferred to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and phase I of
the GSM specifications were published in 1990.
The first GSM network was launched in 1991 by Radiolinja in Finland with joint technical
infrastructure maintenance from Ericsson. The proposed GSM system had to meet certain
business objectives:
 Support for International Roaming

 Good Speech Quality
 Ability to support handheld terminals
 Low terminal and service cost.
 Spectral Efficiency
GSM uses a combination of FDMA and TDMA. The GSM system has an allocation of 50
MHz bandwidth in the 900 MHz frequency band. Using FMA, this band is divided into
124 channels each with a carrier bandwidth of 200 KHz. Using TDMA, each of these
channels is further divided into 8 time slots. Therefore with combination of FDMA and
TDMA we can realize a maximum of 992 channels for transmit and receive.
Cell: Cell is the basic service area: one BTS covers one cell. Each cell is given a Cell
Global Identity (CGI), a number that uniquely identifies the cell.
Location Area: A group of cells form a Location Area. This is the area that is paged when
a subscriber gets an incoming call. Each Location Area is assigned a Location Area Identity
(LAI). Each Location Area is served by one or more BSCs.
1
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MOBILE COMPUTING Dr. Khalid Mohammed Department of Computer Science Chapter 2 . Mobile
Communication College of Science / University of Diyala 1
1 ‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ دﻳﺎﻻ‬/ ‫ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺘﻨﻘﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم‬. 2 ‫ﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻨﻘﻠﺔ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟ‬
GSM ( Global System for Mobile Communication) GSM is the most popular standard for mobile phones
in the world. GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephony system that
is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world.
‫ )اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤ‬GSM .‫ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬‫ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎر اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻓ‬GSM (‫ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺘﻨﻘﻠﺔ‬‫ )اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤ‬GSM
‫ أوروﺑﺎ وأﺟﺰاء أﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ‬‫ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ ﻓ‬‫ ﻟﻠﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻋﻠ‬‫ اﻟﺮﻗﻤ‬‫ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ( ﻫﻮ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻔ‬
.‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
In 1982, the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) created
the Groupe Special Mobile (GSM) to develop a standard for a mobile telephone system that could be
used across Europe. In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI) and phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990.
Groupe Special ‫( أﻧﺸﺄ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬CEPT) ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ﻴﺔ واﻟﻼﺳﻠ‬‫ ﻹدارات اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ واﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﺴﻠ‬‫ اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻷوروﺑ‬، 1982 ‫ ﻋﺎم‬‫ﻓ‬
‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ‬، 1989 ‫ ﻋﺎم‬‫ ﻓ‬.‫ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء أوروﺑﺎ‬‫ﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻓ‬‫( ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﻴﺎر ﻟﻠﺠﻮال ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤ‬Mobile (GSM
.1990 ‫ ﻋﺎم‬‫ ﻓ‬GSM ‫ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻢ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬‫( واﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟ‬ETSI) ‫ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻷوروﺑﻴﺔ‬‫ ﻧﻘﻞ إﻟ‬GSM
The first GSM network was launched in 1991 by Radiolinja in Finland with joint technic al infrastructure
maintenance from Ericsson. The proposed GSM system had to meet certain business objectives: 
Support for International Roaming  Good Speech Quality
.‫ﺴﻮن‬‫ ﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪا ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ آل ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ إرﻳ‬‫ ﻓ‬Radiolinja ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬1991 ‫ ﻋﺎم‬‫ ﻓ‬GSM ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺗﻢ إﻃﻼق أول ﺷﺒ‬
‫ﻼم اﻟﺠﻴﺪة‬‫ ﺟﻮدة اﻟ‬ ‫ دﻋﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﻮال اﻟﺪوﻟ‬ :‫ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ أﻫﺪاف اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬‫ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮح أن ﻳﻔ‬GSM ‫ ﻧﻈﺎم‬‫ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠ‬
 Ability to support handheld terminals  Low terminal and service cost.  Spectral Efficiency GSM uses
a combination of FDMA and TDMA. The GSM system has an allocation of 50 MHz bandwidth in the 900
MHz frequency band. Using FMA, this band is divided into
FDMA ‫ﺎ ﻣﻦ‬‫ ﻣﺰﻳﺠ‬GSM ‫ﻔﺎءة اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬‫ اﻟ‬ .‫ﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬‫ اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ دﻋﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ‬‫ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠ‬
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻫﺬه‬، FMA ‫ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬.MHz 900 ‫ ﻧﻄﺎق ﺗﺮدد‬‫ ﻓ‬MHz ‫ ﻋﺮض اﻟﻨﻄﺎق اﻟﺘﺮددي‬50 ‫ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ‬GSM ‫ ﻧﻈﺎم‬.TDMA ‫و‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮﻗﺔ إﻟ‬
124 channels each with a carrier bandwidth of 200 KHz. Using TDMA, each of these channels is f urther
divided into 8 time slots. Therefore with combination of FDMA and TDMA we can realize a maximum of
992 channels for transmit and receive. Cell: Cell is the basic service area: one BTS covers one cell.
Each cell is given a Cell Global Identity (CGI) , a number that uniquely identifies the cell.
8 ‫ إﻟ‬urther ‫ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻘﻨﻮات ﺗﻘﺴﻢ‬، TDMA ‫ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬.‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ‬200 ‫ﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺮض اﻟﻨﻄﺎق اﻟﺘﺮددي اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ‬‫ ﻗﻨﻮات ﻟ‬124
‫ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻫ‬:‫ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬.‫ ﻟﻺرﺳﺎل واﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‬‫ ﻗﻨﺎة ﻛﺤﺪ أﻗﺼ‬992 ‫ﻨﻨﺎ أن ﻧﺪرك‬‫ ﻳﻤ‬TDMA ‫ و‬FDMA ‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺰﻳﺞ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ﻓﺘﺤﺎت زﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻞ‬‫ وﻫﻮ رﻗﻢ ﻳﺤﺪد اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺸ‬، (CGI) ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ إﻋﻄﺎء ﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬.‫ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ واﺣﺪة‬BTS ‫ ﻳﻐﻄ‬:‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
.‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪ‬
Location Area: A group of cells form a Location Area. This is the area that is paged when a subscriber
gets an incoming call. Each Location Area is assigned a Location Area Identity (LAI). Each Location
Area is served by one or more BSCs.
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‪ :‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﺸ‪‬ﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‪ .‬ﻫﺬه ﻫ‪ ‬اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘ‪ ‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك ﻋﻠ‪ ‬ﻣ‪‬ﺎﻟﻤﺔ‬
‫واردة‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻫﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ )ﻻي(‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ واﺣﺪ أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒ‪‬ﺎﻟﻮرﻳﻮس‪.‬‬
‫)‪Page (2‬‬
GSM Architecture
Fig. GSM Architecture overview
Abbreviations
MSC: Mobile switching center
BSC: Base station controller
BTS: Base transceiver station
TRX: Transceiver.
MS : Mobile station
OMC: Operations and Maintenance Centre.
PSTN: Public switched telephone network.
BSS: Base station sub-system.
HLR: Home location register
VLR: Visitor locations register
AUC: Authentication Centre
EIR: Equipment Identity Register.
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GSM Architecture Fig. GSM Architecture overview
GSM ‫ اﻟﻌﻤﺎرة‬‫ ﻧﻈﺮة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠ‬.‫ﻞ‬‫ اﻟﺸ‬GSM ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎرة‬
Abbreviations MSC: Mobile switching center BSC: Base station controller BTS: Base transceiver station
TRX: Transceiver. MS : Mobile station
‫ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻹرﺳﺎل واﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‬:BTS ‫ﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬‫ وﺣﺪة ﺗﺤ‬:‫ﺎﻟﻮرﻳﻮس‬‫ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل ﺑ‬:MSC ‫اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎرات‬
‫ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل‬:MS .‫ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻹرﺳﺎل واﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‬:TRX ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳ‬
OMC: Operations and Maintenance Centre. PSTN: Public switched telephone network. BSS: Base station
sub -system. HLR: Home location register VLR: Visitor locations register AUC: Authentication Centre
‫ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬:HLR .‫ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬‫ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻔﺮﻋ‬:BSS .‫ﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬‫ ﺷﺒ‬:PSTN .‫ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت واﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬:OMC
‫ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﻤﺼﺎدﻗﺔ‬:AUC ‫ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺰوار‬:VLR ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‬
EIR: Equipment Identity Register.
.‫ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻫﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات‬:EIR
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GSM network can be divided into 4 groups.
1- MS (Mobile Station)
An MS is used by a mobile subscriber to communicate with the mobile network. Several
types of MSs exist, each allowing the subscriber to make and receive calls.
Manufacturers of MS offer a variety of design and features to meet the need of different
market.
The mobile station consists of:

 Mobile Equipment (ME)
 Subscriber identity module (SIM)
Fig. GSM Mobile Terminal
ME (Mobile Equipment)
“Cellular phone without SIM card”
The mobile equipment has a unique international mobile equipment identity (IMEI)
which is used by EIR. The numbers of GSM terminal types are defined within the GSM
specification. They are distinguished primarily by their power output rating. The range or
coverage area of an MS is dependent on the output power capabilities and consequently
different ranges. For example, hand held MSs have a lower output power and shorter range
than car-installed MSs with a roof mounted antenna.
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GSM network can be divided into 4 groups. 1- MS (Mobile Station) An MS is used by a mobile
subscriber to communicate with the mobile network. Several types of MSs exist, each allowing the
subscriber to make and receive calls.
‫ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ‬‫ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﻓ‬MS ‫ )ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل( ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬MS -1 .‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت‬4 ‫ إﻟ‬GSM ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﺒ‬‫ﻳﻤ‬
.‫ﺎﻟﻤﺎت‬‫ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﺮك ﺑﺈﺟﺮاء واﺳﺘﻼم اﻟﻤ‬، ‫ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة‬MSS ‫ ﻋﺪﻳﺪ أﻧﻮاع‬.‫ﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل‬‫اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل ﻟﻠﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺷﺒ‬
Manufacturers of MS offer a variety of design and features to meet the need of different market. The
mobile station consists of:  Mobi le Equipment (ME)  Subscriber identity module (SIM)
 :‫ﻮن ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل ﻣﻦ‬‫ ﺗﺘ‬.‫ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺳﻮق‬‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ واﻟﻤﻴﺰات ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟ‬MS ‫ﻳﻘﺪم ﻣﺼﻨﻌﻮ‬
(SIM) ‫ وﺣﺪة ﻫﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك‬ (Mobi le Equipment (ME
Fig. GSM Mobile Terminal ME (Mobile Equipment)
(‫ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل أﻧﺎ )ﻣﻌﺪات اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل‬GSM .‫ﻞ‬‫اﻟﺸ‬
“Cellular phone without SIM card” The mobile equipment has a unique international mobile equipment
identity (IMEI) which is used by EIR. The numbers of GSM terminal types are defined within the GSM
specification. They are distinguished primarily by their power output rating. The range or
‫( اﻟﺬي‬IMEI) ‫ ﻫﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺪات ﻣﺘﻨﻘﻠﺔ دوﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎ‬‫" ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻣﻌﺪات اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل ﻋﻠ‬SIM ‫"ﻫﺎﺗﻒ ﺧﻠﻮي ﺑﺪون ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ اﻟﻤﻘﺎم اﻷول ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ‬‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻓ‬.‫ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ‬GSM ‫ داﺧﻞ‬GSM ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ أﻋﺪاد أﻧﻮاع ﻃﺮﻓ‬.EIR ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق أو‬.‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
coverage area of an MS is dependent on the output power capabilities and consequently different
ranges. For example, h and held MSs have a lower output power and shorter range than car -installed
MSs with a roof mounted antenna.
‫ اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺪ ﺑﻘﺪرة‬MSS ‫ و‬H ‫ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ‬، ‫ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬‫ ﻋﻠ‬.‫ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬‫ ﻗﺪرات ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻹﺧﺮاج وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟ‬‫ ﻋﻠ‬MS ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ‬
.‫ اﻟﺴﻘﻒ‬‫ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠ‬‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻫﻮاﺋ‬‫ اﻟﺘ‬MSS ‫إﺧﺮاج أﻗﻞ وﻧﻄﺎق أﻗﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻴﺎرة‬
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SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)
SIM card used in phones are smart processor cards. It possesses a processor and a small
memory. The SIM stores permanent and temporary data about the mobile, the subscriber
and the network. It contains a serial no, PIN, PUK (Pin Unblocking Key), an
authentication key (Ki), IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity).
The SIM can be plugged into any GSM mobile terminal. This brings the advantages of
security and portability for subscriber. Example: Subscriber A’s mobile terminal may have
been stolen. However, A’s own SIM can be used in another person’s mobile terminal and
the calls will be charged to subscriber A.
Functions of MS
Function of MS is transmission of signal from MS to BTS (using uplink) and reception

of signal from BTS to MS (using down link).
2- BSS (Base Station Subsystem)
BSS contains two components:

 BTS
 BSC
BTS (Base Transceiver Station)
It comprises all radio equipment’s (e.g.: antenna, signal processing & amplifier required
for transmission).It is placed in the center of a cell. Its transmitting power defines the size
of a cell. It is connected to MS via Um interface and connected to BSC via Abis Interface.
It manages the radio resources for BTSs. It handles & handover the radio frequency, radio
channel set up from one BTS to other.
BSC (Base Station Controller)
It connects the BTS and MSC of NSS. It manages radio resources for one or more BTS.
It handles and Handover the radio frequency, radio channel setup from one BTS to another.
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SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) SIM card used in phones are smart processor cards. It possesses a
processor and a small memory. The SIM stores permanent and temporary data about the mobile, the
subscriber and the network. It contains a serial no, PIN, PUK (Pin Unblocking Key), an authentication
key (Ki), IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity).
SIM ‫ ﻳﻘﻮم‬.‫ا ذاﻛﺮة‬‫ﺎ وﺻﻐﻴﺮ‬‫ ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠ‬.‫ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺎت ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ ذﻛﻴﺔ‬‫ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ ﻫ‬‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓ‬SIM ‫ )وﺣﺪة ﻫﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك( ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬SIM
‫ )ﻣﻔﺘﺎح إﻟﻐﺎء‬PUK ، ‫ دﺑﻮس‬، ‫ رﻗﻢ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻠ‬‫ أﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠ‬.‫ﺔ‬‫ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك واﻟﺸﺒ‬، ‫ﺑﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت داﺋﻤﺔ وﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل‬
.(‫ ﻟﻠﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل‬‫ )ﻫﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك اﻟﺪوﻟ‬KI) ، IMSI) ‫ ﻣﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﻤﺼﺎدﻗﺔ‬، (‫ﺣﻈﺮ اﻟﺪﺑﻮس‬
The SIM can be plugged into any GSM mobile terminal. This brings the advantages of security and
portability for subscriber. Example: Subscriber A’s mobile terminal may have been stolen. However,
A’s own SIM can be used in another person’s mobile terminal and the calls will be charged to
subscriber A.
‫ﻮن ﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﺠﻮال‬‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳ‬:‫ ﻣﺜﺎل‬.‫ ﻫﺬا ﻳﺠﻠﺐ ﻣﺰاﻳﺎ اﻷﻣﻦ وﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﺮك‬.GSM Mobile ‫ ﺑﺄي ﻣﺤﻄﺔ‬SIM ‫ﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬‫ﻳﻤ‬
‫ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺸﺨﺺ آﺧﺮ و ﺳﻴﺘﻢ‬‫ ﻓ‬A ‫ اﻟﺨﺎص بـ‬SIM ‫ﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬‫ ﻳﻤ‬، ‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ ﺳﺮﻗﺖ‬A ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﺮك‬
.‫ﺎﻟﻤﺎت ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﺮك أ‬‫ اﻟﻤ‬‫ﻓﺮض رﺳﻮم ﻋﻠ‬
Functions of MS Function of MS is transmission of signal from MS to BTS (using uplink) and reception of
signal from BTS to MS (using down link). 2- BSS (Base Station Subsystem)
MS ‫ إﻟ‬BTS ‫ )ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪة( واﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻣﻦ إﺷﺎرة ﻣﻦ‬BTS ‫ إﻟ‬MS ‫ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻹﺷﺎرة ﻣﻦ‬‫ ﻫ‬MS ‫ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬MS ‫وﻇﺎﺋﻒ‬
(‫ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬‫ )اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻔﺮﻋ‬BSS -2 .(‫)ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺮاﺑﻂ ﻷﺳﻔﻞ‬
BSS contains two components:  BTS  BSC BTS (Base Transceiver Station)
(‫ )ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻹرﺳﺎل واﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل اﻷﺳﺎﺳ‬BTS ‫ﺎﻟﻮرﻳﻮس‬‫ ﺑ‬ BTS  :‫ﻮﻧﻴﻦ‬‫ ﻣ‬‫ ﻋﻠ‬BSS ‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮي‬
It comprises all radio equipment’s (e.g.: antenna, signal processing & amplifier required for
transmission).It is placed in the center of a cell. Its transmitting power defines the size of a cell. It is
connected to MS via Um interface and connected to BSC vi a Abis Interface. It manages the radio
resources for BTSs. It handles & handover the radio frequency, radio channel set up from one BTS to
other.
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ وﺿﻌﻪ ﻓ‬.(‫ﺒﺮ اﻟﺼﻮت اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬‫ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرات وﻣ‬، ‫ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋ‬:‫ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬‫ ﺗﻀﻢ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻌﺪات اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ )ﻋﻠ‬‫وﻫ‬
‫ إﻧﻪ ﻳﺪﻳﺮ‬.BSC VI A ABIS ‫ وﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﻮاﺟﻬﺔ‬UM ‫ ﻋﺒﺮ واﺟﻬﺔ‬MS ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻪ بـ‬.‫ ﺗﺤﺪد ﻗﻮﺗﻪ اﻹرﺳﺎل اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬.‫وﺳﻂ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
.‫ أﺧﺮى‬‫ إﻟ‬BTS ‫ اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ ﺗﻢ إﻋﺪاد ﻗﻨﺎة ﻣﻦ‬، ‫ إﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ وﺗﻴﺮة اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ‬.BTSS ‫ﻣﻮارد اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ لـ‬
BSC (Base Station Controller) It connects the BTS and MSC of NSS. It manages radio resources for one
or more BTS. It handles and Handover the radio frequency, radio channel setup from one BTS to
another.
‫ إﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ‬.BTS ‫ ﻳﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻮارد اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ ﻟﻮاﺣﺪ أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬.NSS ‫ ﻣﻦ‬MSC ‫ و‬BTS ‫ﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ( ﻳﺮﺑﻂ‬‫ )وﺣﺪة ﺗﺤ‬BSC
.‫ آﺧﺮ‬‫ إﻟ‬BTS ‫ وإﻋﺪاد ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ‬، ‫وﺗﻴﺮة اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ‬
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Fig. BSC & BTS Arrangement in GSM System
3- NSS (Network Switching Subsystem)
The NSS combines the call rotating switches (MSC and GMSC) with data base registered
required to keep track of subscriber’s movements and use of the system. Key elements of
NSS are:
 MSC
 VLR
 HLR
MSC (Mobile Switching Centre)
The mobile-services switching centre is an exchange which performs all the switching and
signaling functions for mobile stations located in a geographical area designated as the
MSC area. These are high performance digital ISDN switches. It is used for connection
between mobile phone to mobile phone within same network. It is used for connection
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Fig. BSC & BTS Arrangement in GSM System 3- NSS (Network Switching Subsystem)
(‫ﺔ‬‫ ﻟﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﺸﺒ‬‫ )اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻔﺮﻋ‬GSM 3- NSS ‫ ﻧﻈﺎم‬‫ ﻓ‬BSC & BTS ‫ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬.‫ﻞ‬‫اﻟﺸ‬
The NSS combines the call rotating switches (MSC and GMSC) with data base registered required to
keep track of subscriber’s movements and use of the system. Key elements of NSS are:  MSC  VLR
‫( ﻣﻊ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺣﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك واﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬GMSC ‫ و‬MSC) ‫ﺎﻟﻤﺎت‬‫ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ دوران اﻟﻤ‬NSS ‫ﻳﺠﻤﻊ‬
MSC  VLR  :‫ ﻫ‬NSS ‫ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬.‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬
 HLR MSC (Mobile Switching Centre) The mobile -services switching centre is an exchange which
performs all the switching and signaling functions for mobile stations located in a geographical area
designated as the
‫ )ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل( ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻨﻘﻠﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺒﺎدل ﻳﺆدي ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ و وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻹﺷﺎرة‬HLR MSC 
‫ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺼﺼﺔ ل‬‫ﻟﻤﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓ‬
MSC area. These are high performance digital ISDN switches. It is used for connection between mobile
phone to mobile phone within same network. It is used for connection
‫ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل داﺧﻞ‬‫ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل إﻟ‬.‫ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻷداء‬ISDN ‫ ﻣﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ‬‫ ﻫﺬه ﻫ‬.MSC ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎل‬.‫ﺔ‬‫ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺸﺒ‬
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between mobile phone to fixed phone within a network. It manages BSC within a
geographical area.
GMSC (Gateway MSC)
Connection for another network MSC handles all the signaling needed for connection set
up and connection release.
HLR (Home Location Register)
The HLR is a centralized network data base that stores and manages all mobile services
belonging to a specific operator. It acts as a permanent store for a person’s subscription
information until that subscription is cancelled. It provides call routing and roaming facility
by combining with MSC and VLR. It is considered as a Database which stores the
information about the subscriber within covering area of MSC. Information includes
current location of the mobile & all the service providing information, when a phone is
powered off this information is stored in HLR. It is also a database but contains a temporary
copy of some of important information stored in HLR. If a new MS user comes into
location area, then VLR will provide relevant information by bringing it from HLR.
VLR (Visitor Location Resister)
It is a temporary storage device of GSM network. It stores subscribers’ subscription

