DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, DURGAPUR

CLASS – XII (24-25)

ENGLISH ASSIGNMENT- 1
TOPIC: NOTICE AND JOB APPLICATION

NOTICE WRITING
A notice is written form of formal message or a type of written announcement.
Rules to be followed:
1. Notices are written in a box. (WORD LIMIT 50)
2. There should be usage of passive voice while writing a notice. It means you have to always use sentences
written in passive voice. Never use first person while writing a notice. There should be no use of I, we and
me.

Format:
1. NAME OF THE ORGANISATION
2. NOTICE

3. DATE
4. SUITABLE HEADING

5. BODY/CONTENT

6. SIGNATURE
7. DESIGNATION OF ISSUING AUTHORITY

Notice for Lost and found

Suggested value points
Heading: [lost & found / lost/ any other relevant title]
-what - object
-when – date & approx. Time
-where – place
-description - color, material, size – contact details- address/phone no. Etc.
Notice for Meeting
Value points
• Agenda/purpose of the meeting
• Date/time/venue of the meeting
• Who is to attend the meeting
• Number of persons/departments included
• Specific instructions for the persons called for the meeting
• Signatory with name and designation
• In case of further details, contact person with designation
Notice for Events (Competition/Celebration/ Annual Sports Event/Cultural Festival/ETC.)
Details/Value Points
• Who is organizing the event
• Objective/purpose/occasion
• Date/time/duration/ venue of the event
• Who can participate/essential qualifications/eligibility conditions
• Last date for registering names/depositing the amount etc
• Specific instructions (if any)
• Contact person with designation
Notice for Participation (Competition/write ups for school magazine) Details/Value Points
Who is organising the event
• Date/time/duration/ venue of the event/
• Who can participate/essential qualifications/eligibility conditions
• Last date for registering names/depositing the amount etc/sending write ups etc.
• Specific instructions (if any)
• Contact person with designation

SAMPLE NOTICE

You are Srinivas /Srinidhi of D.P. Public School, Nagpur. As Student Editor of your school magazine,
draft notice in not more than 50 words for your school notice board inviting article sketches from students
of all classes.

HOMEWORK
New Adarsh School, Jaipur is organising a Career Counselling session for the students of
class XI and XII of your school. Write a notice giving details of it to be displayed on your
school notice board.
 JOB APPLICATION
A job application comprises of COVER LETTER+CV/RESUME/BIODATA

FEATURES
● Sender’s address
● Date
● Addressee and address
● Subject (just 6 words. E.g.: Application for the post of Chief Engineer)
● Salutation
● Content- clearly divided into introduction, body and conclusion
● Subscription (Yours truly/faithfully)
● Signatory
● Letter to follow the left alignment
● Leave a line after each of the above
● Add Thank you, only if a request has been made
● Mention enclosures if any

SAMPLE JOB APPLICATION

You are Kewal Sareen. You have seen an advertisement in The Times of India for the post of Marketing
Manager. Write an application with a complete biodata.

23 J.L. Nehru Marg

New Delhi-11XXXX
8 October 2014

The General Manager

Human Resource Development
Genesis Software Solutions
10 M.G. Road
New Delhi-11XXXX
Subject: Application for the post of Zonal Manager
Sir
With reference to your advertisement dated 6th October, 20XX in The Times of India for the post of
Marketing Manager, I would like to apply for the said post/offer my candidature for the same.
Please find enclosed my detailed biodata for your perusal (see) and consideration. In view of my
qualifications, my varied experience, I consider myself suitable for the job. I also possess good
interpersonal and communication skills that equip me for this post. If selected, I shall prove to be a
valuable asset to your organization and endeavour to satisfy the requirements of the post.
I look forward to an interaction with you. I shall be obliged if you kindly allow me to appear for an
interview to prove my suitability.
Yours truly
________________________
(KEWAL SAREEN)
Encl:1. Biodata
2. Photocopies of testimonials
HOMEWORK
You are a post graduate in Mathematics from a reputed university. You saw the given advertisement
in a newspaper and wish to apply for the post mentioned below. You are Sonali Saha/Sonal Saha
 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, DURGAPUR
CLASS- XII
ASSIGNMENT - 01
SUBJECT- MATHEMATICS
TOPIC- MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
MCQ
1, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
1. If A = 𝑎 a square matrix of order 2 such that 𝑎 = then 𝐴 is
0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 = 𝑗
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

2. If A is a square matrix of order 3, such that A(adj A)=10I, then adjA is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 10 (c)100 (d) 101
2 5 (𝑎𝑑𝑗
3. For matrix A = , 𝐴) is equal to
−11 7
−2 −5 7 5 7 11 7 −5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
11 −7 11 2 −5 2 11 2
2 0
4. If = P + Q , where P is a symmetric and Q is a skew symmetric matrix, then Q =
5 4
2 5/2 0 −5/2 2 5/2 2 −5/2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5/2 4 5/2 0 −5/2 4 5/2 4

5. A and B are skew symmetric matrices of same order, AB is symmetric if

(a) AB = 0 (b) AB = -BA (c) AB = BA (d) BA = 0

6.The area of a triangle with vertices (-3, 0), (3, 0) and (0, k) is 9 sq units. The value of k is

(a) 9 (b)± 3 (c) -9 (d) 6

ASSERTION REASON BASED QUESTION:

1)Two statements are given, one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the

correct answer from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.

(a) Both assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of of the

Assertion (A)

(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of

the Assertion (A).

(c) Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false.

(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason R is true.

(CLASS-XII/ASSIGNMENT -01/2024-25 Page 1 of 3)

 2 0 5 0
Assertion (A): For two matrices A = and B = (A+B)2 =A2+2AB+B2
0 3 0 0
Reason (R) : For given two matrices A and B AB=BA

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTION

 1 3 2 1 
1. Find the value of x such that 1 x 1  2 5 1   2   0
15 3 2  x 

2. If A is an invertible matrix of order 3 and A =5, then find adjA

3. Find the value of k, if area of the triangle is 4 square units whose vertices are (k,0), (4,0) and
(0,2).

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION

 3 5 2 3
1. If A    , then find A -5A – 14 I. Hence obtain A
  4 2 
 cos  sin   T
2. If A    , then verify that A A = I 2
  sin  cos  
 3 2 4 
3. . Express the matrix  3 2 5 as the sum of a symmetric and skew - symmetric matrix and
 1 1 2 
verify your result.
 3 2 
 , find the value of  so that A =  A -2I. Hence find A
2 -1
4. If A  
 4 2 
 1 2 3 
5. If A=  0 1 4  , find (AT )-1
 2 2 1 
6. Find the area of the triangle with vertices at the points (3,8) ,(-4,2) and (5,-1)
7. Show that the points (5,5), (-5,1) and (10,7) are collinear.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
1  1 0 2 2  4
1. If A = 2 3 4 and B=  4 2  4 are two square matrices. Find AB and hence solve the
  
0 1 2  2  1 5 
system of linear equations : x-y =3, 2x+3y+4z=17,y+2z=7
2  3 5 
2. If A = 3 2  4 find A-1 and hence solve the system of linear equations 2x-3y+5z=11,
1 1  2
3x + 2y - 4z = -5, x+y-2z = - 3

(CLASS-XII/ASSIGNMENT -01/2024-25 Page 2 of 3)

 1 2 −2 3 −1 1
-1 -1
3. If A= −1 3 0 and B = −15 6 −5 , find (AB)
0 −2 1 5 −2 2
4. Solve the following system of equations by matrix method
i) 3x+y=7,5x+3y=12
ii) x +y+z=3, 2x-y+z= -1,2x+y-3z = -9
2 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 2
iii)    10,    10,    13
x y z x y z x y z

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

1. A manufacturer produces three stationary products Pencil, Eraser and sharpener which he sells in
two markets. Annual sales are indicated as below.
Market Products (in numbers)
Pencil Eraser sharpener
A 10,000 2,000 18,000
B 6,000 20,000 8,000

If the unit sale price of Pencil, Eraser and sharpener are Rs. 2.50, Rs. 1.50, Rs. 1.00 respectively, and
unit cost of the above three commodities are Rs. 2.00, Rs. 1.00, Rs. 0.50 respectively then
(i) Find the total revenue of the market A.
(ii) Find the total revenue of the market B.
(iii) Find the cost incurred in market A.
OR
(iv) Find gross Profit in both market.

