Catalytic Synthesis of Acetone and Acetaldehyde From Acetylene in Fluoride-Based Catalysts

The American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research IMPACT FACTOR
(ISSN–2642-7478) 2020: 5. 498

Published: September 30, 2020 | Pages: 89-100
Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/Volume02Issue09-15
Catalytic Synthesis Of Acetone And Acetaldehyde From

Acetylene In Fluoride-Based Catalysts
Fayzullaev N.I
Samarkand State University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Akmalaev K.A
Journal Website: Satbayev University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
http://usajournalshub.c
om/index,php/tajiir
Karjavov A
Copyright: Original Samarkand State University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative Akbarov H.I
commons attributes National University Of Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan
4.0 licence.
E.Qobilov
Satbayev University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
ABSTRACT
In the study, the catalytic hydration reaction of acetylene in the presence of catalysts based on local
raw materials was carried out under stationary conditions in a flow reactor made of stainless steel
with a diameter of 25 mm and a height of 1000 mm. The reaction products were analyzed
chromatographically. In the presence of the created fluoride catalyst, the conversion of acetylene is
75-80%, the yield of acetaldehyde is 93%, the yield of acetone is 2.5%. The reason for the high activity
of cadmium-zinc-aluminum catalysts is explained by the fact that they form the active center of ox
fluorides on the surface of the catalyst. The effect of temperature, volumetric velocity, acetylene:
water ratio, etc. on acetaldehyde yield in the presence of the selected catalyst was studied. When
the effect of temperature was studied in the range of 300–440oC, an increase in acetylene
conversion and a decrease in acetaldehyde selectivity were found with increasing temperature. X-ray
studies have established that cadmium-chromo-fluoro-aluminum catalysts have high activity in
polymorphic-crystalline state.
KEYWORDS
Acetylene, hydration, catalyst, acetone, acetaldehyde.
INTRODUCTION
Currently, acetone is mainly obtained in the 2) In the Kumol method. This method
industry by the following methods [1-2, 26]: consists of 3 steps:
1) Propen directly and indirectly;
The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 09-2020 89

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C6 H 6  CH 3CH  CH 2  C6 H 5CH  CH 3 2 C6 H 5CH CH 3 2  O2 
C6 H 5CH  OOH  СH 3 2 C6 H 5CH  OOH  CH 3 2  C6 H 5OH   CH 3 2 CO
3) Acetone is obtained by oxidizing isopropanol at 450-650 0C in the presence of copper, silver,

nickel, platinum catalysts:
2  CH 3 2 CH  OH  O2  2  CH 3 2 CO  2H 2O
Acetaldehyde is obtained by dehydrogenating important to develop cheap and effective

ethanol, oxidizing ethylene, oxidizing С3/С4 methods of obtaining acetone and
hydrocarbon fractions, and catalytically acetaldehyde. Currently, effective catalysts
hydrating acetylene. Currently, the cheapest with high activity have been obtained for the
and most promising method of obtaining production of acetylene by catalytic hydro
acetone and acetaldehyde for the Republic of chlorination of vinyl chloride and chloroprene
Uzbekistan is the catalytic hydration of [8-9], acetylation of vinyl acetate [10-14] and
acetylene. Because today NAVOIAZOT JSC has hydration of acetone and acetaldehyde [15-
pyrolysis equipment with a production 25].
capacity of 30,000 tons of acetylene per year
The reaction for the production of
[3-7].
acetaldehyde by catalytic hydration of
Today, the global demand for acetone, acetylene was discovered in 1881 by MG
acetaldehyde, vinyl chloride and vinyl acetates Kucherov and has been used in industry for
is growing day by day. Therefore, it is the production of acetaldehyde [1-2]:
CH  CH  H 2O   CH 3CHO,
4, HgSO HgO
H 2 SO4
H 298
0
 150,1kJ / mol
The reaction is strongly exothermic and does decomposition reaction of acetaldehyde. The
not return to 300 0C. At temperatures above following additional reactions take place in
300 0C, the equilibrium shifts towards the the synthesis of acetaldehyde from acetylene:

(ISSN–2642-7478) 2020: 5. 498
2CH 3CHO  CH 3 – CH  CHCHO  H 2O
CH3CHO  H 2O  CH3COOH  2H 
Oxides and salts of various metals, including local raw materials, to study the kinetic laws
phosphates, tungstates, vanadates, of the process.
molybdates, chromates, have been tested as
EXPERIMENTAL PART
catalysts for this process. Among all tested
catalysts for the catalytic hydration of The specific surface area of the sample
acetylene to acetaldehyde, the obtained was calculated by the BET method,
CdHPO4∙Ca3(PO4)2 cadmium-calcium the mean size of the mesentery by the BJH
phosphate catalyst, developed by Yu.A.Gorin method. The spatial composition was studied
and S.M.Momozon, exhibits high activity and by diffractometer DRON-3 (CuKα radiation) by
stability [1-16]. This catalyst is active at 350- X-ray diffraction method. The dispersion
4000C and regenerates with air and water properties of the catalyst were examined
vapor at 400-4500C. The process is carried out under a scanning electron microscope (JSM-
under conditions of water vapor: acetylene 6510 LV). The catalytic activity of the obtained
volume ratios 7-10: 1. At this time, the sample was studied in the hydration reaction
conversion of acetylene is 45-50%, of acetylene. Experiments on the catalytic
acetaldehyde yield is 89%, croton aldehyde hydration of acetylene and its derivatives in
yield is 6-7%. Also in this process acetic acid the vapor phase were carried out under
(0.5-1.0%), acetone (0.3%) and various additives stationary conditions in a stainless steel
are formed. The activity of the catalyst reactor with a diameter of 25 mm and a height
decreases as a result of the formation of of 1000 mm. The qualitative and quantitative
resinous products and carbon (coke). composition of the reaction products was
Therefore, after 70-100 hours of catalyst studied by gas-liquid chromatographic
operation, the temperature is raised to 400- method under the following optimal
4100C. The catalyst is then regenerated. The conditions. Stationary phase 15% Apiezon- M in
productivity of the catalyst is 140-216 Tsvetochrome, column thermostat
kg/(m3∙cat∙h) on acetaldehyde. Disadvantages temperature 1000C, carrier gas nitrogen
of this catalyst: rapid loss of its activity, low consumption 40 ml / min, detector - DIP. The
selectivity, low product yield, thermal duration of the analysis is 12 minutes.
instability, etc. [1-3]. The aim of the work is to Quantitative analysis was performed using the
create high-activity catalysts for the catalytic internal standards method.
hydration reaction of acetylene on the basis of

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Figure 1. Chromatogram of the products of the catalytic hydration reaction of acetylene
The quantitative composition of the reaction products was determined by the following formula.
K i Si
C n
K S
i 1
i i
Ki - the correction factor
Si-the peak surface area of the determined components, mm2
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Their stability is 1.5-2.0 times higher than that
of cadmium-calcium-phosphate catalyst. The
Fluoride catalysts with high activity, selectivity
catalyst promoted by up to 5.0% aluminum
and efficiency, high selectivity, thermally
fluoride has sufficient activity, mechanical
stable were selected by the suspension
strength and stability. A catalyst containing
method on the basis of local raw materials. In
10% to 20% cadmium fluoride ensures high
the presence of the selected catalyst, the
yields of acetaldehyde. When the reaction is
conversion of acetylene is 75-80%, the yield of
carried out at 300-4200C, the yield of
acetaldehyde is 93%, the yield of acetone is
acetaldehyde is 90% relative to the acetylene
2.5%. As can be seen from Table 1, the given
that reacts. Additional products include
catalysts ensure high acetylene conversion.

