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GE -3: Solid State Physics

Magnetic Properties of Matter
[Dia-, Para-, Ferri- and Ferromagnetic Materials. Classical Langevin Theory of dia – and Paramagnetic
Domains. Quantum Mechanical Treatment of Paramagnetism. Curie’s law, Weiss’s Theory of
Ferromagnetism and Ferromagnetic Domains. Discussion of B-H Curve. Hysteresis and Energy Loss.]

1.1. Q¥ðL­aÆl Evp (Origin of magnetism):

L¢We fc¡bÑ­L ­Q±ðL ­r­œ ÙÛ¡fe Ll­m fc¡bÑ¢V Q¥ð¢La q­a ­cM¡ k¡uz fc¡­bÑl AiÉ¿¹­l ­Q±ðL ¢à­jl¦
ï¡j­Ll A­hn O­Vz L¢We fc¡­bÑl AiÉ¿¹­l HLL Bua­e Evfæ ­Q±ðL ¢à­jl¦ ïj¡­Ll pwMÉ¡­L
Q¥ðL¡ue hm¡ quz H¢V HL¢V ­iƒl l¡¢n, H­L 𝑀⃗ à¡l¡ fËL¡n Ll¡ quz ­Q±ðL fc¡­bÑl …eNa °h¢nø
f¢lj¡­fl SeÉ HL¢V fÉ¡l¡¢jV¡l ¢h­hQe¡ Ll¡ quz H­L ­Q±ðL pw­hcÉa¡ (susceptibility) 𝜒 h­mz
Q¥ðL¡ue j¡œ¡ 𝑀 Hhw fËk¤š² ­Q±ðL ­rœ a£hËa¡ 𝐻 Hl Ae¤f¡a ¢c­u pw­hcÉa¡ pw‘¡¢ua Ll¡ quz
AbÑ¡v ­Q±ðL pw­hcÉa¡,
𝜒= --- (1)
pw­hcÉa¡l j¡e Hhw ¢Qq² Q¥ðL­aÆl dl­el Efl ¢eiÑl L­lz ­kje - X¡u¡Q¥ðL fc¡­bÑl SeÉ pw­hcÉa¡
Ge¡aÈL quz
fËk¤š² ­Q±ðL ­r­œ 𝐻⃗ Hl cl¦e j¡dÉ­jl ­ial ­Q±ðL B­hn J ­Q±ðL gÓ¡„ OeaÆ 𝐵⃗ Hl Evf¢š O­V
Hhw fËk¤š² ­r­œl ¢c­Ll p¡­b mði¡­h L¢Òfa HLL ­rœg­ml (j¡dÉ­jl) jdÉ ¢c­u A¢aœ²¡¿¹
­rœ­lM¡l pwMÉ¡ à¡l¡ ­Q±ðL gÓ¡„ Oe­aÆl j¡e ¢edÑ¡lZ Ll¡ quz ­Q±ðL ­r­œl a£hËa¡ 𝐻⃗ Hl p¡­b gÓ¡„
OeaÆ 𝐵⃗ Hl pÇfLÑ q­m¡ 𝐵⃗ = 𝜇 𝐻⃗ + 𝑀⃗ --- (2)
HM¡­e 𝜇 ­L n§eÉÙÛ¡­el ­Q¡ðL fË­hnÉa¡ h­m Hhw Hl j¡e qm 4𝜋 × 10 ­qe¢l/¢jV¡l
(𝐻𝑚 )z 𝐵⃗ l¡¢nl j¡e J­uh¡l/¢jV¡l2 Abh¡ ­Vpm¡ (𝑇) HL­L f¢lj¡f Ll¡ quz (1) ew
pj£LlZ­L (2) ew pj£Ll­Z hÉ¡hq¡l L­l f¡C,
𝐵⃗ = 𝜇 (1 + 𝜒)𝐻⃗ --- (3)
h¡, 𝐵⃗ = 𝜇𝐻⃗ --- (4)
­kM¡­e, 𝜇 = 𝜇 (1 + 𝜒) --- (5)
q­m¡ j¡dÉ­jl flj fË­hnÉa¡z j¡dÉ­jl flj fË­hnÉa¡ Hhw n§eÉ j¡dÉ­jl ­Q±ðL fË­hnÉa¡ -Hl
Ae¤f¡a­L j¡dÉ­jl B­f¢rL fË­hnÉa¡ (relative permeability) h­mz H­L 𝜇 à¡l¡ p§¢Qa Ll¡
quz
𝜇 = --- (6)