(CLASS-XII/ASSIGNMENT -01/2024-25 Page 3 of 3)

 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, DURGAPUR
SESSION: 2024-25
ASSIGNMENT - 1
SUB: PHYSICS CLASS: XII WEEK: 1st

TOPIC: ELECTROSTATICS
SUB-TOPIC: Electrostatic induction, Properties of charge, Coulomb’s law, electric dipole & Gauss’s law
and its applications & electric potential, Electric charge, Electric Field, Electrostatic Potential

❖ Electrostatic induction is the phenomenon of temporary electrification of a conductor in which opposite

charges appear at its closer end and similar charges appear at its farther end in the presence of a nearly
charged body.
❖ Additive nature of charge: If a system contains charges 2C, 5C, -7C and 9C, total charge in the system
will be (2+5-7+9) C = 9C.
❖ Quantization of charge: Any available charge is obtained as, q =  ne ……………..(i)
q ne
❖ Current: I = = coulomb/s or amp………………………………………………(ii)
t t
❖ Coulomb’s law: The force of interaction between two charged particles q1 and q2, kept at a distance r is
1 q1q2
given as: F = N………………………………………………………….(iii)
4 r  0 r 2
1
where  0 is the free space permittivity and is equal to 9  109 Nm2C-2 and  r is relative permittivity of
4 0
the medium; for air or vacuum,  r = 1 .
❖ Principle of superposition: If a charge q is placed at a point of position vector r in a system of charges q1,
q2, q3…………qn having position vectors r1, r2, r3……………rn with respect to a fixed origin in space, then
following the principle of superposition theorem, the net force acting on q due to other charges is obtained
by the algebraic sum of the all the forces acting individually on q by the other charges.
q n qi ( r − ri )
The net force on q is, F =  …………………………………………………………………..(iv)
4 0 i =1 r − r 3

Very short Answer type questions:

Q1 If two charged particles having charges q1 and q2 each are kept at a distance r. If the first charge is
decreased by 20% and another is increased by 25%, how will the new force get affected?
Ans. The force will remain the same, as the product of the modified charges remains same. (See Eq. (iii)).
Q2 What will happen to the force between two charged particles, if they are kept inside a liquid of relative
permittivity k (which is same as  r ) compared to the force when they were in air?
Ans. The force inside the liquid will decrease by k times the value in air. (See Eq. (iii))
Q3 How many electrons are required to produce a charge of 1 C?
Ans. Using the relation given in Eq. (i), number of electrons = 6.25 1018 .
Q4 If an uncharged body is charged with a negatively charged rod, is there any transfer of mass?
Ans. Yes. Since mass of electron, m = 9.1 10−31 kg.
Q5 Three spheres A, B and C having charges +9µC, -5 µC and +11 µC are touched with each other and
are separated. What will be the amount of charge present in each sphere now?
Ans. Net charge will be shared among the three spheres. So each sphere will contain
( 9 − 5 + 11) = 5C .
3
Short Answer type questions:

Q6 Two charged particles are placed at a distance 1.0 cm apart. What is the minimum possible magnitude
of the electric force acting on each charge?
Ans. The force between two similar charges, kept at a fixed distance, will be minimum, if the magnitudes of
charges are minimum. So, both the charges have to be electron. Using the relation, given in Eq. (iii),
the required force will be 2.3 10−24 N .

Q7 Two point charges +9e and +e are kept at a distance from each other. Where should we place a third
charge q on the line joining the two charges, so that it may be in equilibrium?

Ans. Force act on q due to +9e = Force act on q due to +1e

K(+9e)q/r² = k(+1e)q/(16 - r)²
9/r² = 1/(16 - r)²
Taking square root both sides,
3/r = 1/(16 - r)
48 - 3r = r
48 = 4r
r = 12cm.
Hence, a point charge q is kept 12cm from +9e
Q8 State the law of conservation of charge.
Ans. The law of conservation of charge states that:
(i) The total charge of an isolated system remains constant.
(ii) The electric charges can neither be created nor be destroyed; they can only be transferred
from one body to another.
Home Assignment:
1. Consider three charged bodies P,Q and R. if P and Q repel each other and P attracts R, what is the
nature of the force between Q and R?
2. Write down the dimensional formula for  0 .
3. Two small balls having equal positive charge q coulomb are suspended by two insulated strings of
equal length l meter from a hook fixed to a stand. The whole set up is taken in a satellite where there is
no gravity. What is the angle between the two strings and the tension in each string?
4. Write down the different properties of charge with brief explanation.
5. State and explain Coulomb’s law.
6. What should be the position of charge q=5µC for it to be in equilibrium on the line joining two charges
q1=-4 µC and q2=16 µC separated by 9 cm.
7. Two point charges 4e and e each at a separation r in air exert force of magnitude F. They are
immersed in a medium of relative permittivity 16. What should be the separation between the charges
so that the force between them remains unchanged?
8. How can you make an uncharged body negatively charged by the method of induction?
❖ Electrostatic induction is the phenomenon of temporary electrification of a conductor in which opposite
charges appear at its closer end and similar charges appear at its farther end in the presence of a nearly
charged body.
❖ Additive nature of charge: If a system contains charges 2C, 5C, -7C and 9C, total charge in the system will
be (2+5-7+9) C = 9C.
❖ Quantization of charge: Any available charge is obtained as, q =  ne ……………..(i)
q ne
❖ Current: I = = coulomb/s or amp………………………………………………(ii)
t t
❖ Coulomb’s law: The force of interaction between two charged particles q1 and q2, kept at a distance r is
1 q1q2
given as: F = N………………………………………………………….(iii)
4 r  0 r 2
1
where  0 is the free space permittivity and is equal to 9  109 Nm2C-2 and  r is relative permittivity of
4 0
the medium; for air or vacuum,  r = 1 .
❖ Principle of superposition: If a charge q is placed at a point of position vector r in a system of charges q1,
q2, q3…………qn having position vectors r1, r2, r3……………rn with respect to a fixed origin in space, then
following the principle of superposition theorem, the net force acting on q due to other charges is obtained by
the algebraic sum of the all the forces acting individually on q by the other charges.
q n qi ( r − ri )
The net force on q is, F =  …………………………………………………………………..(iv)
4 0 i =1 r − r 3

Some more numericals for practice

Q1 A charge Q is divided into two parts such that they reel each other with a maximum force when kept at a
certain distance apart. Find the charge on each part.
Hint. Let one charge be q and the rest will be (Q-q). Then, force between them will be
kq ( Q − q ) dF
F= 2
; then, for the force F to be maximum for a certain value of q, we have = 0.
r dq
Q
Hence, we get q = .
2
Q2 A charge q is placed at the center of the line joining two equal charges Q each. Show that the system of
Q
these two charges will be in equilibrium if q = − .
4
Hint. Since the pre-existing charges are equal in polarity, hence the third charge q has to be placed exactly at
the middle on the line joining the two charges, irrespective of its nature. Equate the force on q due to
other two charges.
Q3 Four point charges +1µC, -3 µC, +2 µC and q are respectively kept at (0,0), (10,0), (30,0) and (80,0).
For what sign and magnitude of q, will the net force +2 µC be zero? Assume that, all distances are in
cm.
Hint. Try yourself. (q = -16 µC)

Q4 Three point charges q, -4q and 2q are placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle ABC of side l
each. Obtain the expression for the magnitude of the resultant electric force acting on the charge q.
Hint. Resultant force
F = FAB
2
+ FAC
2
+ 2 FAB FAC cos1200
1 q2
F= 2 3
4 0 l 2

Q5 Calculate the force between two α particles kept at a distance 1m apart.

Hint. The charge of each α particle is double the charge of an electron.
Q6 How far apart should two electrons be kept, if the force, each exerts on other, is equal to the weight of
the electron?(Given that, e = 1.6 10−19 C and me = 9.1 10−31 kg.
Hint. Coulomb repulsive force between two electrons = weight of an electron
ke2
= me g ; the required distance is r = 5.08 m.
r2
Q7 There are two identical spheres A and B of same mass. Now, A is positively charged, B is negatively
charged. Which one has more mass?
Hint. Try yourself.
Q8 A force F is acting between two charges placed some distance apart in vacuum If a brass rod is placed
between these two charges, how does the force change?
F F
Ans. For any metal, dielectric constant, κ=0. FBrass = vacuum = vacuum = 0.
 