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acetone, 3- oxybutanal, croton aldehyde,

butanal, ethyl acetate, and paraldehyde.
Table 1.
Composition and properties of synthesized cadmium- fluorine-aluminum catalysts.
(T=723 K)
Operatingtime
Specific
Catalyst components, before Productivity, Conversion of
surface area,
mass % regeneration, g / kg, cat ∙ h acetylene,%
m2 / g
daily
CdF2 – 20; Al2O3 -80 220 96 110 95
CdF2 – 15; Al2O3 - 85 165 120 85 82
CdF2 –11,2; AlF3 – 2,8
135 140 91 90
Al2O3 - 86
CdF2 – 15; AlF3 – 5
151 155 100 92
Al2O3 - 80
CdF2 – 10; AlF3 – 10
183 130 88 94
Al2O3 - 80
CdF2 – 5; ZnF2 - 10
201 160 84 86
AlF3 – 5; Al2O3 - 80
The reason for the high activity of cadmium- hand, form active centers on the catalyst
zinc-aluminum catalysts is explained by the surface. Ox fluorides cause the polarization of
fact that they form ox fluorides on the surface acetylene and water molecules:
of the catalyst. Ox fluorides, on the other
- +
H-C C-H
-0,35
-3,15
: :
H-O F
+1,7
Cd
Al2O3
Figure 2. Acetylene on the surface of an oxyfluoride catalyst polarization model of the molecule

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The active particles react to form vinyl alcohol. etc. on acetaldehydrate yield was studied.
Vinyl alcohol is isomerizes to acetaldehyde. When the effect of temperature was studied
During the promotion of catalysts prepared by in the range of 300–4400C, an increase in
suspension on the basis of cadmium and zinc acetylene conversion and a decrease in
fluorides and other compounds, the formation acetaldehyde selectivity were found with
of hydroxyfluorides with the following increasing temperature. The study of the
composition: Сd(OH)F, Zn(OH)F, Al(OH)2F, effect of temperature on acetaldehyde yield
Al(OH)F2 was studied by radiographic analysis. showed that the relationship between
the formation of hydrofluorides was found to reaction reaction temperature and
lead to an increase in catalyst activity. Kinetics temperature in the range of 360-4400C is
of the catalytic hydration reaction of extreme and the yield has a maximum value at
acetylene. The effect of temperature, 4000C (Figure 3).
volumetric velocity, acetylene: water ratio,
3).
Figure 3. The effect of temperature on acetaldehyde yield
To maintain acetylene conversion at a acetylene volume rate on acetaldehyde yield

constant 80–85%, the temperature was and acetylene conversion was studied in the
increased to 100C for 15–20 h. The effect of 50–120 h-1 range.

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Figure 4. Effect of acetylene volume rate on acetylene conversion.
Acetylene conversion and acetaldehyde yield temperature, catalyst size, reactor parameters
decreased when the volumetric rate of the and catalyst layer heights on the technological
acetylene and water vapor mixture was parameters of the process was studied.
increased from 250 to 500 h-1. The influence of
Figure 5. Influence of catalyst layer height on acetylene conversion rate.
The effect of the catalyst layer height on the The ratio of the height of the catalyst layer to
conversion rate of acetylene is shown in the diameter of the reactor is 50-60, and the
Figure 5: volumetric velocity of acetylene is 50-60
hours-1. Under these conditions, the catalyst

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№4 (Table 2) operates for 120 hours with reaction of acetylene results in the formation
constant activity, after 16-24 hours of of acetaldehyde or acetone, depending on the
regeneration, the catalyst fully recovers its composition and nature of the catalyst used
activity. Studies have been conducted on the under the same conditions. In particular, in the
selection of polyfunctional mixed catalysts for presence of cadmium fluoride catalyst
the catalytic hydration reactions of acetylene containing 18 % CdF2, 2,0 % AlF3, 5% Cr2O3,75 %
to acetaldehyde and acetone. As a result, a Al2O3 acetylene reacts at 360-4400C in the
cadmium fluoride and chromium (III) oxide ratio: water = 1: 3-1: 5. The addition of zinc
catalyst soaked in aluminum oxide promoted oxide or fluoride (№5 catalysts) to the
with aluminum fluoride was selected for the cadmium-chromium-aluminum catalyst
acetaldehyde production process. The ensures the selectivity of the catalyst and
composition and properties of the synthesized directs the acetylene hydration reaction
catalysts are given in Table 2. The hydration towards the formation of acetone.
Table 2. Properties and composition of synthesized catalysts
Processing time
Specific Expectedproduct yield,%
before
№ Content, mass % surface area,
regeneration,
m2/g CH3CHO Acetone
hours
ZnO – 20; AlF3 – 3
1 135 72 10 82
Al2O3 – 77
2 CdF2-20; Al2O3-80 186 96 75 5
CdF2 – 18; AlF3 – 3
3 210 96 82 3
Al2O3 – 79
CdF2 – 18; AlF3 – 2