information for MS which are within the particular MSC service Area. There is one VLR
for each MSC service area.
4- OSS (Operation and Support Subsystem)
It contains necessary function for network operation and maintenance.

Key Elements are
 OMC
 EIR
 AUC
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between mobile phone to fixed phone within a network. It manages BSC within a geographical area.
GMSC (Gateway MSC) Connection for another network MSC handles all the signaling needed for
connection set
‫( اﺗﺼﺎل‬MSC ‫ )ﺑﻮاﺑﺔ‬GMSC .‫ﺎﻟﻮرﻳﻮس داﺧﻞ أ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬‫ ﻳﺪﻳﺮ ﺑ‬.‫ﺔ‬‫ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺸﺒ‬‫ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل إﻟ‬
‫ ﻳﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻛﻞ اﻹﺷﺎرات اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‬MSC ‫ﺔ أﺧﺮى‬‫ﻟﺸﺒ‬
up and connection release. HLR (Home Location Register) The HLR is a centralized network data base
that stores and manages all mobile services belonging to a specific operator. It acts as a permanent
store for a person’s subscription
‫ﺎت ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺗﺨﺰن وﺗﺪﻳﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ‬‫ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺷﺒ‬‫ ﻫ‬HLR (‫ )ﺳﺠﻞ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‬HLR .‫ وإﺻﺪار اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‬‫أﻋﻠ‬
‫ إﻧﻪ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﺮ داﺋﻢ ﻻﺷﺘﺮاك اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬.‫ ﻣﺸﻐﻞ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬‫اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل اﻻﻧﺘﻤﺎء إﻟ‬
information until that subscription is cancelled. It provides call routing and roaming facility by
combining with MSC and VLR. It is considered as a Database which stores the information about the
subscriber within covering area of MSC. Information includes current location of the mobile & all the
service providing information, when a phone is powered off this information is stored in HLR. It is also
a database but contains a temporary copy of some of important information stored in HLR. If a new MS
user comes into
‫ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة‬.VLR ‫ و‬MSC ‫ﺎﻟﻤﺎت واﻟﺘﺠﻮال ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﻊ‬‫ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻼت ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ اﻟﻤ‬.‫ ﻳﺘﻢ إﻟﻐﺎء ﻫﺬا اﻻﺷﺘﺮاك‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺣﺘ‬
‫ ﻟﻠﺠﻮال وﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺘ‬‫ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺤﺎﻟ‬.MSC ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﺨﺰن ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك داﺧﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ‬‫ﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠ‬‫ﺎ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت وﻟ‬‫ إﻧﻬﺎ أﻳﻀ‬.HLR ‫ﻮن اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻓ‬‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳ‬، ‫ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬
‫ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬MS ‫ إذا ﺟﺎء ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬.HLR ‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻓ‬
location area, then VLR will provide relevant information by bringing it from HLR. VLR (Visitor Location
Resister) It is a temporary storage device of GSM network. It stores subscribers’ subscription
information for MS which are within the particular MSC service Area. There is one VLR
‫ ﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺰاﺋﺮ( إﻧﻪ ﺟﻬﺎز‬HLR. VLR (Resister ‫ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ذات اﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل إﺣﻀﺎرﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ‬VLR ‫ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ‬، ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬
VLR ‫ ﻫﻨﺎك‬.‫ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬MSC ‫ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ‬‫ واﻟﺘ‬MS ‫ ﻳﺨﺰن اﺷﺘﺮاك اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ‬.GSM ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﺸﺒ‬
‫واﺣﺪ‬
for each MSC service area . 4- OSS (Operation and Support Subsystem) It contains necessary function
for network operation and maintenance. Key Elements are
‫ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬.‫ﺔ واﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬‫ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺿﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﺸﺒ‬‫( أﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠ‬‫ )ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ودﻋﻢ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻔﺮﻋ‬MSC. 4- OSS ‫ﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫ‬
 OMC  EIR  AUC
OMC  EIR  AUC 
Page (7)
OMC (Operation and maintenance center)
It is connected to different components of NSS & to BSC. It controls the traffic load of
BSS.
EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
A database that contains a list of all valid mobile equipment within the network where each
MS is identified by IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity).EIR contains a list of
IMEI of all valid terminals. An IMEI is marked invalid if it is stolen. EIR allows the MSC
to forbid calls from this stolen terminal. The equipment identification procedure uses the
identity of the equipment itself (IMEI) to ensure that the MS terminal equipment is valid.
AUC (Authentication Center)
It is defined to protect user identity & transmission. It is a protected database and stores a
copy of secret information stored in SIM card .These data help to verify user’s identity.
Network Signaling
Fig. Network Signaling
7
Page (8)
OMC (Operation and maintenance center) It is connected to different components of NSS & to BSC. It
controls the traffic load of BSS. EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
‫ )ﺳﺠﻞ‬BSS. EIR ‫ ﺣﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﺮور‬‫ﻢ ﻓ‬‫ ﻳﺘﺤ‬.BSC ‫ و‬NSS ‫ﻮﻧﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ‬‫ )ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ واﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ( وﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻤ‬OMC
(‫ﻫﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات‬
A database that contains a list of all valid mobile equipment within the network where each MS is
identified by IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity).EIR contains a list of IMEI of all valid ter
minals. An IMEI is marked invalid if it is stolen. EIR allows the MSC to forbid calls from this stolen
terminal. The equipment identification procedure uses the identity of the equipment itself (IMEI) to
ensure that the MS terminal equipment is valid.
IMEI ‫ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬MS ‫ﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬‫ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺠﻤﻴﻊ أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺸﺒ‬‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠ‬
‫ ﻏﻴﺮ‬IMEI ‫ ﺗﻢ وﺿﻊ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ‬.‫ اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ‬minals ‫ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬imei ‫ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ‬‫ ﻋﻠ‬EIR ‫ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي‬.(‫)ﻫﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺪات اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم إﺟﺮاء ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات ﻫﻮﻳﺔ‬.‫ﺎﻟﻤﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺮوﻗﺔ‬‫ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻤﺎﺟﺴﺘﻴﺮ ﻟﻤﻨﺢ اﻟﻤ‬EIR .‫ﺮﻗﺖ‬‫ﺻﺎﻟﺤﺔ إذا ﺳ‬
.‫ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﺔ‬MS ‫( ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ أن ﻣﻌﺪات ﻃﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬IMEI) ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪات ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬
AUC (Authentication Center) It is defined to protect user identity & transmission. It is a protected
database and stores a copy of secret information stored in SIM card .These data help to verify user’s
identity.
‫ إﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺤﻤﻴﺔ وﺗﺨﺰن أ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ‬.‫ )ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﻤﺼﺎدﻗﺔ( ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻫﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم وﻧﻘﻠﻪ‬AUC
.‫ اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬‫ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﻠ‬.SIM ‫ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻓ‬
Network Signaling Fig. Network Signaling
‫ﺔ‬‫ إﺷﺎرات اﻟﺸﺒ‬.‫ﻞ‬‫ﺔ اﻟﺸ‬‫إﺷﺎرات اﻟﺸﺒ‬
Page (8)
Abbreviations
LAPD: Link Access Procedure D-Channel Managed

RR: Radio Resource
MM: Mobility Management
CM: Call Management
BTSM: BTS MAnagement
BSSMAP: BSS Application Protocol
SCCP: Signaling Connection Control Part
The signaling protocol in GSM is structured into 3 layers.
 Layer1 Physical Layer

 Layer2 Data Link Layer
 Layer3 Network Layer
 The physical layer between MS & BTS is called Um interface. It performs following
functions
 Full or half duplex access.