Q9 Two point charges q1 and q2 placed at a distance d apart are such that there is no point where the field
vanishes. What can be concluded from this?
Hint. Try yourself.
Q10
❖ Continuous charge distribution:
(i) Linear charge distribution: q =   dl ; (ii) Surface charge distribution: q =   ds ;
(iii)Volume charge distribution: q =   dv . Where, λ, σ and ρ are respectively linear, surface and volume
charge distribution.
❖ Electric field and field intensity: It may be defined as
the region around any point charge (called Source
charge) within which, if another charge (called Test
charge) is placed, it will experience a force.
The force experienced by a unit positive charge (Test
charge) is called the field intensity at that point.
F
E = lim   ; The unit of the electric field intensity
q0 →0 q
 0
in SI system of unit is NC-1.
❖ Electric field lines: These are imaginary lines around
any charge. Parallel lines indicate uniform field and
non-parallel lines indicate non-uniform field.
❖ Properties of electric field lines.
❖ Electric dipole: A pair of equal and opposite charges
separated by a small distance (a).
❖ Dipole moment (p): Product of magnitude of either of the charge and the distance between the charges.
p = (q  2a ) p Coulomb-m;
Dipole moment is directed from negative to positive charge.
❖ Electric field at the axial point P of the dipole:
1 2 pr
Eaxial = ;
4 0 2
( )
3
r −a 2 2

For a short dipole, or for a point, kept at a far distance

1 2p
from the dipole (a<<r), the field will be Eaxial = ;
4 0 r 3
❖ Electric field at the equatorial point P of the dipole:
1 p
Eequator =
4 0 2
( )
3
r + a2 2
For a short dipole, or for a point, kept at a far distance from the dipole
1 p
(a<<r), the field will be Eequator =
4 0 r 3

Very short and short answer-type questions:

Q1 Find the electric field due to a charge of 5  10−8 C at a point 50 cm from it in vacuum.
1 Q
Ans Given, Q= 5  10−8 C, r = 0.5m, E = = 1800 NC-1.
4 0 r 2
Q2 A system has two charges QA= 2.5 10−7 C and QB= −2.5 10−7 C located at the points A (0,0,-15cm)
and B (0,0,+15cm). What is the total charge and electric dipole moment of the system?
Ans Total charge of the system = 0.
Total dipole moment, p = q  2a = 2.5 10−7  0.30 = 7.5 10 −8 Cm.
Q3 If the electric field at an axial point of a dipole, at a distance 15 cm from the centre of the dipole is
25NC-1, then what will be the field at an equatorial point, at the same distance from the centre of that
dipole?
Ans The required electric field will be half the axial value, i.e. 12.5 NC-1.
Q4 Why do two electric field lines never intersect each other?
Ans If two lines of force intersect each other at a point, then at the point of intersection, there will be two
tangents at two different directions, which indicate the fact that the field at that point is in two different
directions, which is not possible.
Q5 Mention any two important properties of electric lines of force.
Ans (i) The tangent drawn at any point on the lines of force indicates the field-direction at that point.
(ii) Two lines of force can never intersect each other.
Q6 Figure shows the variation of Coulomb force (F) Vs. 1/r2 for two point
charges kept in two different media A and B having different values of
electrical permittivity. Which out of these two media has greater value of A B
dielectric constant? Why?
F

1/r2
Ans As the force in medium B is comparatively less for a fixed value of 1/r2, hence the dielectric constant or
1
relative permittivity of B is higher, since F  .
r
Q7 How will you calculate the dipole moment of a dipole?
Ans Try yourself.
Q8 What is the net charge of a dipole? What is the SI unit of dipole moment?
Ans Zero. Coulomb-meter.
Q9 If two electrons are kept side by side, is there any existence of attractive force?
Ans Yes. Gravitational force between them. But, that force is negligible compared to the coulomb repulsive
force between them.
Q10 When a charge particle is said to be in stable equilibrium? It is impossible to attain stable equilibrium in
a system of free charges. Why?
Hint. ❖ A body is said to be in stable equilibrium if it comes back to its original position when displaced in
an obituary direction.

❖ Try yourself.
❖ Torque acting on a dipole placed in a uniform electric field:
 = pE sin 
 = p E
❖ Work done to rotate a dipole, placed in the electric field,
from an angle ϴ1 to ϴ2 , made with the field:
W = pE ( cos 1 − cos  2 )
❖ Potential energy stored in a dipole:
U = − pE cos  = − p.E
❖ Electric flux: Electric flux of the electric field through a surface is defined as the total number of electric
field lines passing perpendicular to the surface. It is denoted by  E . It is a scalar quantity; The S.I. unit of
electric flux is Nm2C-1 or volt-m.
❖ Gauss’s law: The net electric flux through a closed surface is
1 times the net charge enclosed within the surface. Mathematically, it can be expressed as
0
q
E =  E.ds =  0
. The surface is known as Gaussian surface.

❖ Applications of Gauss’s law:

q
• The electric field at a point, r distance apart from a point charge q, is given by, E = .
4 0 r
• Coulomb’s law can be derived from Gauss’s law.

• The electric field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire is given by, E = .
2 0 r

• The electric field due to uniformly charged infinite plane sheet is given by, E = .
2 0
• To calculate the electric field between two infinite parallel thin plane sheet of charge.
• To calculate the electric field at a point due to spherical (solid sphere and spherical shell) charge
distribution.
❖ Behaviour of metallic conductor in an electric field:
(i) Inside a conductor, net electric field is zero. (ii) There is no net charge inside a conductor.
(iii) The surface of a conductor is an equipotential surface.

Short answer-type questions:

Q1 The electric field in space is given by E = 50i + 30 j + 80k . Calculate the electric flux through a square
surface of area 200 units, when it is kept in (i) XY plane (ii) YZ plane (iii) XZ plane.

Ans
(i) Here, E = 50i + 30 j + 80k , ds = 200k , hence electric flux is E =  E.ds = 16000 units.
(ii) & (iii) Try yourself.

Q2 A cylinder of radius R and length L is placed in a uniform electric field E parallel to the cylinder axis.
What will be the total flux for the surface of the cylinder?
Ans Total flux of the system = 0. Flux due to opposite
circular faces is getting cancelled. Flux through curved
surface is zero.

Q3 If a dipole of dipole moment p is kept in equilibrium position in a uniform electric field E, what will be
the value of torque and potential energy?
Ans Zero, -pE.
Q4 A point charge 2µC is at the centre of a cubic Gaussian surface having edge 9 cm. What is the net
electric flux through the surface?
Ans q 2 10−6
Net flux,  = = Nm2C −1 .
 0 8.854 10 −12

Q5 An infinite line charge produces a field of 9  10 4 NC-1 at a distance of 2 cm. Calculate the linear charge
density.
Ans 
E= = 10Cm−1 .
2 0 r
Q6 If a charge is divided into two parts q1 and q2 and kept at fixed distance apart from each other, then for
 what ratio of q1 and q2, the force between them will be maximum?
Ans The ratio will be 1:1. That, the charge has to be divided equally.
Q7 Calculate the amount of work done in rotating a dipole of dipole moment 10 Cm in a uniform electric
field of 5 Vm-1 by an angle 1800.
Ans W = − pE cos(−1800 ) = pE = 50 J .
Q8 Four charges +q, +q, -q, -q are placed at the four successive corners of a square of side a. Calculate the
electric field at the centre of the square.
Ans Net force along the diagonal AC is 2F and along BD is also 2F.
1 q
Hence, resultant force at the center is E = 2 2 F = 2 2  .
4 0  a 2
 
 2

Q9 A point charge causes an electric flux of -1.0X103 Nm2C-1 to pass through a spherical Gaussian surface
of 10.0 cm radius centered on the charge.
(a) If radius of the Gaussian surface was doubled, how much flux will pass through the surface?
(b) What is the value of the point charge?
Ans (a) The electric flux through the new surface will remain same as the flux only depends upon the net
charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface.
q =  0 = 1103  8.854 10−12 C
(b)
q = 8.85 10−9 C
Q10 A thin metallic spherical shell of radius R carries a charge Q on its surface. A point charge Q/2 is placed
at its center and another charge 2Q is placed outside the shell at a distance x from the centre of the
sphere. Calculate (i) Electric flux through the shell (ii) Force on the charges at the center C and at A.
Hint. Try yourself.

❖ Electrostatic potential: The electrostatic potential at a point is defined as the amount of work done by an
external force in bringing a unit positive test charge from infinity to that point. If W be the work done by the
W
external force in bringing a test charge q0 from infinity to that point, V = . The SI unit of potential is JC-1
q0
2 -3 -1
or Volt. The dimension of potential is [ML T A ].
❖ Potential at a point due to a point charge: If a point charge Q is kept at a point A, then the potential at a
Q
point B, which is at a distance r from A, is given by V = .
4 0 r
❖ Potential at a point due to a number of charges: The potential at a point due to a number of charges q1, q2,
q3…..qn placed at distances r1, r2, r3……rn is given by
1 n qi
V=  .
4 0 i =1 ri
❖ Comparison of electric field and potential at a point:
The potential at a point, which is at a distance r from a charge
Q
Q, is given by V = and the electric field is given by
4 0 r
Q
E= . Their variation with r is shown in the graph.
4 0 r 2
For r=1, the magnitude of field and potential are equal,
depicted as the point of intersection in the graph.
❖ Potential difference between two points is the line
 integral of the electric field.
Q 1 1
B

A E.dl = 4 0  rA − rB  = VA − VB .
❖ Potential at an axial point due to a dipole: The potential at the point P is
p
VP =
4 0 ( r 2 − a 2 )
❖ Potential at an equatorial point due to a dipole: The potential at all points lying on the perpendicular
bisector (equatorial line) of a dipole is zero.
❖ Potential at any arbitrary point near a dipole: The potential at any arbitrary point near a dipole is given by
p cos 
VP = , where r is the distance of the point from the centre of the dipole and ϴ is the angle
4 0 ( r 2 − a 2 cos 2  )
between the dipole moment and position vector of the point r .
dV
❖ Electric field is obtained as the negative gradient of potential, that is E = − .
dr

Very short & Short answer-type questions:

Q1 The electric field is discontinuous across the surface of a charged conductor. Is its potential also
discontinuous there?
Ans No. The potential is constant or continuous.

