TAS FET EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY COURSE

BOOKLET 3

Circle Geometry

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by The TAS Maths Team

T A
Circle Geometry

Geometry FET
Course Booklets Set

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  "SUBTEND" . . .
CIRCLE GEOMETRY Understand the word!

P P P
P B
The Language (Vocabulary) A
O O O O
A B
180º
A B
GROUP 1 AND 2 A B
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4

S
 Centre C
radius
diameter
 Diameter  Central and Inscribed angles

A
B
O
centre
A  or chord AB, subtends:
In all the figures, arc AB (AB),
Consider that
 Radius  Circumference ˆ
 a central AOB

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at the centre of the circle, and subtend
means support.
ˆ
 an inscribed APB at the circumference of the circle.

chord B major arc AB

 Chords
A
To ensure that you grasp the meaning of the word 'subtend' :
B P
 Arcs (major & minor) chord AB  Take each of the figures:
 Place your index fingers on A & B ; O

A  move along the radii to meet at O and back ; then,

minor arc AB
 move to meet at P on the circumference and back.

 Turn your book upside down and sideways.

You need to recognise different views of these situations.
 Segments (major & minor)
major  Take note of whether the angles are acute, obtuse, right, straight or reflex.
segment

 Sectors  Redraw figures 1 to 4 leaving out the chord AB completely and observe
O A B
minor the arc subtending the central and inscribed angles in each case.
segment
A

sector B

Copyright © The Answer Series 1

 GROUP 3 GROUP 4

 Cyclic Quadrilaterals  Tangents

A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral which has all 4 vertices on the circumference Special lines
of a circle.
D  A tangent is a line which touches a circle at a point.

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O Points A, B, C and D
are concyclic, tangent
i.e. they lie on the same circle.
A

A
C point of contact
B

T
Note: Quadrilateral AOCB is not a cyclic quadrilateral because point O
is not on the circumference ! (A, O, C and B are not concyclic)

 A secant is a line which cuts a circle (in two points).

We name quadrilaterals by going around, either way, using
consecutive vertices, i.e. ABCD or ADCB, not ADBC.

secant
 Exterior angles of polygons
The exterior angle of any polygon is an angle which is formed between one side of
the polygon and another side produced.

e.g. A triangle e.g. A quadrilateral / A

A
cyclic quadrilateral
E

D D
B
C NB : It is assumed that the
B
tangent is perpendicular
C
to the radius (or diameter)
ˆ is an exterior ø of ΔABC.
ACD ˆ is an exterior ø of c.q. ABCD.
ADE at the point of contact.
[NB : BCD is a straight line ! ] [NB : CDE is a straight line ! ]

Copyright © The Answer Series 2

 SUMMARY OF CIRCLE GEOMETRY THEOREMS

I The x
'Centre' 2x
group 2x Equal
x x radii !

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II The

A
' No Centre '
group Equal

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chords !

III x
The There are ' 3 ways to
' Cyclic Quad.' prove that a quad. is
a cyclic quad '.
group
y

x + y = 180º

IV The
'Tangent'
group Equal
tangents !

There are ' 2 ways to prove that

a line is a tangent to a ?'.
Copyright © The Answer Series 3
 GROUPING OF CIRCLE GEOMETRY THEOREMS
The grey arrows indicate how various theorems are used to prove subsequent ones

I The x
'Centre' 2x
group 2x Equal
x x radii !

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II The Equal chords subtend equal angles

A
and, vice versa,
' No Centre '
equal angles are subtended
group Equal by equal chords.

T
chords !

III x
The There are ' 3 ways to
' Cyclic Quad.' prove that a quad. is
a cyclic quad '.
group
y

x + y = 180º

IV The
'Tangent'
group Equal
tangents !

There are ' 2 ways to prove that

a line is a tangent to a ?'.
Copyright © The Answer Series 4
 The angle which an arc of a circle subtends at the centre is
2

GEOMETRY
double the angle it subtends at any point on the circumference.

Given : ˆ at the centre and APB

O, arc AB subtending AOB ˆ at the circumference.

To prove : ˆ = 2APB
AOB ˆ P

Construction : Join PO and produce it to Q. 12

x y
Proof : Let Pˆ 1 = x

Proofs required for Then  = x . . . s opp = radii

 Oˆ 1 = 2x . . . exterior  of DAOP
Similarly, if Pˆ 2 = y, then Oˆ 2 = 2y
A
x

Q
O
1 2
y

exam purposes
ˆ = 2x + 2y = 2(x + y) = 2 APB
ˆ B

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 AOB

3 The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.

A

A
Given : O and cyclic quadrilateral ABCD x

To prove : Â + Ĉ = 180º & B̂ + D̂ = 180º

 Circle Geometry Theorems Construction : Join BO and DO.
2
O D

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1
Proof : Let  = x
The line segment drawn from the centre of a circle, B
1 Then ˆ = 2x
O . . .  at centre = 2 
perpendicular to a chord, bisects the chord. 1
 at circumference
 Oˆ 2 = 360º – 2x . . . s about point O C

Given : O with OP ⊥ AB  Ĉ = 1 (360º – 2x) = 180º – x . . .  at centre = 2 

2  at circumference
To prove : AP = PB  Â + Ĉ = 180º s
sum of the  of a
&  B̂ + D̂ = 180º ...
Construction : Join OA and OB O
quadrilateral = 360º

Proof : In Ds OPA & OPB

(1) OA = OB . . . radii 1 2 The angle between a tangent to a circle and a chord drawn from the point of
A B 4
P contact is equal to the angle subtended by the chord in the alternate segment.
(2) Pˆ 1 = Pˆ 2 (= 90º) . . . given
(3) OP is common ˆ ,
Given : Tangent AC and chord AB subtending APB D
 DOAP º DOBP . . . RHS with C & P on opposite sides of AB.
 AP = PB, i.e. OP bisects chord AB To prove : ˆ = APB
A ˆ , 1
B
1
P
2
Construction : Draw diameter AD and join DP.