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(6) ew pj£LlZ­L (4) ew pj£Ll­Z hÉhq¡l L­l f¡C,

𝐵⃗ = 𝜇 𝜇 𝐻⃗ --- (7)
Hhw pj£LlZ (3) J (7) ­b­L f¡C,
𝜇 = (1 + 𝜒) --- (8)
n§eÉÙÛ¡­el SeÉ AbÑ¡v ­L¡e f¡¢bÑh j¡dÉ­jl Ae¤f¢ÙÛ¢a­a 𝑀⃗ = 0, 𝜒 = 0, 𝜇 = 𝜇 Hhw 𝜇 = 1
Hhw Ef­ll pj£LlZ…­m¡ ­b­L f¡C,
𝐵⃗ = 𝜇 𝐻⃗ --- (9)
1.2. Q¥ðL­aÆl fËL¡l­ic (Types of magnetism):
L¢We fc¡­bÑ Evfæ Q¥ðLaÆ­L fy¡Q¢V ¢iæ ­nË¢Z­a i¡N Ll¡ qu H…­m¡ ¢ejÀl©f:
 fl¡­Q±ðLaÆ (Paramagnetism)
 ¢al­ÕQ±ðLaÆ (Diamagnetism)
 Au­ÕQ±ðLaÆ (Ferromagnetism)
 fË¢a­g­l¡Q¥ðLaÆ (Antiferromagnetism)
 ­g¢lQ¥ðLaÆ (Ferrimagnetism)
 fl¡­Q±ðL fc¡bÑ (Paramagnetic Substance):
­k pLm fc¡­bÑl ­Q±ðL ­icÉa¡ 𝜇 > 1 Hhw ­Q±ðL NË¡¢qa¡ de¡aÈL ¢L¿¹¥ ¢ejÀj¡­el, a¡­cl fl¡­Q±ðL
fc¡bÑ h­mz H­cl ­Q±ðL ­icÉa¡ Hhw ­Q±ðL NË¡¢qa¡ ­Q±ðL ­r­œl Efl ¢eiÑl L­l e¡z Hl¡ Q¥ðL à¡l¡
BL¢oÑa quz fl¡­Q±ðL fc¡bÑ ­Q±ðL ­r­œ ÙÛ¡fe Ll­m, a¡ ­r­œl c¤hsmal Awn ­b­L fËhmal
Aw­n Nje L­lz
Ec¡qlZ: AÉ¡m¤¢j¢eu¡j, jÉ¡wN¡e£S, fÔ¡¢Ve¡j, œ²¡Ee L¡Q Hhw ¢e­Lm, ­m±q J A¢„­Se O¢Va mh­el
âhZ CaÉ¡¢cz
 fl¡­Q±ðL fc¡­bÑl ­Q±ðL fËhZa¡ (𝜒) fËk¤š² ­Q±ðL ­r­œl fË¡h­mÉl Efl ¢eiÑl L­l e¡z ¢L¿¹¥
Eo·a¡ h¡s­m Hl j¡e Lj­a b¡­Lz ­cM¡ k¡u ­k, fl¡­Q±ðL fc¡­bÑl ­Q±ðL NË¡¢qa¡ Hl flj
Eo·a¡l p­‰ hÉÙ¹¡e¤f¡­a f¢lh¢aÑa quz AbÑ¡v,
𝜒= [𝐶 = L¥l£ dË¥hL]
HC p§œ­L L¥l£ p§œ h­mz HC p§œ ­Lhmj¡œ fl¡­Q±ðL NÉ¡­pl ­r­œ fË­k¡SÉz fl¡­Q±ðL fc¡­bÑl
­r­œ L¥l£-i¡Cp (Curie-Weiss) p§œ fË­k¡SÉz HC p§œ Ae¤p¡­l,
𝜒= [ 𝜃 = fc¡­bÑl L¥l£ Eo·a¡]

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 ¢al­ÕQ±ðL fc¡bÑ (Diamagnetic Substance):