Q2 Name a surface on which the electrostatic potential due to an electric dipole is zero.
Ans The vertical surface that passes through the perpenticular bisector of the dipole.
Q3 What is the work done in moving a 2µC point charge from corner A to corner B of a square ABCD, when
a 10 µC charge is kept at the centre of the square?
Ans Since the points A and B are equi-distant from the centre of the square, hence VA = VB; so work done is
given by W = q (VA − VB ) = 0 .
Q4 Can two equi-potential surfaces intersect? Explain.
Ans No. If they do so, then there will be two different directions of the electric field at the point of
intersection.
Q5 Two identical conducting spheres one solid and the other hollow are given equal charges +q each.
Which of them will be at higher potential? Why?
Ans Both the spheres will be at same potential. Since their capacitance is same.
Q6 In a certain 0.1m3 of space, electric potential is found to be 5V throughout. What is the electric field in
that region?
Ans dV
As we know, E = − , since V is constant, hence, E=0.
dr
Q7 Two charges +1µC and -1µC are kept at points A and B, 5 cm apart.
(i) Identify the equipotential surface of the system.
(ii) What is the direction of the electric field at every point on this surface?
Ans (i) The vertical surface that passes through the perpenticular bisector of the dipole.
(ii) Normal to the plane in the direction parallel to AB.
Q8 27 identical drops of mercury are charged to the same potential of 10 volt. What will be the potential if
all the charged drops are made to combine to form one large drop? Assume the drops to be spherical.
Ans Let r and R be the radii of the small drops and the big drop respectively. Here, Q=27q.
4 4
 R 3 = 27   r 3
3 3
R = 3r
 Q 27q q
Now, potential of the bigger drop is = = = 9 = 9 10V = 90V .
4 0 R 4 0  3r 4 0 r
Q9 A point charge Q is placed at point O. is the potential at A i.e. VA greater, smaller or equal to the
potential at B i.e. VB, when Q is a (i) positive (ii) negative charge? ●O ●A ●B
Ans (i) VA > VB (ii) VB > VA .
Q10 Draw the equi-potential surfaces corresponding to
(i) A constant electric field along Z direction.
(ii) A filed that increases uniformly in magnitude but remains in the same direction (say Z axis).
(iii)A single positive charge.
(iv) A uniform grid consisting of long, equally spaced parallel charged wires in a plane.
Hint. Try yourself.
1. Multiple choice type questions:
(i) When a body is negatively charged, its surface area
(a) increases (b) decreases (c) remains same (d) cannot be predicted.
(ii) A charge Q is distributed over a metal sphere of radius R. The variation of potential with the distance
(r) from its center

(iii) A uniform electric field E points along +x axis.

If the potential at the origin is zero, then the potential at the point (x,0) will be
(a) xE (b) 2xE (c) –xE (d) –(xE/2)
(iv) A charge Q is distributed over two hollow concentric spheres of radii R and r (R > r), such that the
surface densities are equal. The potential at the common center is
Q  R2 + r 2  Q Q  R+r 
(a)   (b) (c)   (d) zero
4 0  R + r  4 0 ( R + r ) 4 0  R 2 + r 2 

2. Show diagrammatically, how two metal spheres can be oppositely charged by induction.
3. Estimate the total number of electrons present in 100 gm of water. How much is the total charge carried by
these electrons? Avogadro’s number = 6.023 1023 and molecular mass of water = 18g.
4. Write down the different characteristics of charges.
ke 2
5. Check that, the ratio is dimensionless, where k is constant for Coulomb’s law, e is the electronic
Gme m p
charge, G is universal gravitational constant, me and mp are the masses of electron and proton respectively.
What does this ratio signify?
6. State and explain Coulomb’s law. What is the force between two small charged spheres having charges
2  10 −7 C and 3  10 −7 C placed 30 cm apart in air?
7. Define relative permittivity of a medium in terms of Coulomb’s force of interaction.
8. A particle of mass m and carrying charge –q1 is moving around a charge +q2 along a circular path of radius
16 3 0 mr 3
r. prove that, the period of revolution of the charge –q1 about +q2 is given by T = .
q1q2
 9. Two point charges +4e and +e are fixed at a distance a apart. Where should a third point charge q be placed
on the line joining the two charges so that it may be in equilibrium? In which case the equilibrium will be
stable and in which case it will be unstable?
10. A charge Q has to be divided on two objects. What should be the value of these charges on the two objects
so that the force between the objects can be maximum?
11. Obtain the dimensional formula for  0 .
12. State the principle of superposition to obtain the expression of net force on a charge particle, when placed in
a system of N number of discrete charges.
13. Write a short note on continuous charge distribution.
14. Two charges of equal magnitudes and at a distance r exert a force F on each other. If the charges are halved
and distance between them is doubled, then find the new force acting on each charge.
15. Define Electric field. Find out the dimension of electric field.
16. State the properties if electric field lines. Why do two lines of force never intersect each other?
17. Without using Gauss law, Calculate the electric field at a point on the axis, passing through the center of a
circular current carrying ring.
18. What is the total electric flux due to a q coulomb charge placed (a) at the center (b) at one of the vertices of
a cube?
19. What do you mean by dipole moment? What is its unit?
20. Calculate the electric field at a point on the axis of a dipole.
21. Calculate the electric field at a point on the perpendicular bisector of a dipole?
22. What is the relationship between the electric fields at axial and equatorial points for a short dipole?
23. Derive an expression for the potential at a distance r from a point charge q.
24. Calculate the electric field at the points P, Q and R for the following cases:

P Q R P Q R
+σ +σ +σ ̶ σ

25. What is the net flux due to a dipole?

26. Calculate the torque acting on a dipole when it is placed in a uniform electric field. When is the torque
maximum?
27. Derive an expression for the total work done in rotating a dipole in a uniform electric field from an angle θ 1
to θ2. What is the condition for doing the minimum work?
28. Two positive charges of magnitude q are kept at a distance 2 m apart from each other. Where a third charge
should be placed so that this charge will be in equilibrium? Is this equilibrium stable or unstable?
29. Calculate the total electric field at a point due to a continuous charge distribution in a solid cylinder and
hence draw the field distribution graph.
30. Derive Gauss law from Coulomb’s law.
31. Derive the dimension of electric flux.
32. What is the electric flux due to a charge q around a cube of side a cm.

*******************
 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, DURGAPUR
SESSION: 2024-25
ASSIGNMENT-1

SUB: CHEMISTRY CLASS: XII

SOLUTION
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more than two components. For example, common salt in
water. Solutions which contain two components in it are called Binary Solutions. Substances which are used
to prepare a solution are called as Components. The component that is present in the largest quantity is
known as Solvent. Solvent determines the physical state in which solution exists. The other component
present in lesser quantity in the solution is termed as Solute. Each component may be solid, liquid or in
gaseous state

Ex.1: In a syrup (liquid solution) containing 60g of sugar (a solid) and 40 g water (a liquid) same aggregation
as solution water is termed as solvent, due to same physical state as that of solution.

Some Important Definitions:

 Mixture - When two or more chemically non-reacting substances are mixed, they form mixture.
 Heterogeneous Mixture - It consists of distinct phases, and the observed properties are just the sum of
the properties of individual phases.
 Homogeneous Mixture - It consists of a single phase which has properties that may differ from one of
the individual components.
 Solution - The homogeneous mixture of two or more components such that at least one component is a
liquid is called solution.

 Expressing the Strength of Solution:

Strength of Solutions: The amount of solute dissolved per unit solution or solvent is called Strength of
solution. There are various methods of measuring strength of a solution.
1. Mass Percentage (%w/w): “It represents mass of a component present in 100 g of solution”.

2. Volume percentage (%v/v): “It represents volume of a component in 100 mL of solution”.

1
3. Mass by volume percentage (%w/v): “It represents mass of solute in grams present in 100 mL of
solution”

4. Parts per Million (ppm): Concentration in parts per million can be expressed as mass to mass, volume to
volume and mass to volume.

5. Mole Fraction (x): “It represents the moles of a solute present in one mole of solution”

For example, in a binary mixture, if the number of moles of A and B are nA and nB respectively, the mole
fraction of A will be

6. Molarity [M]: “It represents moles of solute present in 1 L of solution”

Unit of Molarity is mol/L also represented by ‘M’ or ‘Molar’.