4 225 120 83 1,5
Cr2O3-5; Al2O3-75
ZnO – 18; CdF2 – 2

5 165 120 3 86
Cr2O3-5; Al2O3-75
As can be seen from Table 2, the yield of of this catalyst was studied. The yield of
acetone in the presence of № 5 catalyst was acetone formation, the selectivity increases to
86%, and the pre-regeneration time was 120 698 K. When the temperature exceeds 698 K,
hours. This indicates that the most suitable the yield of acetone formation and the
among the selected catalysts are zinc oxide, selectivity of the process decrease due to the
cadmium fluoride, chromium (III) oxide conversion to other substances. The
storage catalysts. Therefore, the effect of production of cadmium-chromium-fluorine-
temperature on acetone yield in the presence aluminum catalyst consists of the following

(ISSN–2642-7478) 2020: 5. 498
main stages: line for acid treatment and washed, and then the mass is dried at 95 0C
activation of expanded clay; mixing and for 3 hours (2). At this time, the mill (8) grinds
forming line; thermal treatment of the coal, zinc oxides and iron. The mixture of
catalyst. For acid treatment and activation is components is sent to the mixer (11) and, with
carried out in a reactor equipped with a vigorous stirring, ¾ part of the aqueous
mechanical stirrer. The calculated amount of solution of the peptizer is added (we use an
expanded clay is sent to the reactor (1) and a aqueous solution of extraction phosphoric
certain amount of 10% sulfuric acid is sent acid as a peptizer). Stirring continues until a
there. The components are stirred for 1 hour, homogeneous mass is obtained.
Figure 6. Technological scheme for the production of cadmium- chromium-fluorine-

(ISSN–2642-7478) 2020: 5. 498
ALUMINUM CATALYST 10 mm. The granules exiting the granulator

contain 20 - 25% moisture. Drying of the
1 - mixer-activator; 2 - bunker for expanded
contact mass is carried out in a dryer (13) at
clay; 3 - tank for 10% sulfuric acid; 4 - drying
cabinet; 5, 6, 7 - containers for iron oxide, zinc
and coal; 8 - ball mill; 9, 10 - containers for Heat treatment of the catalyst is carried out in
extraction phosphoric acid and distilled water; a drum-type furnace (14), while the flue gases
11 - lazy mixer; 12 - molding machine; 13 - and the raw material of the pellets must pass
conveyor dryer; 14 - shaft calcining furnace; 15 through the furnace in counterflow. The initial
- vibrating screens. temperature of calcination is 2000C, the
temperature is raised by 500C every 30
Pre-prepared carrier - activated acidic
minutes. up to 450 – 5000C. After calcining,
expanded clay after drying is crushed in a mill
the catalyst is sifted out for discard (14) and
(8) and sent to the mixer (11) for mixing with
sent to the finished product warehouse.
the rest of the components, and ¼ amount of
peptizer is added. Stirring continues for 30 - The processing of tree data according to
40 minutes, after which the mass is sent to the equations (1) - (3) show that the thermal
molds (12). For this, a screw molding machine decomposition of the cadmium-chromium-
was chosen, which allows to obtain granules fluoro-aluminum catalyst obeys equation (3).
with a diameter of 6 - 8 mm and a length of 8 -
 1 d  k E
ln     ln  (1)
 (1   )2 / 3 dT  g RT
 1 d  k0 E
ln  n   ln  (2)
  /1  2 dT  g RT
 1 d  k E
ln     ln 0  (3)
 (1   ) dT  g RT
where  - degree of development, calculated on the curved TG woodcutogramme, A - parameter,