­k pLm fc¡­bÑl ­Q±ðL ­icÉa¡ 𝜇 < 1 Hhw ­Q±ðL NË¡¢qa¡ Ge¡aÈL, a¡­cl ¢al­ÕQ±ðL fc¡bÑ h­mz
¢al­ÕQ±ðL fc¡­bÑl ­Q±ðL fËhZa¡ p¡d¡lZi¡­h ­Q±ðL ­rœ h¡ a¡fj¡œ¡l Efl ¢eiÑln£m euz HC fc¡bÑ
Q¥ðL à¡l¡ ¢hL¢oÑa quz ­Q±ðL­r­œ ¢al­ÕQ±ðL fc¡bÑ fËhmal Awn ­b­L c¤hÑmal Aw­n Nje L­lz
Ec¡qlZ: ¢hpj¡b, AÉ¡¢¾Vj¢e, gpgl¡p, a¡j¡, AÉ¡m­L¡qm, f¡lc, ­p¡e¡, q¡C­XÊ¡­Se CaÉ¡¢cz
 Au­ÕQ±ðL fc¡bÑ (Ferromagnetic Substance):
­k pLm fc¡­bÑl ­Q±ðL ­icÉa¡ 𝜇 > 1 Hhw ­Q±ðL NË¡¢qa¡ de¡aÈL Hhw EµQj¡­el, a¡­cl fl¡­Q±ðL
fc¡bÑ h­mz Au­ÕQ±ðL fc¡bÑ Q¥ðL à¡l¡ BL«ø qu Hhw H­L Q¥ð­L f¢lZa Ll¡ k¡uz H­L Ešç Ll­m
Hl ­Q±ðL ­icÉa¡ Hhw ­Q±ðL NË¡¢qa¡ â¥a qÊÊ¡p f¡u; ¢L¿¹¥ H¢V ­L¡­e¡ pqS p§œ ­j­e Q­m e¡z HL¢V
¢e¢cÑø Eo·a¡u ¢e¢cÑø Au­ÕQ±ðL fc¡bÑ a¡l pjÙ¹ Au­ÕQ±ðL djÑ q¡¢l­u ­g­m Hhw fl¡­Q±ðL fc¡­bÑ
f¢lZa quz ­k ¢h­no a¡fj¡œ¡u HC OVe¡ O­V a¡­L I fc¡­bÑl L¥l£ ¢h¾c¥ (Curie point) hm¡ quz
L¥l£ ¢h¾c¥l F­dÆÑ AbÑ¡v fl¡­Q±ðL AhÙÛ¡u - I fc¡­bÑl ­Q±ðL fËhZa¡ L¥l£-i¡Cp p§œ ­j­e Q­mz
Ec¡qlZ: ­m±q, CØf¡a, ­L¡h¡ÒV, ¢e­Lm CaÉ¡¢cz
***Au­ÕQ±ðL fc¡bÑ­L Ešç L­l HL¢V ¢e¢cÑø a¡fj¡œ¡l F­dÆÑ ¢e­u ­N­m a¡ fl¡­Q±ðL fc¡­bÑ f¢lZa
qu h­V; ¢L¿¹¥ ¢hfl£a œ²­j HL¢V fl¡­Q±ðL fc¡bÑ­L n£am L­l HL¢V ¢e¢cÑø a¡fj¡œ¡l ¢e­Q ¢e­u ­N­m
a¡ Au­ÕQ±ðL fc¡­bÑ f¢lZa qu e¡z fl¡­Q±ðL Hhw Au­ÕQ±ðL c¤¢V pÇf¨ZÑ üa¿» OVe¡z ¢ejÀ Eo·a¡u
fl¡­Q±ðL h¡ Au­ÕQ±ðL - ­L¡­e¡ fc¡bÑC L¥l£ p§œ h¡ L¥l£-i¡Cp p§œ ­j­e Q­m e¡z***
1.3. Au­ÕQ±ðL, fl¡­Q±ðL Hhw ¢al­ÕQ±ðL fc¡­bÑl f¡lØf¢lL a¥me¡ (Comparison between
ferro-, para-, and dia-magnetic substances):

Au­ÕQ±ðL fl¡­Q±ðL ¢al­ÕQ±ðL

Q¥ðL à¡l¡ fËhmi¡­h BL¢oÑa quz Q¥ðL à¡l¡ r£Zi¡­h Q¥ðL à¡l¡ r£Zi¡­h ¢hL¢oÑa
BL¢oÑa quz quz