 Provides TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA.
 Framing of data.
 The data link layer controls the flow of packets to and from network layer and provides
access to various services like:
Connection: Provides connection between two terminals.
Teleservices -Services offered by a mobile network to users like: MMS, SMS, etc.
The data link layer present between MS & BTS is LAPDm (Link Access Protocol
managed). LAPDm protocol describes the standard procedure in GSM for accessing D-
channel Link.
Its functions are:

 Dataflow control.
 Acknowledged / unacknowledged data Transmission.
 Address and sequence no. check.
 Segmentation.
8
Page (9)
Abbreviations LAPD : Link Access Procedure D -Channel Managed RR: Radio Resource MM: Mobility
Management CM: Call Management
‫ﺎﻟﻤﺎت‬‫ إدارة اﻟﻤ‬:CM ‫ إدارة اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ‬:MM ‫ ﻣﻮرد رادﻳﻮ‬:RR ‫ اﻟﻤﺪارة‬D -channel ‫ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط‬‫ إﺟﺮاء اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟ‬:LAPD ‫اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎرات‬
BTSM: BTS MAnagement BSSMAP: BSS Application Protocol SCCP: Signaling Connection Control Part
The signaling protocol in GSM is struc tured into 3 layers.  Layer1 Physical Layer
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ‬GSM ‫ اﺗﺼﺎل اﻹﺷﺎرة ﺑﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮل اﻹﺷﺎرات ﻓ‬‫ﻢ ﻓ‬‫ ﺟﺰء اﻟﺘﺤ‬:BSS SCCP ‫ ﺑﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮل ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬:BTS BSSMAP ‫ إدارة‬:BTSM
Layer1 ‫ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ‬ .‫ ﻃﺒﻘﺎت‬3 ‫ﻪ ﻓ‬‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳ‬
 Layer2 Data Link Layer  Layer3 Network Layer  The physical layer between MS & BTS is called Um
interface. It performs following functions
‫ اﻟﻤﻬﺎم‬‫ ﻳﺆدي ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠ‬.UM ‫ واﺟﻬﺔ‬MS & BTS ‫ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬‫ ﺗﺴﻤ‬ Layer3 ‫ﺔ‬‫ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺷﺒ‬ Layer2 ‫ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
 Full or half duplex access.  Provides TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA.  Framing of data.  The data link
layer controls the flow of packets to and from network layer and provides access to various services
like:
‫ﻢ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ارﺗﺒﺎط اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻓ‬‫ ﺗﺘﺤ‬ .‫ ﺗﺄﻃﻴﺮ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ .CDMA ‫ و‬، TDMA ، FDMA ‫ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ‬ .‫ﺲ‬‫ وﺻﻮل ﻛﺎﻣﻞ أو ﻧﺼﻒ دوﺑﻠ‬
:‫ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬‫ﺔ وﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟ‬‫ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﺒ‬‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺤﺰم ﻣﻦ وإﻟ‬
Connection: Provides connection between two terminals. Teleservices -Services offered by a mobile
network to users like: MMS, SMS, etc. The data link layer present between MS & BTS is LAPDm (Link
Access Protocol
‫ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬.‫ إﻟﺦ‬، MMS ، SMS :‫ﺔ ﺟﻮال ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ‬‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺷﺒ‬- Teleservices .‫ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻄﺘﻴﻦ‬:‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‬
‫ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط‬‫ )ﺑﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮل اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟ‬LAPDM ‫ ﻫ‬MS & BTS ‫ارﺗﺒﺎط اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﻴﻦ‬
managed). LAPDm protocol describes the standard procedure in GSM for accessing D - channel Link.
Its functions are:  Dataflow control.  Acknowledged / unacknowledged data Transmission.
.‫ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬‫ﻢ ﻓ‬‫ اﻟﺘﺤ‬ :‫ وﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ ﻫ‬.‫ راﺑﻂ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة‬- D ‫ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل إﻟ‬GSM ‫ ﻓ‬‫ اﻹﺟﺮاء اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳ‬LAPDM ‫ ﻳﺼﻒ ﺑﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮل‬.(‫ﺗﺪار‬
.‫ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺮف ﺑﻬﺎ‬/ ‫ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺮف ﺑﻬﺎ‬
 Address and sequence no. check.  Segmentation.
.‫ ﺗﺠﺰﺋﺔ‬ .‫ ﻳﻔﺤﺺ‬.‫ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان واﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻻ‬
Page (9)
 The network layer has 3-sublayers
1- CM (Call Management)
o Supports call establishment, maintenance, termination.