“Density of a solution is mass of the solution per unit volume”

7. Molality [m]: “It represents moles of solute present per kg of solvent”

Unit of molality is mol/kg which is also represented by ‘m’ or ‘molal’

8. Normality [N]: It represents no. of equivalents of solute present in 1 L of solution.

IMPORTANT: Mass %, ppm, mole fraction and molality are independent of temperature, whereas molarity
& normality are a function of temperature. This is because volume depends on temperature and the mass
does not.

2
 Solubility: Solubility of a substance is its maximum amount that can be dissolved in a specified
amount of solvent. Factors affecting the solubility of a solid in liquid are:
1. Nature of solute and solvent: Like dissolves like. For example, While sodium chloride and sugar
dissolve readily in water, naphthalene and anthracene do not. On the other hand, naphthalene and anthracene
dissolve readily in benzene but sodium chloride and sugar do not.
2. Temperature : In a nearly saturated solution, If (Δ solH > 0), the solubility increases with rise in
temperature and If (ΔsolH < 0) the solubility decreases with rise in temperature.
3. Effect of pressure: Does not have any significant effect as solids and liquids are highly incompressible.

 Some Important Definitions:

 Dissolution: When a solid solute is added to the solvent, some solute dissolves and its
concentration increases in solution. This process is called dissolution.
 Crystallization: Some solute particles collide with solute particles in solution and get separated
out. This process is called crystallization.
 Saturated solution: Such a solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at the same
temperature and pressure is called a saturated solution.
 Unsaturated solution: An unsaturated solution is one in which more solute can be dissolved at
the same temperature.
 Supersaturated solution: When more solute can be dissolved at higher temperature in a
saturated solution, then the solution becomes supersaturated.

 Solubility of Gas in Liquid:

All gases are soluble in water as well as in other liquids to a greater or lesser extent. The solubility of a gas in
liquid depends upon the following factors Nature of the gas, Nature of solvent, Temperature and Pressure.
Generally, the gases which can be easily liquified are more soluble in common solvents. For e.g., CO2 is
more soluble than hydrogen or oxygen in water. The gases which are capable of forming ions in aqueous
solutions are much more soluble in water than other solvents. For e.g., HCl and NH3 are highly soluble in
water but not in organic solvents (like benzene) in which they do not ionize.
1. Effect of temperature: Solubility of most of the gases in liquids decreases with rise in temperature. In
dissolution of a gas in liquid, heat is evolved and thus this is an exothermic process. The dissolution process
involves dynamic equilibrium and thus follows Le Chatelier’s principle. As dissolution is exothermic the
solubility of gas should decrease with rise in temperature.
2. Effect of pressure:
Henry’s law: Henry’s law states that at a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly
proportional to the pressure of the gas. The most commonly used form of Henry’s law states that “the partial
pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution”.
This is expressed as:
p = KH x, Here KH is the Henry’s law constant.

Characteristics of KH:
1. KH is a function of the nature of the gas.
2. Higher the value of KH at a given pressure, the lower is the solubility of the gas in the liquid.
3. KH values increase with increase of temperature indicating that the solubility of gases increases with
decrease of temperature.

Applications of Henry’s law:

1. In manufacture of soft drinks and soda water, CO2 is passed at high pressure to increase its solubility.

3
2. To minimise the painful effects accompanying the decompression of deep sea divers. O2 diluted with less
soluble. He gas is used as breathing gas.
3. At high altitudes, the partial pressure of O2 is less then that at the ground level. This leads to low
concentrations of O2 in the blood of climbers which causes ‘anoxia’

Limitation of Henry’s law:

Henry’s law applicalble only when
(i) The pressure of the gas is not too high and temperature is not too low.
(ii) The gas should not undergo any chemical change.
(iii) The gas should not undergo association or dissociation in solution.
QUESTION

Q1: Maximum amount of a solid solute that can be dissolved in a specific amount of a given liquid solvent
does not depend upon:
(a) temperature (b) pressure (c) nature of solute (d) nature of solvent.
Q2: According to Henry law, the amount of gas that will dissolve in blood plasma or any other liquid is
determined by which of these factors
(i) Solubility of the gas in the liquid (ii) The total pressure of the gas mixture
(iii) pH of the liquid (iv) The osmotic pressure of the gas mixture
Q3: Iodine and sulphur dissolve in
(i) H2O (ii) benzene (iii) ethanol (iv) CS2
Q4: Solid solution in which the solute is gas
(i) copper dissolved in gold (ii) camphor in nitrogen gas
(iii) solution of hydrogen in palladium (iv) all of the above
Q5: Low concentration of oxygen in the blood and tissues of people living at high altitude is due to
(i) Low temperature (ii) Low atmospheric pressure
(iii) High atmospheric pressure (iv) Both low temperature and high atmospheric pressure.
Q6: When a solute is present in trace quantities which of the following expression is used?
(i) Gram per million (ii) Milligram percent (iii) Microgram percent (iv) Parts per millions
Q7: At equilibrium, the rate of dissolution of a solid solute in a volatile liquid solvent is
(i) less than rate of crystallization (ii) greater than rate of crystallization
(iii) equal to the rate of crystallization (iv) zero
Q8: Which one of the following gases has the lowest value of Henry’s law constant?
(i) N2 (ii) He (iii) H2 (iv) CO2
Q9: Equal moles of water and urea are taken in a flask. What is mass percentage of urea in the solution ?
(i) 7.692% (ii) 9.2% (iii) 76.92% (iv) 0.7692%
Q10: An X molal solution of a compound in benzene has mole fraction of solute equal to 0.2. The value of X
is
(i) 14 (ii) 3.2 (iii) 1.4 (iv) 2

*******************

4
 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, DURGAPUR
SESSION: 2024-25
ASSIGNMENT – I

SUB: BIOLOGY CLASS: XII

TOPIC- SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS
Sub-Topic--- (i) flower structure, micro and megasporogenesis System
(ii) Pollination (iii)Fertilization (iv)Embryogenesis (v)Parthenocarpy
(vi)Apomixis and Polyembryony
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS:

Flower is a modified stem which functions as a reproductive organ and produces ova and/or polles

(1) Structure of the flower:

The flower is commonly borne on short or long stalk called the pedicel. It has an upper swollen region known as
receptacle (thalamus or torua).
(2) Parts of a flower:
A typical angiospermic flower consists of four whorls of floral appendages attached on the receptacle: calyx,corolla,
androecium and gynoecium.

(i) Calyx: It is the outermost whort of the flower. It is composed of leaf like green sepals. The sepals are essentially
green in colour but in some cases they are coloured like petals. Such a condition of calyx is called petaloid.

(ii) Corolla: This is the second whorl of the flower and consists of a number of petals. Petals are generally brightly
colored and sometimes fragrant which make the flower to become attractive.

(ui) Androecium: It is the third whorl of flower and is the male reproductive organ consisting of stamens. Each stamen
is made of filament and anther. The filament supports anther at its tip
.
(iv) Gynoecium: This is the last and the fourth whort of flower and is the female reproductive organ of the flower. It
occupies the central position on the receptacle and composed of ovary, style and stigma and thecomponent parts are
called carpels.

(3) Functions of a flower

(i) Flowers are modifications of shoot to perform the function of sexual reproduction.

(ii) Flowers of most of the angiosperms are shaped variously to help diverse modes of pollination.

(iii) Flowers provide seat for germination of pollen, development of pollen tube, formation of gametes and fertilization.

(iv) The ovary part of the carpel gets transformed into fruit and the ovules are transformed into seeds after fertilization.

(v) Some floral parts like calyx and various modifications in ovaries help in the dispersal of fruits and seeds.
Microsporogenesis

The process of the formation and differentiation of microspores (pollen grains) from microspore mother cells (MMC)
by reductional division is called microsporogenesis.
Microsporogenesis is well studied under following heads:

(1) Structure of anther:

The fertile portion of stamens is called anther. Each anther is usually made up of two lobes connected by a connective.
In turn each anther lobe contains two pollen chambers placed longitudinally. Each pollen chamber represents a
microangiomised and is filled with a large number of pollen grains or microspores.

CLASS-XII/ASSINGMENT-01/BIOLOGY/TERM-I 2024-25/PAGE-6of 6
The pollen sacs are surrounded by following 4 layers

(i) Epidermis. This is the outermost single layered and protective. In Atreuthobium, cells of epidermis
developed fibrous thickening and the epidermis is designated as exotheciun.