­Q±ðL­r­œ l¡M¡ q­m ­h¢n pwMÉ¡L H­cl jdÉ ¢c­u hm­lM¡ hm­lM¡ H­cl ¢eLV ­b­L
hm­lM¡ Hl jdÉ ¢c­u Nje L­l p¡j¡eÉ OehÜi¡­h p¢æ¢hø c§­l p­l k¡uz hm­lM¡l
Hhw OehÜi¡­h p¢æ¢hø quz quz pwMÉ¡ qÊÊ¡p f¡uz

fËk¤š² Q¥ðL­r­œl fË¡hmÉ h¡ 𝐻 𝐻 ­iƒ­ll a¥me¡u Hl 𝐵 𝐻 ­iƒ­ll a¥me¡u Hl 𝐵

­iƒ­ll a¥me¡u B­hn h¡ 𝐵 ­iƒl ­iƒl p¡j¡eÉ ­h¢nz ­iƒl p¡j¡eÉ Ljz
A­eL ­h¢nz

­Q±ðL ­icÉa¡ 𝜇 ≫ 1 ­Q±ðL ­icÉa¡ 𝜇 > 1 ­Q±ðL ­icÉa¡ 𝜇 < 1

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­Q±ðL fËhZa¡ 𝜒 de¡aÈL Hhw ­Q±ðL fËhZa¡ de¡aÈL ¢L¿¹¥ ­Q±ðL fËhZa¡ Ge¡aÈL ¢L¿¹¥
EµQj¡­elz AaÉ¿¹ ¢ejÀj¡­elz AaÉ¿¹ ¢ejÀj¡­elz

𝜇 Hhw 𝜒 EiuC fËcš 𝜇 Hhw 𝜒 EiuC fËcš 𝜇 Hhw 𝜒 EiuC fËcš

­Q±ðL­r­œl fË¡h­mÉl Efl ¢eiÑl ­Q±ðL­r­œl fË¡h­mÉl Efl ­Q±ðL­r­œl fË¡h­mÉl Efl
L­lz ¢eiÑl L­l e¡z ¢eiÑl L­l e¡z

Eo·a¡l p­‰ 𝜒 Hl f¢lhaÑe Eo·a¡l p­‰ 𝜒 Hl j¡e Eo·a¡l Efl ¢eiÑl L­l
AaÉ¿¹ S¢Vmz HL¢V ¢e¢cÑø p§œ¡e¤p¡­l qÊÊ¡p e¡z
f¡uz

¢qØV¡¢l¢ppÚ (hysteresis) djÑ ¢qØV¡¢l¢ppÚ ­cM¡u e¡z ¢qØV¡¢l¢ppÚ ­cM¡u e¡z

B­Rz

d¡lZn£ma¡ B­Rz d¡lZn£ma¡ ­eCz d¡lZn£ma¡ ­eCz

H­cl ¢e¢cÑø L¥l£ ¢h¾c¥ B­Rz ­L¡­e¡ L¥l£ ¢h¾c¥ ­eCz ­L¡­e¡ L¥l£ ¢h¾c¥ ­eCz

­Lm¡¢pa L¢We fc¡bÑz L¢We, alm h¡ NÉ¡pz L¢We, alm h¡ NÉ¡pz

1.4. mÉ¡w­N¢i­el ¢Ql¡ua ašÄ¡e¤p¡­l ¢al­ÕQ±ðLaÆ (Diamagnetism according to

Langevin’s classical theory):
d¢l, HL¢V C­mLVÊe ¢eE¢LÓu¡­pl Q¡¢l¢c­L 𝜌 hÉ¡p¡­dÑl hªš¡L¡l Lrf­b 𝜔 LÇf¡ˆ pqL¡­l BhaÑe
Ll­Rz

p¤¤al¡w, 𝑚𝜌𝜔 = --- (1)

­kM¡­e, 𝑚 = C­mLVÊ­el il, 𝑒 = C­mLVÊ­el Bd¡e, 𝑍𝑒 = ¢eE¢LÓu¡­pl Bd¡e, 𝜀 = n§eÉ

j¡dÉ­jl ­icÉa¡, 𝑣 = C­mLVÊ­el °l¢ML ­hN
(1) ew pj£LlZ ­b­L 𝜔 Hl ¢ejÀl©f j¡e f¡Ju¡ k¡u -

𝜔 = --- (2)