o It supports SMS.
o Support DTMF (Dual Tone multiple frequency) signaling.
2- MM (Mobility Management)
o Control the issue regarding mobility Management, location updating & registration.
3- RRM (Radio Resource Management)
o It manages radio resources such as: frequency assignment, signal measurement.
BTS BSC signaling protocols
The physical layer between BTS & BSC is called Abis interface, where voice is coded by
using 64kbps PCM. The connection between BTS and BSC is through a wired network.
The data link layer is LAPDm. Network Layer protocol is called BTS Management which
interact with BSSAP.
BSC MSC signaling protocol
Physical layer between BSC & MSC is called U interface. Data link layer protocol between
BSC & MSC is MTP (Message Transfer Protocol) & SCCP (Signaling Connection Control
Protocol). MTP and SCCP are part of the SS7 (Signaling System No7) used by interface
A. Network layer protocols at the MSC are CM, MM and BSSAP (Base Subsystem
Application Part).
GSM INTERFACES
 Um Interface (MS to BTS)
The Um radio interface (between MS and base transceiver stations [BTS]) is the most
important in any mobile radio system. It addresses the demanding characteristics of the
radio environment. The physical layer interfaces to the data link layer and radio resource
9
Page (10)
 The network layer has 3 -sublayers 1- CM (Call Management) o Supports call establishment,
maintenance, termination. o It supports SMS.
‫ س ﻳﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬.‫ﺎﻟﻤﺎت واﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ واﻹﻧﻬﺎء‬‫ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﻤ‬o (‫ﺎﻟﻤﺎت‬‫ ﺳﻢ )إدارة اﻟﻤ‬-1 ‫ ﻧﺸﺮ‬3 ‫ﺔ ﻋﻠ‬‫ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﺒ‬
.‫اﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮة‬
o Support DTMF (Dual Tone multiple frequency) signaling. 2- MM (Mobility Management) o Control the
issue regarding mobility Management, location updating & registration.
‫ اﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈدارة اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ وﺗﺤﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬‫ﻢ ﻓ‬‫ اﻟﺘﺤ‬o (‫ ﻣﻠﻢ )إدارة اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ‬-2 .(‫ )ﻧﻐﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﻨﻐﻤﺔ‬DTMF ‫ دﻋﻢ إﺷﺎرات‬o
.‫واﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ‬
3- RRM (Radio Resource Management) o It manages radio resources such as: frequency assignment,
signal measurement. BTS BSC signaling protocols
BTS BSC ‫ ﺑﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻت إﺷﺎرات‬.‫ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻹﺷﺎرة‬، ‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد‬:‫ ﻳﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺮادﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬o (‫ )إدارة اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺮادﻳﻮﻳﺔ‬RRM -3
The physical layer between BTS & BSC is called Abis interface, where voice is coded by using 64kbps
PCM. The connection between BTS and BSC is through a wired network. The data link layer is LAPDm.
Network Layer protocol is called BTS Management which interact with BSSAP. BSC MSC signa ling
protocol
‫ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬.64kbps PCM ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ اﻟﺼﻮت ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬، ABIS ‫ واﺟﻬﺔ‬BTS & BSC ‫ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬‫ﺗﺴﻤ‬
‫ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬‫ اﻟﺘ‬BTS ‫ﺔ إدارة‬‫ ﺑﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮل ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﺒ‬‫ ﻳﺴﻤ‬.LAPDM ‫ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ارﺗﺒﺎط اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻫ‬.‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ﺔ ﺳﻠ‬‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺷﺒ‬‫ ﻫ‬BSC ‫ و‬BTS
BSC MSC Signa Ling ‫ ﺑﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮل‬.BSSAP ‫ﻣﻊ‬
Physical layer between BSC & MSC is called U interface. Data link layer protocol between BSC & MSC is
MTP (Message Transfer Protocol) & SCCP (Signaling Connection Control Protocol). MTP and SCCP are
part of the SS7 (Signaling System No7) used by interface A. Network layer protocols at the MSC are
CM, MM and BSSAP (Base Subsystem Application Part).
‫ )ﺑﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮل ﻧﻘﻞ‬MTP ‫ ﻫﻮ‬BSC & MSC ‫ ﺑﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮل ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ارﺗﺒﺎط اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ‬.U ‫ واﺟﻬﺔ‬BSC & MSC ‫ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬‫ﺗﺴﻤ‬
‫( اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬NO7 ‫ )ﻧﻈﺎم اﻹﺷﺎرة‬SS7 ‫ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ‬SCCP ‫ و‬MTP .(‫ اﺗﺼﺎل اﻹﺷﺎرة ﺑﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮل‬‫ﻢ ﻓ‬‫ )اﻟﺘﺤ‬SCCP ‫اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ( و‬
.(‫ ﺟﺰء اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬‫ اﻷﺳﺎﺳ‬‫ )اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻔﺮﻋ‬BSSAP ‫ و‬MM ‫ و‬CM ‫ ﻫ‬MSC ‫ﺔ ﻓ‬‫اﻟﻮاﺟﻬﺔ ﺑﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻت ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﺒ‬
GSM INTERFACES  Um Interface (MS to BTS)
(BTS ‫ إﻟ‬UM (MS ‫ واﺟﻬﺔ‬ GSM ‫واﺟﻬﺎت‬
The Um radio interface (between MS and base transceiver stations [BTS]) is the most important in any
mobile radio system. It addresses the demanding characteristics of the radio environment. The
physical layer interfaces to the data link layer and radio resource
‫ ﻳﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬.‫ أي ﻧﻈﺎم رادﻳﻮ ﻣﺘﻨﻘﻞ‬‫ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻓ‬‫[( ﻫ‬BTS] ‫ وﻣﺤﻄﺎت ﺟﻬﺎز اﻹرﺳﺎل واﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل اﻷﺳﺎﺳ‬MS ‫ )ﺑﻴﻦ‬Radio UM ‫واﺟﻬﺔ‬
‫ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ارﺗﺒﺎط اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت وﻣﻮرد اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ‬‫ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ إﻟ‬.‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﻟـ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ‬
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management sublayer in the MS and BS and to other functional units in the MS and
network subsystem (which includes the BSS and MSC) for supporting traffic channels. The
physical interface comprises a set of physical channels accessible through FDMA and
TDMA.
 Abis Interface (BTS to BSC)
The interconnection between the BTS and the BSC is through a standard interface, Abis.
The primary functions carried over this interface are traffic channel transmission, terrestrial
channel management, and radio channel management. This interface supports two types of
communications links: traffic channels at 64 kbps carrying speech or user data for a full-
or half-rate radio traffic channel and signaling channels at 16 kbps carrying information
for BSC- BTS and BSC-MSC signaling. The BSC handles the LAPD channel signaling for
every BTS carrier.
There are two types of messages handled by the traffic management procedure part of
the signaling interface, transparent and nontransparent. Transparent messages are between
the MS and BSC-MSC and do not require analysis by the BTS. Nontransparent messages
do require BTS analysis.
 A Interface (BSC to MSC)
The A interface allows interconnection between the BSS radio base subsystem and the
MSC. The physical layer of the A interface is a 2-Mbps standard Consultative Committee
on Telephone and Telegraph (CCITT) digital connection. The signaling transport uses
Message Transfer Part (MTP) and Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) of SS7.
Error-free transport is handled by a subset of the MTP, and logical connection is handled
by a subset of the SCCP. The application parts are divided between the BSS application
part (BSSAP) and BSS operation and maintenance application part (BSSOMAP). The
BSSAP is further divided into Direct Transfer Application Part (DTAP) and BSS
management application part (BSSMAP). The DTAP is used to transfer layer 3 messages
between the MS and the MSC without BSC involvement. The BSSMAP is responsible for
all aspects of radio resource handling at the BSS. The BSSOMAP supports all the operation
and maintenance communications of BSS. Figure shows the various interfaces between the
GSM entities.
10
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management sublayer in the MS and BS and to other functional units i n the MS and network
subsystem (which includes the BSS and MSC) for supporting traffic channels. The physical interface
comprises a set of physical channels accessible through FDMA and TDMA.  Abis Interface (BTS to
BSC)
‫ و‬BSS ‫ﺔ )واﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬‫ ﻟﻠﺸﺒ‬‫ و اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻔﺮﻋ‬I N The MS ‫ وﻟﻮﺣﺪات وﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى‬BS ‫ و‬MS ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻺدارة ﻓ‬
‫ و‬FDMA ‫ﻦ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬‫ ﻳﻤ‬‫ﻮن اﻟﻮاﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻨﻮات اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ اﻟﺘ‬‫ ال ﺗﺘ‬.‫( ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﻤﺮور‬MSC
(BSC ‫ إﻟ‬ABIS (BTS ‫ واﺟﻬﺔ‬ .TDMA
The interconnection between the BTS and the BSC is through a standard interface, Abis. The primary
functions carried over this interface are traffic channel transmission, terrestrial channel management,
and radio channel management. This interface supports two types of communications links: traffic
channels at 64 kbps carrying speech or user data for a full - or half -rate radio traffic channel and
signaling channels at 16 kbps carrying information
‫ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻗﻨﺎة‬‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻮاﺟﻬﺔ ﻫ‬‫ اﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺘ‬.ABIS ، ‫ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل واﺟﻬﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬BSC ‫ و‬BTS ‫اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﻤﺮور‬:‫ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻮاﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ رواﺑﻂ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬.‫ وإدارة اﻟﻘﻨﻮات اﻟﺮادﻳﻮﻳﺔ‬، ‫ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ إدارة اﻟﻘﻨﺎة‬، ‫اﻟﻤﺮور‬
‫ﺎﻣﻞ ‐ أو ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻨﺎة ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺮور اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ وﻗﻨﻮات اﻹﺷﺎرة‬‫ﻼم أو اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟ‬‫ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟ‬‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﺑﺎﻳﺖ ﻓ‬64 ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﺑﺎﻳﺖ ﻓ‬16 ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
for BSC - BTS and BSC -MSC signaling. The BSC handles the LAPD channel signaling for every BTS car
rier. There are two types of messages handled by the traffic management procedure part of the
signaling interface , transparent and nontransparent. Transparent messages are between the MS and
BSC -MSC and do not require analysis by the BTS. Nontransparent messages do require BTS analysis.
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ‬‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻧﻮﻋﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘ‬.BTS Rier ‫ ﻟـ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻴﺎرة‬LAPD ‫ إﺷﺎرة ﻗﻨﺎة‬BSC ‫ ﻳﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬.‫ إﺷﺎرات‬BSC -MSC ‫ و‬BSC - BTS ‫ل‬
BSC - ‫ و‬MS ‫ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬.‫ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ وﻏﻴﺮ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ‬، ‫ا ﻣﻦ واﺟﻬﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرة‬‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺟﺰء إﺟﺮاءات إدارة اﻟﻤﺮور ﺟﺰء‬
.BTS ‫ رﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬.BTS ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ً‫ وﻻ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺤﻠﻴ‬MSC
 A Interface (BSC to MSC) The A interface allows interconnection between the BSS radio base
subsystem and the MSC. The physical layer of the A interface is a 2 -Mbps standard Consultative
Committee on Telephone and Telegra ph (CCITT) digital connection. The signaling transport uses
‫ ﻫ‬A ‫ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻮاﺟﻬﺔ‬.MSC ‫ و‬BSS ‫ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة رادﻳﻮ‬‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻔﺮﻋ‬A ‫( ﺗﺴﻤﺢ اﻟﻮاﺟﻬﺔ‬MSC ‫ إﻟ‬BSC) ‫ واﺟﻬﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻧﻘﻞ اﻹﺷﺎرة‬.(PH (CCITT ‫ ﻟﻠﻬﺎﺗﻒ و‬‫ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﺮﻗﻤ‬‫ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠ‬‫ ﻣﻴﻐﺎﺑﺖ ﻓ‬2 ‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ اﺳﺘﺸﺎرﻳﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
Message Transfer Part (MTP) and Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) of SS7. Error -free transport
is handled by a subset of the MTP, and logical connection is handled by a subset of the SCCP. The
application parts are divided between the BSS application part (BSSAP) and BSS operation and
maintenance application part (BSSOMAP). The BSSAP is further divided into Direct Transfer Application
Part (DTAP) and BSS management application part (BSSMAP). The DTAP is used to transfer layer 3
messages
‫ﺟﺰء ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ )‪ (MTP‬وﺟﺰء اﻟﺘﺤ‪‬ﻢ ﻓ‪ ‬اﺗﺼﺎل اﻹﺷﺎرة )‪ (SCCP‬ﻣﻦ ‪ .SS7‬ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﺨﺎﻟ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ، MTP‬وﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘ‪ ‬ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ .SCCP‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ أﺟﺰاء اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ‪ BSS‬اﻟﺠﺰء )‪ (BSSAP‬و ‪ BSS‬ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺟﺰء )‪ .(BSSOMAP‬ال ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ‪ BSSAP‬إﻟ‪ ‬ﺟﺰء ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ )‪ (DTAP‬و ‪ BSS‬ﺟﺰء ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻹدارة )‪ .(BSSMAP‬ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪ DTAP‬ﻟﻨﻘﻞ رﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ‪3‬‬
‫‪between the MS and the MSC without BSC involvement. The BSSMAP is responsible for all aspects of‬‬
‫‪radio resource handling at the BSS. The BSSOMAP supports all the operation and maintenance‬‬
‫‪communications of BSS . Figure shows the various interfaces between the GSM entities.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮض اﻟﺘﺼﻠﺐ اﻟﻌﺼﺒ‪ ‬اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪد و ‪ MSC‬دون ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ اﻟﺒ‪‬ﺎﻟﻮرﻳﻮس‪ BSSMAP .‬ﻣﺴﺆول ﻋﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻮارد‬
‫اﻟﺮادﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻓ‪ .BSS ‬ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ‪ BSSOMAP‬ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ وﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻣﻦ ‪ .BSS‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺸ‪‬ﻞ اﻟﻮاﺟﻬﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫‪.GSM‬‬
‫)‪Page (11‬‬
GSM Channels
GSM has been allocated an operational frequency from 890 MHz to 960 MHz. GSM
uses the frequency band 890 MHz-915 MHz for uplink (reverse) transmission, and for
downlink (forward) transmission, it uses be frequency band 935 MHz-960 MHz. The
available 25-MHz spectrum for each direction is divided into 124 Frequency Division
Multiplexing (FDM) channels, each occupying 200 kHz with 100 kHz guard band at two
edges of the spectrum as shown in fig.
Table Logical Channels in GSM
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GSM Channels GSM has been allocated an operational frequency from 890 MHz to 960 MHz. GSM uses
the frequency band 890 MHz -915 MHz for uplink (reverse) transmission, and for downlink (forward)
transmission, it uses be frequency band 935 MHz -960 MHz. The
MHz 890 ‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺘﺮدد‬GSM .‫ ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ‬960 ‫ ﻣﻴﻐﺎﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ إﻟ‬890 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬‫ ﺗﺮدد ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠ‬GSM ‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ‬GSM ‫ﻗﻨﻮات‬
935 ‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺘﺮدد‬، (‫ اﻷﻣﺎم‬‫ وﻟﻞ ﻧﺎﻗﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺑﻄﺔ )إﻟ‬، (‫ﺴﻴﺔ‬‫ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪة )اﻟﻌ‬-915 MHz
‫ ال‬.MHz -960 MHz
available 25 -MHz spectrum for each direction is divided into 124 Frequency Division Multiplexing
(FDM) channels, each occupying 200 kHz with 100 kHz guard band at two edges of the spectrum as
shown in fig. Table Logical Channels in GSM
100 ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﻣﻊ‬200 ‫ ﺗﺤﺘﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬، (FDM) ‫ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﺘﺮدد ﻗﻨﻮات ﺗﻌﺪد اﻹرﺳﺎل‬124 ‫ﻞ اﺗﺠﺎه إﻟ‬‫ ﻣﻴﺠﺎﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﻟ‬25 ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻃﻴﻒ‬
GSM ‫ اﻟﻘﻨﻮات اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﺪول ﻓ‬.FIG ‫ اﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﺣﻮاف اﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓ‬‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﺣﺎرس ﻓ‬
Page (12)
The logical channels in the GSM network are divided into two principal categories: Control
Channels (CCHs) and Traffic Channels (TCHs). Control channels carry signaling and
synchronizing commands between the base station and the mobile station. Traffic channels
carry digitally encoded user speech or user data and have identical functions and formats
on both the forward and reverse link. GSM system uses a variety of logical control channels
to ensure uninterrupted communication between MSs and the BS.
GSM Control Channels
There are three classes of control channels defined in GSM: Broadcast Channels
(BCH), Common Control Channels (CCCH) and Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH).
Each control channel consists of several logical channels that arc distributed in time to
provide the necessary GSM control functions.
I. Broadcast Channel (BCH)