(ii) Endothecium: Inner to epidermis, there is a single layer of radially elongated cells. Cells of endothecium develop
fibrous thickening (made up of cellulose with a little pectin and lignin) which help in the dehiscence of anther. In
between these cells, a few cells without thickening are also present. These thick-walled cells collectively form the
stomium.
(iii) Middle layer: Three to four layers of thin walled cells situated just below the endothecium are known as middle
layers. Cells of this layer are ephemeral and degenerate to provide nourishment to growing microspore mother cells.
(iv) Tarentum: This is the innermost layer of the wall. The cells are multinucleate (undergo endopolyploidy) and
polyploid. Tapetal cells are nutritive.

(2) Development of anther and formation of microspores (Pollen grains):

(a) The young anther consists of homogenous mass of parenchymatous cells surrounded by epidermis.
It soon becomes four lobed.

(b) In each of the four lobes, some of the hypodermal cells begin to act as ar chesporial initials.

(c) Each archesporial initial divides into an outer primary parietal cell and an inner primary sporogenous cell.

(d) The primary parietal cell divides to form 3-5 wall layers, ie., endothecium, middle layers and tapetum.

(e) The primary sporogenous cells divide to produce a mass of sporogenous cells or microsporocytes.

(f) Each microspore mother cell divides meiotically to form four haploid microspores or pollen grains and remains
arranged in tetrads.

(3) Development of male gametophyte (Micro gametogenesis):

(a) Microspore or pollen grain is the first cell of male gametophyte (partially developed).
(b) The wall of the pollen grain is made of two layers. The outer layer is called exine. It is made up of sporopollenin
(derived from carotenoid). The inner intine is thin, delicate and is made of cellulose and pectose.

(4) Pre-pollination development:

(a) Microspores start germinating in situ (i.e. while enclosed inside the microsporangium or pollen sac) and are called
precocious.
(b) Microspore nucleus divides mitotically to form a smaller generative cell lying next to spore wall and a much larger
vegetative cell (or tube cell).
(c) A callose layer is deposited around the generative cell. The generative cell loses its contact with the wall of
microspore and becomes free in the cytoplasm.
(d) The callose layer then dissolves. The pollen grains are shed from the anther at this bicelled stage (rarely three celled)

(5) Post-pollination
(a) The liberated pollen grains are transferred to the receptive surface of the carpel (ie, stigma) by the process called
pollination.
(b) On the stigma, the pollen grain absorbs water and swells within a few minutes.
(c) The vegetative (or tube) cell enlarges and comes out through one of the apertures in the form of a pollen tube.
(d) The wall of pollen tube is the extension of intine. The tube secretes exogenous pectinases and other hydrolytic
enzymes to create a passage for its entry.
(e) The vegetative and generative nuclei are carried by the pollen tube, the farmer lying at its tip
(f) The generative cell divides to form two non-motile male gametes.
(g) The tube nucleus has no important function and may disintegrate.

CLASS-XII/ASSINGMENT-01/BIOLOGY/TERM-I 2024-25/PAGE-6of 6
Megasporogenesis:
The process of formation of megaspore from megaspore mother cell by meiotic division is known a megasporogenesis.
This process takes place in ovule.

(1) Structure of ovule: Ovule is considered to be an integumented megasporangium. The ovule consists of the stalk and
the body. The stalk is called funicle. One end of the funicle is attached to placenta and the other end to the body of the
ovule. The point of attachment of funicle with the body is called hilum. Sometimes funicle gets fused with the bodyof
the ovule one side and forms a ridge known as raphe. The body of the ovule shows two ends: the basal end, often called
the chalazal end and the upper end is called micropylar end. The main body of the ovule is covered with one or two
envelopes called integuments. These leave an opening at the top of the ovule called micropyle. The integuments enclose
a large parenchymatous tissue known as nucellus.

(2) Development of female gametophyte (Mega gametogenesis):

The process of development of female gametophyte or embryo sac from megaspore is called mega gametogenesis.
(i) Monosporic type (Polygonum): In this type, only one megaspore situated towards chalzal and takes part in the
development of embryo sac.
(ii) Bishopric type: In this type two megaspore nuclei take part in embryo sac formation.
(iii) Tetrachoric type: This type of embryo sac develops from four megaspore nuclei.

POLLINATION

The transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of a pistil is called pollination. Based on the source of pollen,
pollination is of 3 types: -

- AUTOGAMY
-GEITONOGAMY
-XENOGAMY

1. AUTOGAMY
Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of the SAME flower,

REQUIREMENT: -
Synchrony in pollen release and stigma receptivity.
Closeness of stigma and anther
Chasmogamous flowers- flowers with exposed anthers and stigma
Cleistogamous flowers-flowers which do not open at all
Cleistogamy is disadvantageous because there is no chance of variation.
Ex:-oxalis, viola

2. GEITONOGAMY
Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of another flower of the same plant. Genetically similar
Ex:- cucurbits

3. XENOGAMY
Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of another flower of different plant Genetically different pollen grains
are brought to the stigma.

Agents of Pollination:
1) Abiotic agents:
a) Wind
b) Water
CLASS-XII/ASSINGMENT-01/BIOLOGY/TERM-I 2024-25/PAGE-6of 6
2) Biotic agents:
a) Insects
b) Birds
c) Bats
d) Reptiles
e) Mammals

Adaptations in flowers for Pollination

I. Wind Pollination
pollen grains-light, non- sticky, winged
anther: - well exposed

stigma- large and feathery

flower: - one ovule, arranged as inflorescence
Ex: corn cob, cotton, date palm
II. Water Pollination
- Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Algae
pollen grains: protected by mucilaginous covering
Ex: Fresh water plants- Vallisneria, Hydrilla
Sea grass- Zostera

Main features of wind and water pollinated plants

-produce pollen grains in large no.
-do not produce nectar

III. Insect Pollination

-Flowers: large, colourful, fragrant, rich in nectar
-Pollen grains: sticky
-Stigma: sticky

Certain rewards to pollinators:

-nectar and (edible) pollen grains as foods
-provide safe place for laying eggs
Ex: Amorphophallus, Yucca

Outbreeding Devices

Continued self-Pollination Inbreeding depression

Ways to avoid Self-pollination:

(i) Pollen release & stigma receptivity-not synchronized

(ii) Stigma and anther placed at different positions
(iii) Self-incompatibility
(iv) Production of unisexual flowers
Eg: castor, maize (prevents autogamy) papaya (prevents autogamy & geitonogamy)

Pollen-Pistil Interaction
All events-from deposition of pollen on stigma till the pollen tube enters the ovuleis called Pollen-pistil interaction
-Recognition of compatible pollen
-Germination of pollen grains
-Development of Male Gametophyte

Artificial Hybridization

Crossing diff varieties of species-hybrid individual- with desirable characters of the parent plants desired pollen grains
CLASS-XII/ASSINGMENT-01/BIOLOGY/TERM-I 2024-25/PAGE-6of 6
for pollination-stigma protected from contamination
Emasculation: removal of anther
Bagging: flower covered-bag made up of butter-prevent contamination of stigma from unwanted pollen.

Bagged flower- attains receptivity - mature pollen grains- dusted on the stigma-rebagged - fruits allowed to develop.

Fertilization
The fusion of two dissimilar sexual reproductive units (gametes) is called fertilization. This process was discovered by
Strasburger (1884).
1) Germination of pollen grain on stigma and growth of pollen tube:

Pollen grains reach the receptive stigma of the carpel by the act of pollination. Pollen grains, after getting attached to
the stigma, absorb water and swell. Subsequent to mutual recognition and acceptance of pollen. grains, .

(2) Entry of pollen tube into ovule:

After reaching ovary, the pollen tube enters the ovule. Pollen tube may enter the ovule by any one of the following
routes:

(i) Porogamy: When the pollen tube enters the ovule through micropyle, it is called porogamy. It is the most common
type. e.g. Lily.

(ii) Chalazogamy: The entry of pollen tube into the ovule from chalazal region is known as chalazogamy. Chalazogamy
is less common. e.g. Casuarina, Juglans, Betula, etc. It was first observed by Treub (1981) in Casuarina.

(iii) Mesogamy: The pollen tube enters the ovule through its middle part ie. through integument (e.g. Cucurbita,
Populus) or through funicle (e.g. Pistacia).

(3) Entry of pollen tube into embryo sac:

The pollen tube enters the embryo sac only from the micropylar end irrespective of its mode of entry into the ovule. The
pollen tube either passes between a synergid and the egg cell or enters into one of the synergids through filiform
apparatus. The synergids direct the growth of pollen tube by secreting some chemical substances (chemotropic
secretion). The tip of pollen tube enters into one synergid. The penetrated synergid starts degenerating. After
penetration, the tip of pollen tube enlarges and ruptures releasing most of its contents including the two male gametes
and the vegetative nucleus into the synergid.
(4) Double fertilization:

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

Fig;Double fertilization

The nuclei of both the male gametes are released in the embryo sac. One male gamete fuse with the egg to form the
diploid zygote. The process is called syngamy or generative fertilization. This syngamy was discovered by Strasburger
(1884). The diploid zygote finally develops into embryo.