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Bjl¡ S¡¢e, ­Q±ðL B­hn 𝐵⃗ Hl Ef¢ÙÛ¢a­a 𝑣⃗ ­h­N N¢an£m C­mLVÊ­el Efl ¢œ²u¡n£m m­l” hm,
𝐹⃗ = 𝑒 𝑣⃗ × 𝐵⃗ --- (3)
Bh¡l, ­Q±ðL ­rœ­L Lrf­bl mð hl¡hl NZÉ Ll­m HC h­ml j¡e f¡Ju¡ k¡u,
𝐹 = 𝑒𝜌𝜔𝐵 --- (4)
­kM¡­e, 𝑣 = 𝜌𝜔 Hhw 𝜔 ­L ­Q±ðL ­r­œl Ef¢ÙÛ¢a­a C­mLVÊ­el LÇf¡ˆ ¢h­hQe¡ Ll¡ quz L¡­SC
Bjl¡ ¢mM­a f¡¢l,

𝑚𝜔 𝜌 = − 𝑒𝜌𝜔𝐵 = 𝑚𝜔 𝜌 − 𝑒𝜌𝜔𝐵 --- (5)

H­r­œ pj£LlZ (2) hÉhq¡l Ll¡ q­u­R Hhw m­l” h­ml GZ¡aÈL ¢Qq² GZ¡aÈL Q¡­SÑl SeÉ Nª¢qa
q­u­Rz HMe,
𝜔 + 𝜔−𝜔 =0

h¡, 𝜔= − ± + 4𝜔

h¡, 𝜔=± 𝜔 + −

≪ 𝜔 -Hl SeÉ

𝜔 = ±𝜔 − --- (6)

H ­b­L ­cM¡ k¡u ­k, ­Q±ðL B­hn 𝐵 Hl Ef¢ÙÛ¢a­a BhaÑela C­mLVÊ­el f¢lj¡­Z f¢lh¢aÑa
quz (6) ew pj£Ll­Zl ± ¢Qq² hÉ¡MÉ¡ L­l ­k ­Q±ðL ­r­œl p¡­b ­k pLm C­mLVÊ­el Lr£u
ï¡jLpj§q pj¡¿¹l¡m qu ­p…­m¡ j¿Ûlalz Bl ­kph C­mLVÊ­el ï¡jLpj§q fË¢apj¡¿¹l¡m
(antiparallel) qu ­p…­m¡ â¥aal quz HC gm¡gmpj§q­L m¡lj¡l aaÆ (Larmor theorem)
hm¡ quz LÇf¡­ˆl HC f¢lhaÑ­e HL¢V A¢a¢lš² a¢sv fËh¡­ql Evf¢š O­V k¡ ¢ejÀl©­f fËcš qu-
𝐼 = Q¡SÑ × fË¢a HLL pj­u BhaÑe pwMÉ¡
h¡, 𝐼 = (−𝑒) ×

h¡, 𝐼=− --- (7)

HL¢V HLL C­mLVÊ­el ­L¡e fËh¡q m¤­fl ­Q±ðL ï¡jL q­m¡ fËh¡q J m¤­fl ­rœg­ml …egm, AbÑ¡v

𝜇 =− × 𝜋𝜌 --- (8)

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HM¡­e Ge¡aÈL ¢Qq² ¢e­cÑn L­l ­k A¢hø ­Q±ðL ï¡jL fËk¤š² ­r­œl ¢hfl£a ¢c­L quz k¢c 𝐵⃗ Lr£u
a­ml A¢imð e¡ qu, a­h (8) ew pj£Ll­Zl 𝜌 l¡¢n¢V ­Q±ðL ­r­œl A¢imð a­m Lr hÉ¡p¡­dÑl
A¢i­rf ¢e­cÑn L­lz k¢c HL¢V flj¡Z¤ 𝑍 pwMÉL C­mLVÊe dl¡Z L­l k¡­cl Lr…­m¡ H­m¡­j­m¡i¡­h
p¢‹a, a¡q­m ­j¡V B¢hø ­Q±ðL ï¡jL f¡Ju¡ k¡u,

𝜇 =− 〈𝜌 〉 --- (9)
­r­œl ¢cL 𝑧 Ar hl¡hl ¢h­h¢Qa q­m
〈𝜌 〉 = 〈𝑥 〉 + 〈𝑦 〉
­kM¡­e 〈𝜌 〉 q­m¡ ­r­œl Ar ­b­L C­mLVÊ­el mð c§l­aÆl h­NÑl Nsz ¢eE¢LÓu¡p q­a C­mLVÊe-
pj§­ql Ns hNÑ c§laÆ 〈𝑟 〉 = 〈𝑥 〉 + 〈𝑦 〉 + 〈𝑧 〉
­N¡mL£ui¡­h fË¢ap¢jÉL Q¡SÑ h¾V­el SeÉ Bjl¡ f¡C,
〈𝑥 〉 = 〈𝑦 〉 = 〈𝑧 〉
∴ 〈𝑟 〉 = 3〈𝑥 〉
Hhw 〈𝜌 〉 = 2〈𝑥 〉
∴ 〈𝑟 〉 = 〈𝜌 〉
p¤¤al¡w pj£LlZ (9) ­b­L f¡C,