The BCH channels are broadcast from the BTS to MSs in the coverage area of the BTS
and are one way channels. The broadcast channel operates on the forward link of a specific
ARFCN within each cell and transmits data only in the first time slot of certain GSM
frames. The BCH provides synchronization for all mobiles within the cell and is
occasionally monitored by mobiles in neighboring cells. There are three separate broadcast
channels:
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The logical channels in the GSM network are divided into two principal categories: Control Channels
(CCHs) and Traffic Channels (TCHs). Control channels carry signaling and synchronizing commands
between the base station and the mobile station. Traffic channels carry digitally encoded user speech
or user data and have identical functions and formats
‫ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻗﻨﻮات‬.(TCHS) ‫( وﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﻤﺮور‬CCHS) ‫ﻢ اﻟﻘﻨﻮات‬‫ اﻟﺘﺤ‬:‫ ﻓﺌﺘﻴﻦ رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺘﻴﻦ‬‫ إﻟ‬GSM ‫ﺔ‬‫ ﺷﺒ‬‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻘﻨﻮات اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﻓ‬
‫ ﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﻤﺮور اﺣﻤﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺧﻄﺎب اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم أو‬.‫ﻢ إﺷﺎرات و ﻣﺰاﻣﻨﺔ اﻷواﻣﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ وﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل‬‫اﻟﺘﺤ‬
‫ﺎ وﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ وﺗﻨﺴﻴﻘﺎت ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺸﻔﺮة رﻗﻤﻴ‬
on both the forward and reverse link. GSM system uses a variety of logical control channels to ensure
uninterrupted communication between MSs and the BS. GSM Control Channels There are three classes
of control channels defined in GSM: Broadcast Channels
‫ﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎن اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ دون‬‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﺘﺤ‬GSM ‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻧﻈﺎم‬.‫ﺲ‬‫ اﻷﻣﺎم واﻟﻌ‬‫ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮاﺑﻂ إﻟ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬
‫ ﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﺒﺚ‬:GSM ‫ﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة ﻓ‬‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺛﻼث ﻓﺌﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﺘﺤ‬GSM ‫ﻢ‬‫ ﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﺘﺤ‬.BS ‫ و‬MSS ‫اﻧﻘﻄﺎع ﺑﻴﻦ‬
(BCH), Common Control Channels (CCCH) and Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH). Each control c
hannel consists of several logical channels that arc distributed in time to provide the necessary GSM
control functions. I. Broadcast Channel (BCH) The BCH channels are broadcast from the BTS to MSs in
the coverage area of the BTS
‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬C ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻮن ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺗﺤ‬‫ ﻳﺘ‬.(DCCH) ‫ﻢ اﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬‫( وﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﺘﺤ‬CCCH) ‫ﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬‫ ﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﺘﺤ‬، (BCH)
‫( ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺚ‬BCH) ‫ ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺒﺚ‬.I .‫ اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ‬GSM ‫ﻢ ﻓ‬‫ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﺘﺤ‬‫ ﻓ‬ARC ‫ وزﻋﺖ‬‫اﻟﻘﻨﻮات اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﺘ‬
BTS ‫ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ‬‫ ﻓ‬MSS ‫ إﻟ‬BTS ‫ ﻣﻦ‬BCH ‫ﻗﻨﻮات‬
and are one way channels. The broadcast channel operates on the forward link of a specific ARFCN
within each cell and transmits data only in the first time slot of certain GSM frames. The BCH provides
synchronization for all mobiles within the cell and is occasionally monitored by mobiles in neighboring
cells. There are three separate broadcast channels:
‫ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﺮة‬‫ داﺧﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ وﻳﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓ‬ARFCN ‫ ﻟﻤﺤﺪد‬‫ اﻟﺮاﺑﻂ اﻷﻣﺎﻣ‬‫ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺒﺚ ﻋﻠ‬.‫ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ واﺣﺪة اﻟﻘﻨﻮات‬‫وﻫ‬
‫ اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﻦ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ وﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﺘﻢ رﺻﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬BCH ‫ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ‬.‫ إﻃﺎرات‬GSM ‫ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬‫اﻷوﻟ‬
:‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺑﺚ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻘﻨﻮات‬.‫ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﺠﺎورة‬‫اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻓ‬
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1. Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH): This channel is used by BTS to broadcast

system parameters such as frequency of operation in the cell, operator identifiers, cell
ID and available services to all the MSs. Once the carrier, bit, and frame
synchronization between the BTS and MS are established, the BCCH informs MS
about the environment parameters associated with the BTS covering that area such
as current a channel structure, channel availability, and congestion. The BCCH also
broadcasts a list of channels are currently in use within the cell.
2. Frequency Correction Control Channel (FCCH): This is used by the BTS to

broadcast frequency references and frequency correction burst of 148 bits length. An
MS in the coverage area of a BTS uses broadcast FCCH signal to synchronize its
carrier frequency and bit timing.
3. Synchronization Channel (SCH): This channel is used by the BTS to broadcast

frame synchronization signals containing the synchronization training sequences
burst of 64 bits length to all MSs. Using SCH, MSs will synchronize their counters
to specify the location of arriving packets in the TDMA hierarchy. SCH is broadcast
in Time Slot 0 of the frame immediately following the FCCH frame and is used to
identify the serving base station while allowing each mobile to frame-synchronize
with the base station.
II. Common Control Channels (CCCH)