depending on the mechanism of the reaction speed of the formation of the formation and geometry
of the seed; E, R - energy activation and gas.
X-ray studies have established that cadmium-chromo-fluoro-aluminum catalysts have high activity in
polymorphic-crystalline state.
CONCLUSION analyzed chromatographically. In the presence
of the created fluoride catalyst, the conversion
In the study, the catalytic hydration reaction of
of acetylene is 75-80%, the yield of
acetylene in the presence of catalysts based on
acetaldehyde is 93%, the yield of acetone is
local raw materials was carried out under
2.5%. The reason for the high activity of
stationary conditions in a flow reactor made of
cadmium-zinc-aluminum catalysts is explained
stainless steel with a diameter of 25 mm and a
by the fact that they form the active center of
height of 1000 mm. The reaction products were

(ISSN–2642-7478) 2020: 5. 498
ox fluorides on the surface of the catalyst. The Research in Science, Engineering and
effect of temperature, volumetric velocity, Technology, 6(12).
acetylene: water ratio, etc. on acetaldehyde 7. Fayzullaev, N. I., Yusupov, D., &
yield in the presence of the selected catalyst Shirinov, X. Sh., Korotoev, AV.,
was studied. When the effect of temperature Umirzakov, RR. (2002). Catalytic
was studied in the range of 300–4400C, an vaporphase hydration of acetylene and
increase in acetylene conversion and a decrease its derivatives. Chemical Industry. N, 7,
in acetaldehyde selectivity were found with 1-33.
increasing temperature. X-ray studies have 8. Faizullaev, N. I., Sarimsakova, N. S., &
established that cadmium-chromo-fluoro- Bakieva, Kh. A. (2018). Metod
aluminum catalysts have high activity in polucheniya vinilkhlorida i khloroprena
polymorphic-crystalline state. iz atsetilena. Molodoi uchenyi, (24),
273-275.
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(4)

Catalytic Synthesis of Acetone and Acetaldehyde From Acetylene in Fluoride-Based Catalysts

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The American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research IMPACT FACTOR

(ISSN–2642-7478) 2020: 5. 498

Catalytic Synthesis Of Acetone And Acetaldehyde From

Acetylene, hydration, catalyst, acetone, acetaldehyde.

1) Propen directly and indirectly;

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 09-2020 89

C6 H 6  CH 3CH  CH 2  C6 H 5CH  CH 3 2 C6 H 5CH CH 3 2  O2 

C6 H 5CH  OOH  СH 3 2 C6 H 5CH  OOH  CH 3 2  C6 H 5OH   CH 3 2 CO

3) Acetone is obtained by oxidizing isopropanol at 450-650 0C in the presence of copper, silver,

Acetaldehyde is obtained by dehydrogenating important to develop cheap and effective

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 09-2020 90

2CH 3CHO  CH 3 – CH  CHCHO  H 2O

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 09-2020 91

Figure 1. Chromatogram of the products of the catalytic hydration reaction of acetylene

Ki - the correction factor

Si-the peak surface area of the determined components, mm2

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acetone, 3- oxybutanal, croton aldehyde,

Composition and properties of synthesized cadmium- fluorine-aluminum catalysts.

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 09-2020 93

Figure 3. The effect of temperature on acetaldehyde yield

To maintain acetylene conversion at a acetylene volume rate on acetaldehyde yield

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Figure 4. Effect of acetylene volume rate on acetylene conversion.

Figure 5. Influence of catalyst layer height on acetylene conversion rate.

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Table 2. Properties and composition of synthesized catalysts

CdF2 – 18; AlF3 – 2

ZnO – 18; CdF2 – 2

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Figure 6. Technological scheme for the production of cadmium- chromium-fluorine-

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ALUMINUM CATALYST 10 mm. The granules exiting the granulator

where  - degree of development, calculated on the curved TG woodcutogramme, A - parameter,

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 09-2020 98

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15. Fozilov, S. F., Faizullaev, N. I., & (2016). Kataliticheskoe atsetilirovanie

The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 09-2020 100

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