𝜇 =− 〈𝑟 〉 = − 〈𝑟 〉 --- (10)
HMe HL¢V L¢W­el fË¢a HLL Bua­e 𝑁 pwMÉL flj¡Z¤ Hhw fË¢a flj¡Z¤­a 𝑍 pwMÉL C­mLVÊe
b¡L­m X¡u¡Q¥ðL­aÆl pw­hcÉa¡l (susceptibility) l¡¢n q­h,

𝜒 = =− 〈𝑟 〉 --- (11)
H¢VC qm ¢Ql¡ua (classical) mÉ¡w­N¢ie (Langevin) gm¡gm Hhw H ­b­L ­cM¡ k¡u X¡u¡Q¥ðL
pw­hcÉa¡ a¡fj¡œ¡ ¢el­fr quz
1.5. fl¡Q¥ðLaÆ pÇf­LÑ mÉ¡P­N¢i­el ¢Ql¡ua ašÄ (Langevin’s
classical theory about paramagnetism):
mÉ¡P­N¢ie HL¢V fl¡­Q±ðL NÉ¡p ¢h­hQe¡ L­le k¡l fË¢a HLL Bua­e
𝑁 pwMÉ¡L flj¡Z¤ B­R k¡­cl fË­aÉ­Ll ÙÛ¡u£ ­Q±ðL ï¡jL 𝜇 b¡­Lz
­Q±ðL ¢à­jl¦ ï¡jLpj§­ql f¡lØf¢lL ¢jb¢ûu¡­L eNeÉ NeÉ Ll¡ quz
­Q±ðL B­hn 𝐵⃗ Hl Ef¢ÙÛ¢a­a ¢à­jl¦pj§q a¡­cl n¢š² qÊÊ¡pLl­Zl m­rÉ
fËk¤š² ­r­œl ¢cL hl¡hl p¢‹a qJu¡l ­Qø¡ L­lz p¡d¡lZ a¡fj¡œ¡u,
a¡f£u n¢š² ¢à­jl¦…­m¡l HC p¢‹a qJu¡l fË¢œ²u¡­a h¡d¡ fËc¡e L­lz

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a¡f£u p¡jÉ¡hÙÛ¡u ¢à­jl¦…­m¡ fËk¤š² ­r­œl ¢c­Ll p¡­b 𝜃 ­L¡Z Evfæ L­l (¢Qœ 1.5.a)z
HC AhÙÛ¡u fË¢a ¢à­jl¦l ¢hih n¢š² ¢ejÀl©­f fËcš qu -
𝐸 = −𝜇⃗ ∙ 𝐵⃗ = −𝜇𝐵 cos 𝜃
jÉ¡„J­um-­h¡ÒVSjÉ¡e h¾Ve p§œ¡e¤p¡­l HC ¢e¢cÑø p‹¡pÇfæ ­Q±ðL ¢à­jl¦ ï¡j­Ll pwMÉ¡ ¢e­jÀl l¡¢nl
pj¡e¤f¡¢aL

𝑒𝑥𝑝 − h¡, 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −

Efl¿¹¥ f¢lp¡w¢MÉL hm¢hcÉ¡ Ae¤p¡­l ­Q±ðL ­r­œl p¡­b 𝜃 Hhw 𝜃 + 𝑑𝜃 ­L¡­Zl jdÉhaÑ£ ­Q±ðL
ï¡j­Ll pwMÉ¡ Abh¡ 𝜃 Hhw 𝜃 + 𝑑𝜃 Ef­L¡­Zl jdÉhaÑ£ gy¡f¡ ­L¡­Zl (hollow cones) jdÉhaÑ£
Oe­L¡Z 𝑑𝜔 Hl Ad£e Ar ¢h¢nø ¢à­jl¦l pwMÉ¡
𝑑𝑛∞𝑒𝑥𝑝 − 𝑑𝜔 = 𝑘𝑒𝑥𝑝 − 2𝜋 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 --- (1)