The Common Control Channels (CCCH) are one-way channels used for establishing
links between the BS for any ongoing call management. CCCHs are the most commonly
used control channel and are used to page specific subscribers, assign signaling channels
to specific users, and receive mobile requests for service. There are three CCCH logical
channels:
1. Paging Channel (PCH): This is a forward link channel and is used by the BTS to
page or notify a specific individual MS for an incoming call in the cell. The PCH
transmits the IMSI of the target subscriber, along with a request for acknowledgment
from the mobile unit on the RACH.
2. Random Access Channel (RACH): This is a reverse link channel and is used by the
MS either to access the BTS requesting the dedicated channel for call establishment
or to acknowledge a page from the PCH. The RACH is used with implementation of
a slotted-ALOHA protocol, which is used by MSs to contend for one of the available
slots in the GSM traffic frames. The RACH is implemented on the short Random
Access Burst (RAB).
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1. Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH): This channel is used by BTS to broadcast system parameters
such as frequency of operation in the cell, operator identifiers, cell ID and available services to all the
MSs. Once the carrier, bit, and frame synchronization between the BTS and MS are established, the
BCCH informs MS about the environment parameters associated with the BTS covering that area such
، ‫ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬‫ ﻟﻠﺒﺚ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻮاﺗﺮ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻓ‬BTS ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻫﺬه اﻟﻘﻨﺎة ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬:(BCCH) ‫ اﻟﺒﺚ‬‫ﻢ ﻓ‬‫ ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺘﺤ‬.1
‫ و‬BTS ‫ واﻹﻃﺎر ﻳﺘﻢ إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ‬، ‫ ﺑﺖ‬، ‫ ﻣﺮة واﺣﺪة اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ‬.MSS ‫ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺮف واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬، ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﻐﻞ‬
‫ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬‫ ﺗﻐﻄ‬‫ اﻟﺘ‬BTS ‫ ﺣﻮل ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ بـ‬BCCH MS ‫ وﻳﺒﻠﻎ‬، MS
as current a channel structure, channel availability, and congestion. The BCCH also broadcasts a list of
channels are currently in use within the cell. 2. Frequency Correction Control Channel (FCCH): This is
used by the BTS to broadcast frequency references and frequency correction burst of 148 bi ts length.
An MS in the coverage area of a BTS uses broadcast FCCH signal to synchronize its
‫ﻢ ﻓ‬‫ ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺘﺤ‬.2 .‫ﺎ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬‫ أﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺒﺚ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﻨﻮات ﻗﻴﺪ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺎﻟﻴ‬BCCH .‫ واﻻزدﺣﺎم‬، ‫ ﺗﻮاﻓﺮ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة‬، ‫ﻞ ﻗﻨﺎة ﺣﺎﻟ‬‫ﻛﻬﻴ‬
‫ ﻓ‬MS ‫ و ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬.BI TS 148 ‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﺗﺮدد اﻟﺒﺚ وﺗﻔﺠﻴﺮ ﺗﺮدد ﻣﻦ‬‫ إﻟ‬BTS ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻫﺬا ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬:(FCCH) ‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻟﺘﺮدد‬
‫ اﻟﺒﺚ ﻟﻤﺰاﻣﻨﺔﻫﺎ‬FCCH ‫ إﺷﺎرة‬BTS ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ‬
carrier frequency and bit timing. 3. Synchronization Channel (SCH): This channel is used by the BTS to
broadcast frame synchronization signals containing the synchronization training sequences burst of 64
bits length to all MSs. Using SCH, MSs will synchronize their counters to specify the location of arriving
packets in the TDMA hierarchy. SCH is broadcast
‫ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي‬‫ ﻟﻠﺒﺚ إﺷﺎرات ﻣﺰاﻣﻨﺔ اﻹﻃﺎر اﻟﺘ‬BTS ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻫﺬه اﻟﻘﻨﺎة ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬:(SCH) ‫ ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﻦ‬.3 .‫ﺗﺮدد اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ وﺗﻮﻗﻴﺖ ﺑﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﺰاﻣﻨﺔ ﻋﺪاداﺗﻬﻢ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺤﺰم‬MSS ‫ ﺳﻮف‬، SCH ‫ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬.MSS ‫ ﺑﺖ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬64 ‫ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﺰاﻣﻨﺔ اﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬‫ﻋﻠ‬
SCH ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺚ‬.TDMA ‫ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ اﻟﻬﺮﻣ‬‫اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ ﻓ‬
in Time Slot 0 of the frame immediately following the FCCH frame and is used to identify the serving
base station while allowing each mobile to frame -synchronize with the base station. II. Common
Control Channels (CCCH) The Common Control Channels (CCCH) are one -way channels used for
establishing
- ‫ﻞ ﻫﺎﺗﻒ ﻣﺤﻤﻮل ﺑﺈﻃﺎر‬‫ وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ل ﺣﺪد ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺴﻤﺎح ﻟ‬FCCH ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻃﺎر ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﺑﻌﺪ إﻃﺎر‬0 ‫ اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻓ‬
‫ ﻗﻨﻮات ﻣﻤﺮ‬‫( ﻫ‬CCCH) ‫ﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬‫( ﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﺘﺤ‬CCCH) ‫ﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬‫ ﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﺘﺤ‬.‫ اﻟﺜﺎﻧ‬.‫ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬synchronize
‫واﺣﺪ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻹﻧﺸﺎء‬
links between the BS for any ongoing call management. CCCHs are the most commonly used control
channel and are used to page specific subscribers, assign signaling channels to specific users, and
receive mobile requests for service. There are three CCCH logical channels: 1. Paging Channel (PCH):
This is a forward link channel and is used by the BTS to
‫ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻴﻦ‬‫ﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓ‬‫ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺘﺤ‬‫ ﻫ‬CCCHS .‫ﺎﻟﻤﺎت ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة‬‫ ﻷي إدارة ﻣ‬BS ‫اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
.1 :‫ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﻨﻮات‬CCCH ‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬.‫ ﻃﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل ﻟﻠﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬‫ وﺗﻠﻘ‬، ‫ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻴﻦ‬‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻗﻨﻮات اﻹﺷﺎرة ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣ‬، ‫ﻣﺤﺪدﻳﻦ‬
‫ إﻟ‬BTS ‫ ﻫﺬه ﻗﻨﺎة راﺑﻂ ﻟﻸﻣﺎم وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ‬:(PCH) ‫ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺘﺮﺣﻴﻞ‬
page or notify a specific individual MS for an incoming call in the cell. The PCH transmits the IMSI of
the target subscriber, along with a request for acknowledgment from the mobile unit on the RACH. 2.
Random Access Channel (RACH): This is a reverse link channel and is used by the MS either to access
the BTS requesting the dedicated channel for call establishment or to acknowledge a page from the
PCH. The RACH is used with imple mentation of
‫ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻃﻠﺐ اﻹﻗﺮار ﻣﻦ‬‫ إﻟ‬، ‫ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﺮك اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪف‬IMSI ‫ ﻳﻨﻘﻞ‬PCH .‫ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬‫ﺎﻟﻤﺔ واردة ﻓ‬‫ ﻓﺮدي ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﻤ‬MS ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ أو إﺧﻄﺎر‬
BTS ‫ إﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل إﻟ‬MS ‫ وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ ﻫﺬه ﻗﻨﺎة راﺑﻂ ﻋ‬:(RACH) ‫ ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬.Rach. 2 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠ‬
‫ ﻣﻊ إﺑﺪاء اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ‬Rach ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬.PCH ‫ﺎﻟﻤﺎت أو ﻟﻼﻋﺘﺮاف ﺑﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ‬‫ﺗﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة اﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻹﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﻤ‬
a slotted -ALOHA protocol, which is used by MSs to contend for one of the available slots in the GSM
traffic frames. The RACH is implemented on the short Random Access Burst (RAB).
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬.GSM ‫ إﻃﺎرات اﻟﻤﺮور‬‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﻴﻦ ﻷﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﺘﺤﺎت ﻓ‬MSS ‫ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ‬، ALOHA- ‫ﺑﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮل‬
.(RAB) ‫ اﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮ اﻧﻔﺠﺎر اﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬‫ﻞ ﻋﺸﻮاﺋ‬‫ ﺑﺸ‬RACH
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3. Access Grant Channel (AGCH): AGCH is a downlink channel used for base station
to respond the network access request of mobile station, that is, to allocate a SDCCH
or TCH directly. AGCH and PCH share the same radio resource. Keep a fixed
number of blocks for AGCH or just borrow PCH when AGCH requires without
keeping special AGCH block (AGB).
III. Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH)
Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH) are two-way channels having the same format and
function on both the forward and reverse links, supporting signaling and control for
individual mobile subscribers. These are used along with voice channels to serve for any
control information transmission during actual voice communication. There are three
DCCH logical channels:
1. Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH): This is a two-way channel

allocated with SACCH to mobile terminal to transfer network control and signaling
information for call establishment and mobility management. The SDCCH ensures
that the mobile station and the base station remain connected while the base station
and MSC verify the subscriber unit and allocate resources for the mobile. The
SDCCH is used to send authentication and alert messages as the mobile synchronizes
itself with the frame structure and waits for a TCH.
2. Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH): This is a two-way channel associated

with a TCH or a SDCCH and maps onto the same physical channel.
The SACCH is used to exchange the necessary parameters between the BTS and the
MS during the actual transmission to maintain the communication link.
Each ARFCN systematically carries SACCH data for all of its current users. The
gross data rate of the SACCH channel is half of that of the SDCCH. On the forward
link, the SACCH is used to send slow but regularly changing control information to
the mobile subscriber. The reverse SACCH carries information about the received
signal strength and quality of the TCH.
3. Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH): This is a two-way channel used to

support fast transitions such as a hand-off request in the channel when SACCH is not
adequate. The FACCH is physically multiplexed with the TCH or SDCCH to provide
additional support to the SACCH. FACCH is not a dedicated control channel but
14
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3. Access Grant Channel ( AG CH): AGCH is a downlink channel used for base station to respond the
network access request of mobile station, that is, to allocate a SDCCH or TCH directly. AGCH and PCH
share the same radio resource. Keep a fixed number of blocks for AGCH or just borrow PCH when
AGCH requires without keeping special AGCH block (AGB) .
‫ ﻃﻠﺐ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟ‬‫ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮد ﻋﻠ‬‫ ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓ‬‫ ﻫ‬AG CH): Agch) ‫ ﻗﻨﺎة ﻣﻨﺤﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬.3
‫ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ‬.‫ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﻮرد اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ‬PCH ‫ و‬Agch ‫ ﻳﺸﺎرك‬.‫ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬TCH ‫ أو‬SDCCH ‫ أي ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ‬، ‫ﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل‬‫اﻟﺸﺒ‬
.(AGB) ‫ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬agch ‫ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ‬‫ ﺑﺪون اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠ‬AGCH ‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬PCH ‫ أو ﻣﺠﺮد اﺳﺘﻌﺎرة‬AGCH ‫ﺘﻞ لـ‬‫ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻋﺪد اﻟ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬
III. Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH) Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH) are two -way channels
having the same format and function on both the forward and reverse links, supporting signaling and
control for individual mobile sub scribers. These are used along with voice channels to serve for any
‫( ﻫﻤﺎ ﻗﻨﺎﺗﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ و وﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬DCCH) ‫ﻢ اﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬‫( ﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﺘﺤ‬DCCH) ‫ﻢ اﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬‫ ﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﺘﺤ‬.‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬
‫ ﺟﻨﺐ‬‫ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﺟﻨﺒﺎ إﻟ‬.‫ﻢ ل ﺧﺮﺑﺰ اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ‬‫ ودﻋﻢ اﻹﺷﺎرات واﻟﺘﺤ‬، ‫ﺴﻴﺔ‬‫ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ واﻟﻌ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬
‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﻨﻮات اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻷي‬
control information transmission during actual voice communication. There are three DCCH logical
channels: 1. Stand -alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH): This is a two -way channel allocat ed
with SACCH to mobile terminal to transfer network control and signaling information for call
establishment and mobility management. The SDCCH ensures
‫ﻢ ﻣﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﻮف‬‫ ﻗﻨﺎة ﺗﺤ‬.DCCH: 1 ‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺛﻼﺛﺔ اﻟﻘﻨﻮات اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ‬.‫ اﻟﻔﻌﻠ‬‫ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت أﺛﻨﺎء اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﺼﻮﺗ‬‫ﻢ ﻓ‬‫اﻟﺘﺤ‬
‫ﺔ وإﺷﺎراﺗﻬﺎ‬‫ اﻟﺸﺒ‬‫ﻢ ﻓ‬‫ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل ﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﺘﺤ‬‫ إﻟ‬Sacch ‫ ﻣﻊ‬allocat ed ‫ ﻫﺬه ﻗﻨﺎة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺎن‬:(SDCCH)
SDCCH ‫ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ‬.‫ﺎﻟﻤﺎت وإدارة اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ‬‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﻤ‬
that the mobile station and the base station remain connected while the base station and MSC verify
the subscriber unit and allocate resources for the mobile. The SDCCH is used to send authentication
and alert messages as the mobile synchronizes itself with the frame structure and waits for a TCH. 2.
Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH): This is a two -way channel associated
‫ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك وﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ‬‫ إﻟ‬MSC ‫أن ﺗﻈﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ واﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻞ اﻹﻃﺎر‬‫ ﻹرﺳﺎل اﻟﻤﺼﺎدﻗﺔ وﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺰاﻣﻨﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻫﻴ‬SDCCH ‫ ال ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬.‫اﻟﻤﻮارد ﻟﻠﺠﻮال‬
‫ ﻫﺬه ﻗﻨﺎة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬:(SACCH) ‫ﻢ اﻟﺒﻄﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬‫ ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺘﺤ‬.tch. 2 ‫وﻳﻨﺘﻈﺮ‬
with a TCH or a SDCCH and maps onto the same physical channel. The SACCH is used to exchange the
necessary parameters between the BTS and the MS during the actual transmission to maintain the
communication link. Each ARFCN systematically carries SACCH data for all of its current users. The
gross data rate of the SACCH channel is half of that of the SDCCH. On the forward link, the SACCH is
used to send slow but regularly changing control information to
‫ أﺛﻨﺎء‬MS ‫ و‬BTS ‫ ﻟﺘﺒﺎدل اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬SACCH ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬.‫ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ‬‫ واﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ ﻋﻠ‬SDCCH ‫ أو‬TCH ‫ﻣﻊ‬
‫ ال ﻣﻌﺪل‬.‫ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ‬SACCH ‫ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬‫ﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺠ‬‫ ﺑﺸ‬ARFCN ‫ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ‬.‫ راﺑﻂ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‬‫ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠ‬‫اﻹرﺳﺎل اﻟﻔﻌﻠ‬
‫ﻢ‬‫ ﻹرﺳﺎل ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﺤ‬sacch ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬، ‫ اﻷﻣﺎم اﻟﺮاﺑﻂ‬‫ ﻋﻠ‬.SDCCH ‫ ﻫﻮ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻌﺪل‬SACCH ‫ ﻟﻘﻨﺎة‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟ‬
‫ﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎم إﻟ‬‫اﻟﺒﻄﻴﺌﺔ وﻟ‬
the mobile s ubscriber. The reverse SACCH carries information about the received signal strength and
quality of the TCH. 3. Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH): This is a two -way channel used to
support fast transitions such as a hand -off request in the channel when SACCH is not adequate. The
FACCH is physically multiplexed with the TCH or SDCCH to provide
‫ﻢ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬‫ ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺘﺤ‬.TCH. 3 ‫ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻠﻤﺔ ﻗﻮة اﻹﺷﺎرة وﺟﻮدة‬‫ﺴ‬‫ اﻟﻌ‬Sacch ‫ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ‬.Mobile S Ubsriber
SACCH ‫ﻮن‬‫ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳ‬‫ ﻫﺬه ﻗﻨﺎة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ل دﻋﻢ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻت اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻃﻠﺐ اﻟﻴﺪ ﻓ‬:(Facch) ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮه‬SDCCH ‫ أو‬TCH ‫ﺎ ﻣﻊ‬‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺪد اﻹرﺳﺎل ﺟﺴﺪﻳ‬.‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
additional support to the SACCH. FACCH is not a dedicated control channel but
‫ﻦ‬‫ﻢ ﻣﺨﺼﺼﺔ وﻟ‬‫ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻗﻨﺎة ﺗﺤ‬SACCH. Facch ‫ لـ‬‫دﻋﻢ إﺿﺎﻓ‬
Page (15)
carries the same information as SDCCH. FACCH is a part of the traffic channel,
while SDCCH is a part of the control channel.
Control information in GSM is mainly on two logical channels—the Broadcast Channel