CLASS-XII/ASSINGMENT-01/BIOLOGY/TERM-I 2024-25/PAGE-6of 6
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

1 Mark Questions:
1. Distinguish between epicotyl and hypocotyl.
2. What is pollen pistil interaction and how is it mediated?
3.Banana produces fruits, but is propagated vegetative. Why?

4.Distinguish between the gynoecium of Papaver and Michelia

2 Mark Questions:

6. What is the location of tapetum in the microsporangium of angiosperms? State the characteristics of these cells and
their function.
7. How does pollination occur in sea grasses?
8. Why are some seeds of Citrus referred to as polyembryonic? Explain how they are formed
9. Distinguish between apomixis and parthenocarpy and give suitable examples of each.
10. What will be the advantage of transforming hybrids into apomicts?

3 Mark Questions:
11. Name and explain three contrivances of cross pollination.
12. Discuss the different methods of endosperm formation in angiosperms.
13. A) In breeding experiments, pistillate flowers are not emasculated but still bagged. Why?
B) What is epihydrophily?
14. Draw a neat labelled diagram of the T.S. of the microsporangium of a mature anther.
15. A) Distinguish between perisperm and endosperm and give one example of each.

5 Mark Questions:

16. How does embryo development occur in dicots?

17. A) Draw a neat labelled diagram of the L.S. of an albuminous seed.
B) How are seeds advantageous to flowering plants?
18. A) How does the megaspore mother cell develop into a 7 celled 8 nucleate embryo sac in angiosperms?
B) Draw a labelled diagram of a mature embryo sac.
19. Describe the series of events that lead to the development of a mature pollen grain from a microspore mother cell in
angiosperms.
20. Give reasons: A) Apple is not considered a true fruit.
B) Groundnut seeds are exalbuminous whereas castor seeds are considered albuminous.
C) Most angiosperm zygotes divide only after a certain amount of endosperm has been formed.
D) A small pore called micropyle is present in the seed coat of a seed.
E) Endosperm of angiosperms is triploid.

CLASS-XII/ASSINGMENT-01/BIOLOGY/TERM-I 2024-25/PAGE-6of 6
 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, DURGAPUR
Computer Science Assignment-I (2024-25)
CLASS- XII
Python Revision Tour (I&II)

LIST
A list is collection of items. The data type list is an ordered sequence which is mutable and made up
of one or more elements.
The items in a list can be of any type such as string, integer, float, object or even a list. Elements of
the list are enclosed within the square bracket ([]), separated by commas. List is mutable.
Syntax: - Create a list
list name= [ ]
Example:
L= [ 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ,7]
p= [ 2.4, 5, 7.0, 89, 24]
cha= = [ ‘a’ , ‘e’, ‘I’, o’ ,’u’]
st= [ ‘aman’, ‘rohit’ , “ravi”, ‘rahu’]
list=[ 2, 4.6, ‘rohit’, ‘a’]
Creating Lists from existing sequence:
The built in function list() gives us the facility to create the list from any sequence.
Syntax-
L= list(Sequence)
ex-
L=list(‘hello’)
Traversing a list:
Traversing a list means accessing each element of the list.
Using while loop: -
L=[1,2,3,4]
i=0
while i < 4:
print (L[i])
i+=1
Output:
1234
Using for loop:
L=[1,2,3,4,5] L1=[1,2,3,4,5]
for i in L: for i in range (5):
print(i) print(L1[i])
Output: Output:
12345 12345
List operations:
• Concatenation - Python allows us to join two or more lists using concatenation operator using
symbol +.
list1 = [1,3,5,7,9]
list2 = [2,4,6,8,10]
list1 + list2
(CL-XII/CS/Assignment-I/2024-25/Page 1 of 9)
• Repetition - Python allows us to replicate the contents of a list using repetition operator
depicted by symbol *.
>>> list1 = ['Hello']
>>> list1 * 4
['Hello', 'Hello', 'Hello', 'Hello']
• Membership -The membership operator in checks if the element is present in the list and returns
True, else returns False.
>>> list1 = ['Red','Green','Blue']
>>> 'Green' in list1
True
>>> 'Cyan' in list1
False
• Slicing -Slicing operations allow us to create new list by taking out elements from an existing
list.
Syntax:
List[start: stop: step]
Ex:
List = [2,4,6,8,10]
>>> list[0]
2
list1 =['Red','Green','Blue','Cyan',
'Magenta','Yellow','Black']
>>> list1[2:6]
['Blue', 'Cyan', 'Magenta', 'Yellow']
>>> list1[2:20]
['Blue', 'Cyan', 'Magenta', 'Yellow', 'Black']
>>> list1[7:2]
[]
>>> list1[:5]
['Red','Green','Blue','Cyan','Magenta']
List Methods and Built-in Functions:
• len() -Returns the length of the list passed as the argument
• list() -Creates an empty list if no argument is passed
• append() -Appends a single element passed as an argument at the end of the list.
• extend() -Appends each element of the list passed as argument at the end of the given list .
• insert() - Inserts an element at a particular index in the list.
• count() -Returns the number of times a given element appears in the list.
• index() -Returns index of the first occurrence of the element in the list. If the element is not
present, ValueError is generated.
• remove() -Removes the given element from the list. If the element is present multiple times,
only the first occurrence is removed. If the element is not present, then ValueError is generated.
• pop() -Returns the element whose index is passed as argument to this function and also removes
it from the list. If no argument is given, then it returns and removes the last element of the list.
• reverse() -Reverses the order of elements in the given list.
• sort() -Sorts the elements of the given list in place.
• sorted() -It takes a list as parameter and creates a new list consisting of the same elements but
arranged in ascending order.
(CL-XII/CS/Assignment-I/2024-25/Page 2 of 9)
• min() - Returns minimum or smallest element of the list.
• max() - Returns maximum or largest element of the list .
• sum() - Returns sum of the elements of the list.
STRING
Strings are contiguous series of characters enclosed in single or double quotes. Python doesn’t have
any separate data type for characters so they are represented as a single character string.
For eg:
>>> s_name = “Amit” # s_name is a variable storing a string.
>>>s = ‘a’ #String can also be enclosed in single quotes
Creating strings: To create string enclose the character or sequence of character in Single or Double
Quotes like shown below
>>> s_name = “Amit” #String enclosed in double quotes
>>>s = ‘a’ # String enclosed in Single Quotes
We can also use str() function to create string:
N = str () # This function will create an empty string
name = str(1234) # This will create a variable name which store a string “1234”
If we execute the following code:
>>>print(name)
Output will come
1234
Traversing a String: It means accessing all the elements of the string one by one using index value.
St = “PYTHON”
Q1. Write a program to input names of n students and store them in a tuple. Also, input a name
from the user and find if this student is present in the tuple or not.
We can accomplish these by:
(a) writing a user defined function
(b) using the built-in function
Ans. a)
def searchname(t1,nm):
for a in t1:
if a == nm:
print(nm , " Name is present in Tuple")
return
print("Name not found")
n = int(input("How many names you want to enter : "))
name = ()
for i in range(n):
nm = input("Enter name : ")
name = name + (nm,)
nm = input("Enter name to search : ")
searchname(name, nm)
Ans b)
n = int(input("How many names you want to enter : "))
name = ()
for i in range(n):
nm = input("Enter name : ")
name = name + (nm,)
(CL-XII/CS/Assignment-I/2024-25/Page 3 of 9)
 nm = input("Enter name to search : ")
if nm in name:
print(nm," Name is present in Tuple")
else:
print(nm," Name is not present in Tuple")
TUPLE
A tuple is an ordered sequence of elements of different data types, such as integer, float, string or list.
Elements of a tuple are enclosed in parenthesis (round brackets) and are separated by commas.
for example:
>>> a = (1, ‘a’, 7, 6.5) # a is the tuple of mixed data type
>>> b = (2, 4, 6, 8, 10) # b is a tuple of only integers
>>> c = (“English”, “Hindi”, “Math”, “Science”) # c is a tuple of only string
>>> d = (2, 4, 7, [4, 5, 6]) # d is a tuple with list as an element
If there is only a single element in a tuple then the element should be followed by a comma,
otherwise it will be treated as integer instead of tuple.
for example,
Incorrect way of assigning Correct way of assigning a
a single element single element
>>> a = (2) >>> a = (2,)
Verification : Verification :
>>> type(a) >>> type(a)
<class ‘int’> <class ‘tuple’>