­kM¡­e 𝑘 HL¢V pj¡e¤f¡¢aL dË¥hLz HC ¢à­jl¦pj§­ql fË­aÉL­L Q¥ðL¡u­el SeÉ 𝜇 cos 𝜃 Ef¡wn
Ahc¡e l¡­Mz fr¡¿¹­l ­Q±ðL ­r­œl ¢c­Ll p¡­b mð Ef¡wn…­m¡ flØf­ll fËi¡h e¡LQ L­lz p¤¤al¡w
fË¢a¢V flj¡Z¤l SeÉ fËk¤š² ­rœ hl¡hl ­Q±ðL ï¡j­Ll Ns Ef¡wn­L fË¢a HLL Bua­e flj¡Z¤l
pwMÉ¡ 𝑁 à¡l¡ …e Ll­m Q¥ðL¡ue 𝑀 f¡Ju¡ k¡uz AbÑ¡v,
∫
𝑀 = 𝑁𝜇〈cos 𝜃〉 = 𝑁
∫

∫
h¡, 𝑁 --- (2)
∫

dl¡ k¡L, = 𝑥 Hhw cos 𝜃 = 𝑦, a¡q­m − sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑦z p¤¤al¡w (2) ew pj£LlZ cy¡s¡u

∫
𝑀 = 𝑁𝜇
∫

h¡, 𝑀 = 𝑁𝜇 −

h¡, 𝑀 = 𝑁𝜇 cot ℎ𝑥 −
h¡, 𝑀 = 𝑁𝜇𝐿(𝑥) --- (3)
HM¡­e, 𝐿(𝑥) ­L mÉ¡P­N¢ie A­frL h­mz 𝑥 =
p¡­f­r 𝐿(𝑥) Hl f¢lhaÑe 1.5.b ¢Q­œ ­cM¡­e¡ q­u­Rz
𝑥 ≪ 1 Hl SeÉ, AbÑ¡v ü¡i¡¢hL ­rœ a£hËa¡u Hhw p¡d¡lZ
a¡fj¡œ¡u, hœ²­lM¡¢V fË¡u plm qu Hhw a¡ j§m¢h¾c¥­a

MC /PHY/GE3T/Notes/ Magnetic Properties of Matter

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hœ²­lM¡l ØfnÑ­Ll p¡­b ¢j­m k¡u ­kM¡­e Hl j¡e z p¤¤al¡w Bjl¡ f¡C,

𝐿(𝑥)| ≈ = --- (4)

p¤¤al¡w (3) ew pj£LlZ ­b­L f¡C,

𝑀=

HMe fl¡­Q±ðL pw­icÉa¡ (Paramagnetic susceptibility)

𝜒 =

h¡, 𝜒 = --- (5)

H ­b­L ­cM¡ k¡u, fl¡­Q±ðL pw­icÉa¡ a¡fj¡œ¡l hÉ¡Ù¹¡e¤f¡¢aLz H­L ¢ejÀl©­f ­mM¡ k¡u,
𝜒 = --- (6)

kMe 𝐶 = HL¢V dË¥hLz (6) ew pj£LlZ­L L¥¢l p§œ (Curie law) hm¡ qu Hhw 𝐶 ­L hm¡
qu L¥¢l dË¥hLz ­cM¡ k¡u 𝜇 ≪ 𝑘 𝑇 q­m L¥¢l p§œ A¢dLal i¡m gm fËc¡e L­lz
𝑥 Hl hªqv j¡­el SeÉ, AbÑ¡v EµQ gÓ¡„ Oe­aÆ Hhw ¢ejÀ a¡fj¡œ¡l SeÉ 𝐿(𝑥) fË¡u HLL j¡­el
p¢æLVhaÑ£ qu Hhw ­p­r­œ (2) ew pj£LlZ ­b­L f¡C,
𝑀 = 𝑁𝜇 = 𝑀
H¢V qm pÇf«š² qJu¡l naÑ kMe ­Q±ðL ¢à­jl¦…­m¡ pÇf¨ZÑl©­f ­r­œl ¢cL hl¡hl AhÙÛ¡e NËqZ L­lz
𝑀 ­L pÇf«š² Q¥ðL¡ue (saturation magnetization) h­mz

MC /PHY/GE3T/Notes/ Magnetic Properties of Matter