(BCCH) and the Paging Channel (PCH). The broadcast information is transmitted first,
followed by paging information. Figure below shows the structure of a GSM logical
control channel.
Fig. GSM control channel structure
GSM Traffic Channels
Traffic channels (TCH) - are the combination of voice and data signals (time slot
assignments) that exit within a communication channel.
There are two basic types of traffic channels in the GSM system; half rate traffic channel
(TCH/H) and full rate traffic channel (TCH/F).
Half rate traffic channel (TCH/H): it is dedicates one slot per every two frames for a
communication channel between a user and the cellular system.
Full rate traffic channel (TCH/F): it is dedicates one slot per frame for a communication
channel between a user and the cellular system.
15
Page (16)
carries the same information as SDCCH. FACCH is a part of the traffic channel, while S DCCH is a part
of the control channel. Control information in GSM is mainly on two logical channels — the Broadcast
Channel (BCCH) and the Paging Channel (PCH). The broadcast information is transmitted first, followed
by paging information. Figure below sho ws the structure of a GSM logical
‫ﻢ‬‫ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﺤ‬.‫ﻢ‬‫ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺘﺤ‬S DCCH ‫ ﺣﻴﻦ أن‬‫ ﻓ‬، ‫ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﻤﺮور‬SDCCH. Facch ‫ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬، ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ إرﺳﺎل ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺒﺚ أوﻻ‬.(PCH) ‫( وﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺘﺮﺣﻴﻞ‬BCCH) ‫ ﻗﻨﺎﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﻴﻦ ‐ ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺒﺚ‬‫ أﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻋﻠ‬‫ ﻫ‬GSM ‫ﻓ‬
‫ ﻣﻨﻄﻘ‬GSM ‫ﻞ‬‫ ﻫﻴ‬sho ws ‫ﻞ أدﻧﺎه‬‫ اﻟﺸ‬.‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﺮﺣﻴﻞ‬
control channel. Fig. GSM control channel structure GSM Traffic Channels
GSM ‫ ﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﻤﺮور‬GSM ‫ﻢ ﻓ‬‫ﻞ ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺘﺤ‬‫ ﻫﻴ‬.‫ﻞ‬‫ اﻟﺸ‬.‫ﻢ‬‫ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺘﺤ‬
Traffic channels (TCH ) - are the combination of voice and data signals (time slot assignments) that
exit within a communication channel. There are two basic types of traffic channels in the GSM system;
half rate traffic channel (TCH/H) and full rate traffic channel (TCH/ F).
‫ ﻫﻨﺎك‬.‫ ﺗﺨﺮج داﺧﻞ ﻗﻨﺎة اﺗﺼﺎل‬‫ ﻣﺰﻳﺞ ﻣﻦ إﺷﺎرات اﻟﺼﻮت واﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت )ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻮاﺟﺒﺎت( اﻟﺘ‬‫ ﻫ‬- (TCH) ‫ﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﻤﺮور‬
.(TCH/ F) ‫ﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬‫( وﻗﻨﺎة ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﺮور اﻟ‬TCH/ H) ‫ ؛ ﻗﻨﺎة ﻣﺮور ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻌﺪل‬GSM ‫ ﻧﻈﺎم‬‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎن أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎن ﻣﻦ ﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﻤﺮور ﻓ‬
H alf rate traffic channel (TCH/H ): it is dedicates one slot per every two frames for a communication
channel between a user and the cellular system. Full rate traffic channel (TCH/ F): it is dedicates one
slot per frame for a communication channel between a user and the cellular system.
.‫ﻞ إﻃﺎرﻳﻦ ل ﻗﻨﺎة اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم واﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬‫ﺮس ﻓﺘﺤﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻟ‬‫ إﻧﻬﺎ ﺗ‬:(H ALF Rate Traffer Channel (TCH/H
.‫ﻞ إﻃﺎر ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎل ﻗﻨﺎة ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم واﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬‫ﺮس ﻓﺘﺤﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻟ‬‫ إﻧﻬﺎ ﺗ‬:(TCH/ F) ‫ﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬‫ﻗﻨﺎة ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﺮور اﻟ‬
Page (16)

الترجمة والملف الاصلي

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الترجمة والملف الاصلي

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University of Diyala

MOBILE COMPUTING for

University of Diyala College of Science Department of Computer Science

‫ﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ دﻳﺎﻻ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟ‬

MOBILE COMPUTING for Computer Science

‫ﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻨﻘﻠﺔ ل ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟ‬

Fourth Class Second Term Lecture 2 Mobile Communication

‫ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺘﻨﻘﻠﺔ‬2 ‫ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮة‬‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧ‬

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)

In 1982, the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations

 Support for International Roaming

Fig. GSM Architecture overview

GSM Architecture Fig. GSM Architecture overview

GSM ‫ اﻟﻌﻤﺎرة‬‫ ﻧﻈﺮة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠ‬.‫ﻞ‬‫ اﻟﺸ‬GSM ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎرة‬

EIR: Equipment Identity Register.

.‫ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻫﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات‬:EIR

GSM network can be divided into 4 groups.

The mobile station consists of:

Fig. GSM Mobile Terminal

“Cellular phone without SIM card”

Fig. GSM Mobile Terminal ME (Mobile Equipment)

(‫ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل أﻧﺎ )ﻣﻌﺪات اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل‬GSM .‫ﻞ‬‫اﻟﺸ‬

SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)

Function of MS is transmission of signal from MS to BTS (using uplink) and reception

2- BSS (Base Station Subsystem)

BSS contains two components:

BTS (Base Transceiver Station)

BSC (Base Station Controller)

Fig. BSC & BTS Arrangement in GSM System

3- NSS (Network Switching Subsystem)

MSC (Mobile Switching Centre)

GMSC (Gateway MSC)

HLR (Home Location Register)

VLR (Visitor Location Resister)

It is a temporary storage device of GSM network. It stores subscribers’ subscription

4- OSS (Operation and Support Subsystem)

It contains necessary function for network operation and maintenance.

 OMC  EIR  AUC

OMC  EIR  AUC 

OMC (Operation and maintenance center)

EIR (Equipment Identity Register)

AUC (Authentication Center)

Fig. Network Signaling

Network Signaling Fig. Network Signaling

‫ﺔ‬‫ إﺷﺎرات اﻟﺸﺒ‬.‫ﻞ‬‫ﺔ اﻟﺸ‬‫إﺷﺎرات اﻟﺸﺒ‬

LAPD: Link Access Procedure D-Channel Managed

 Layer1 Physical Layer

 Full or half duplex access.

Connection: Provides connection between two terminals.

Its functions are:

 Address and sequence no. check.  Segmentation.

.‫ ﺗﺠﺰﺋﺔ‬ .‫ ﻳﻔﺤﺺ‬.‫ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان واﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻻ‬

 The network layer has 3-sublayers

o Supports call establishment, maintenance, termination.

3- RRM (Radio Resource Management)

o It manages radio resources such as: frequency assignment, signal measurement.

BTS BSC signaling protocols

BSC MSC signaling protocol

 Um Interface (MS to BTS)

GSM INTERFACES  Um Interface (MS to BTS)

(BTS ‫ إﻟ‬UM (MS ‫ واﺟﻬﺔ‬ GSM ‫واﺟﻬﺎت‬

 Abis Interface (BTS to BSC)

 A Interface (BSC to MSC)