NOTE : A sequence without parentheses is treated as tuple by default

>>> a = 9, 8, 7, 6, 5
>>> type(a)
<class ‘tuple>
DICTIONARY
A python dictionary is a collection of elements where each element is a combination of Key-Value
pair. Each value/values is associated with a unique key. All the Key-Value pairs are enclosed in
Curly braces. In other words we can say that” Dictionaries are mutable, unordered collection of
elements in the form of Key Value Pairs which are enclosed in curly braces”.
Example of Dictionary:
A = {1 : “One”, 2 : “Two”, 3 : “Three”}
B = {“A” : “Apple”, “B” : “Ball”, “C” : “Cat”}
Dictionary A has numeric Keys (1, 2, 3 )and Values(“One”, “Two”, “Three” ) are in String, while
dictionary B has both Keys(‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’) and Values(“Apple”, “Ball”, “Cat”) are in string.
Characteristics of Python Dictionary:
1. The combination of Key and Value is called Key-Value Pair.
2. Keys and it’s values are separated by colon(:)
3. Different Key-Value pairs are separated by comma(,).
4. Keys are unique for each Value.
5. Keys of dictionary must be of immutable type like string, number etc.
Method to create Empty Dictionary:
There are two ways to create an empty dictionary which are as follows
1. A = { } # A is an empty dictionary
2. A = dict( ) # dict( ) method will create an empty dictionary.
Traversing a Python Dictionary:
(CL-XII/CS/Assignment-I/2024-25/Page 4 of 9)
It means to access each element of dictionary by using loop.
for example:
A = {1 : "One", 2 : "Two", 3 : "Three"}
for k in A:
print(k, "--->", A[k])
OUTPUT
1--->One
2--->Two
3--->Three
How to append value in python Dictionary:
We can easily add new element in dictionary by the following way
A = {1 : "One", 2 : "Two", 3 : "Three"}
A[4] = "Four"
print(A)
OUTPUT
{1 : "One", 2 : "Two", 3 : "Three", 4 : "Four"}
Removing an element from a Dictionary:
There are two ways by which we can delete the elements of dictionary:
1.By using del statement:
Syntax of using del statement is : del <dictionary-name>[key of element]
B = {1: 'Amit', 2: 'Sunil', 5: 'Lata', 6: 'Suman', 7: 'Ravi'}
del B[2] # It will remove the element of key 2
print(B)
OUTPUT:
{1: 'Amit', 5: 'Lata', 6: 'Suman', 7: 'Ravi'}
Now consider the following code
B = {1: 'Amit', 2: 'Sunil', 5: 'Lata', 6: 'Suman', 7: 'Ravi'}
del B[3] # It will return an error (KeyError) if the key given is not present in the dictionary
print(B)
OUTPUT:
KeyError
2. By Using pop() function: This function not only delete the element of required key but also return
the deleted value.
B = {1: 'Amit', 2: 'Sunil', 5: 'Lata', 6: 'Suman', 7: 'Ravi'}
a=B .pop(2) #It returns the element of Key - 2
print(a)
print(B)
OUTPUT
Sunil
{1: 'Amit', 5: 'Lata', 6: 'Suman', 7: 'Ravi'}
B = {1: 'Amit', 2: 'Sunil', 5: 'Lata', 6: 'Suman', 7: 'Ravi'}
a=B.pop(6) #It returns the element of Key - 6
print(a)
print(B)
Q1. Write a program to enter roll number and names of five students and store the data in
dictionary.
d={}
(CL-XII/CS/Assignment-I/2024-25/Page 5 of 9)
for i in range(5):
rno=int(input("Enter roll number"))
name=input("Enter name of student")
d[rno] = name
print(d)
Q2. Write a program to store book id, book name and price of three books and store the data
in dictionary named “dict”.
dict = {}
for i in range(3):
b_id = int(input("Enter book id : "))
b_name = input("Enter book name : ")
b_price = int(input("Enter price of book : "))
temp=[b_name,b_price]
dict[b_id] = temp
print(dict)

Solve these Questions:

1. What is the output of the following code:
init_tuple = ((1, 2),) * 7
print(len(init_tuple[3:8]))
2. Give output of the following code:
for Name in [ ‘Jayes’, ‘Ramya’, ‘Taruna’, ‘Suraj’ ] :
print(Name)
if Name[0] == ‘T’ :
break
else :
print(‘Finished!’)
print(‘Got it!’)

3. Rewrite the following code in python after removing all syntax error(s).Underline
each correction done in the code.

250= Number
Num=[]
WHILE Number<=1000:
if Number=>750:
Num.APPEND(Number)
Number=Number+100
Else
print Number*2
Number=Number+50

4. Find and write the output of the following python code :

Msg1=[‘W’,’e’,’L’,’c’,’O’,’M’,’E’]
Msg2=[‘G’,’U’,’e’,’S’,’T’,’s’]
Msg3=""
for I in range(0,len(Msg2)+1):
(CL-XII/CS/Assignment-I/2024-25/Page 6 of 9)
 if Msg1[I]>="A" and Msg1[I]<="M":
Msg3=Msg3+Msg1[I]
elif Msg1[I]>="N" and Msg1[I]<="Z":
Msg3=Msg3+Msg2[I]
else:
Msg3=Msg3+"*"
print Msg3

5. Find and write the output of the following python code :

Moves=[11, 22, 33, 44]

Queen=Moves
Moves[2]+=22
L=Len(Moves)
for i in range (L):
print (“Now@”, Queen[L-i-1], “#”, Moves [i])
6. Write a python code that creates a tuple that contains words in descending order from the Sentence
entered by user.
Input: Python is a high level programming language.
Output :(programming, language, Python, level, high, is, a)
7. Write a Python program to remove an empty tuple(s) from a list of tuples.
Input: [(),(),('',),('a', 'b'),('a', 'b', 'c'), ('d')]
Output: [('',), ('a', 'b'), ('a', 'b', 'c'),’d’]

8. Write a python program to check whether two lists are circularly identical.
Sample Input
list1 = [10, 10, 0, 0, 10]
list2 = [10, 10, 10, 0, 0]
list3 = [1, 10, 10, 0, 0]
Sample Output:
List1 and list 2 are identical

List1 and list 3 are not identical

9. Out of the following, find those identifiers, which cannot be used for naming Variable or
Function in a Python program:
a) Price*Qty b) class c) For d) _Amount
10. Identify the operators in Python from the following.
a) ? b) in c) ** d) is
11. Rewrite the following code in python after removing all syntax error(s).Underline
each correction done in the code.

(CL-XII/CS/Assignment-I/2024-25/Page 7 of 9)
12. Find and write the output of the following Python code:

13. Find the valid identifier(s) from the following

a) A$B b) Si_12 c) none d) COVID-19

14. Given the lists L=[ 1,3,6,82,5] , write the output of the following
print(L[:-3]+L[len(L)%4:])
15. Find and write the output of the following Python code:
s=”United Nations”
for i in range(len(s)):
if i%2==0:
print(s[i],end= ‘ ‘)
elif s[i]>=’a’ and s[i]<=’z’:
print(‘*’, end= ‘ ‘)
elif s[i]>=’A’ and s[i] <=’Z’:
print(s[i:],end= ‘ ‘)
16. Find and write the output of the following Python code:
Data = ["P",20,"R",10,"S",30,"T",50]
Times = 0
Alpha = ""
Add = 0
for C in range(1,8,2):
Times= Times + C
Alpha= Alpha + Data[C-1]+"$"
Add = Add + Data[C]
print(Times,Add,Alpha)
17. What will be the output of the following statement:
(CL-XII/CS/Assignment-I/2024-25/Page 8 of 9)
 print(3-2**2**3+99/11)
18. Predict the output of the Python code given below:
tuple1 = (11, 22, 33, 44, 55 ,66)
list1 =list(tuple1)
new_list = []
for i in list1:
if i%2==0:
new_list.append(i)
new_tuple = tuple(new_list)
print(new_tuple)
19. Write a program that inputs a list and input an element, and find the number of times an element
occurs in the list.
20. Write a program that input a list, replicates it twice and then prints the sorted list in ascending
and descending orders.

***************************************

(CL-XII/CS/Assignment-I/2024-25/Page 9 of 9)
 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, DURGAPUR

CLASS- XII
ASSIGNMENT- 01 (TERM II-2024-25)
SUBJECT-PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Answer the following questions.

1. Draw a knockout fixture of 13 teams.

2. How would you plan for an organising Tournament? How will you deal with
them?
3. List the various types of tournaments. Explain.
4. Draw a fixture of 17 teams where 2 teams to be seeded.
5. Difference between seed and bye?
6. Write down the procedure of giving bye.
7. Advantages and disadvantages of league and knock out tournament
8. Function of sports event management
9. Draw a fixture of 21 and 22 teams where 4 teams to be special seeded.
10. Write briefly about
a. Staffing b. Controlling
11. Draw a fixture of 7and 10 team’s league tournament with cyclic method.
12. Draw a fixture of 11 and 16 team’s league tournament with stair case method.

(CLASS-XII/ASSIGNMENT – 07/2023-24/TERM – II 2023-24 Page 1 of 1)