Proof : We have ˆ
DAC = 90º . . . diameter ⊥ tangent
& ˆ
DPA = 90º . . .  in semi- 2 x
1
∴ Aˆ 1 + Aˆ 2 = 90º
See Gr 11 Maths 3 in 1 A C
Study Guide and Pˆ 1 + Pˆ 2 = 90º
Remember :
But ˆ
A ˆ
2 = P1 . . . s in same seg.
Always give
∴ Aˆ 1 = Pˆ 2 ( = APB)
ˆ
REASONS for
each statement !
Copyright © The Answer Series 5
PROVING THEOREMS

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x y x y

A
y y
x x 2x 2y

T 2x 2y
y 2x 2y
x

Copyright © The Answer Series 6

 ? THEOREM PROOFS: A Visual presentation Examinable

The Situation Construction The LOGIC . . . Theorem

Statements
radii
1 The line drawn
from the centre
centre of a circle,

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perpendicular
to a chord,
bisects the chord.

A
chord
Examin
2

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radius produced The angle which an
inscribed ∠ arc of a circle subtends
x y xy at the centre is
centre
y y double the angle
central ∠ x x 2x 2y it subtends at
arc
any point on the
equal base ∠ s exterior ∠ s of Δs
circumference.

3 radii
y y The opposite angles
2x of a cyclic
Circle Theorem Proofs

x x 2y quadrilateral
are supplementary.

opposite ∠ s in a ∠ at centre = 2 % ∠ at circumference

cyclic quadrilateral & ∠ s about a point = 360º.

Note: The bolded words in the statements are the approved 'reasons' to use.

Copyright © The Answer Series 7

 ? THEOREM PROOFS: A Visual presentation, continued Examinable

The Situation Construction The LOGIC . . . Theorem Statement

The angle between a tangent to a circle

and a chord drawn from the point of contact
is equal to the angle subtended by the chord
Method 1:
in the alternate segment.
4

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diameter & join . . .
inscribed ∠
90° – x

A
chord x

90° – x

T
x x x x
s
diameter ⊥ tangent ∠ in the
tangent & ∠ in semi-? same segment

Method 2:
radii
90° – x

90° – x
x x x
Circle Theorem Proofs

radius ⊥ tangent base ∠ s of isosceles Δ

x
This theorem is known as the 2x 2x
Tan Chord theorem
x x
s
sum of ∠ of Δ ∠ at centre = 2 % ∠ at circumference
Copyright © The Answer Series 8
 FURTHER ? THEOREM PROOFS: A Visual presentation
Theorem
The Situation The LOGIC . . .
Statements

5 ?
The ∠ in a semi-?
is a right ∠.

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180º
diameter

Central angle is Inscribed angle is

A
a straight angle a right angle

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6 Construction: radii The LOGIC . . .
∠ s subtended
x x
by an arc ∠ s subtended by
(at the the same arc
circumference 2x 2x
are equal.
of the circle)

arc ∠ subtended by an arc (or chord) ∠ s subtended by an arc (or chord)

(at the centre of the circle) (at the circumference)
Circle Theorem Proofs

7
x x
The exterior ∠ of a
cyclic cyclic quadrilateral
exterior
quadrilateral
angle
y y x = the interior opposite ∠.

Adjacent ∠ s : x + y = 180º
Copyright © The Answer Series 9
 FURTHER ? THEOREM PROOFS: A Visual presentation, continued . . .

The Situation Construction The LOGIC . . .

Method 1:
radii

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Theorem

A
8
Statement
radii ⊥ tangents congruent Δs

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Tangents to a circle
from a common point
Method 2:
are equal.
chord and inscribed ∠

x x x x x
Again, the
bolded words
x x are the ‘approved
reasons' to use.
Circle Theorem Proofs

sides opposite
tan-chord theorem 4
equal base ∠ s in Δ

Proofs 5 to 8 are not examinable, but,

the LOGIC is crucial when studying geometry.

Copyright © The Answer Series 10

 EXAMPLE 1
PROBLEM-SOLVING: An Active Approach
This is an excellent example testing so many
?-geometry theorems (excluding tangents).
ACT ! F
O is the centre of the circle
A Be Active . . . and diameter KL is produced 76º

Mark all the information on the drawing : to meet NM produced at P.

 equal or parallel sides  equal øs  right øs ON || LM and F̂ = 76º.
K O H L
 radii  diameter  tangents 2 1 1 2 P
1 3 2

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Calculate, giving reasons, G
3 2 1
C Use all the Clues . . . the sizes of : 4
ˆ M
(a) Lˆ 1 (b) O 1
1 2
The information provides clues to facts :
ˆ ˆ +Nˆ N

A
 intersecting lines  adj. suppl. & vert. opp. øs ; øs about a point. (c) M 4 (d) N 1 2
ˆ
(e) M
 parallel lines  alternate, corresponding & co-interior øs 1 (f) Prove that KG = GM

 equal radii or tangents (in triangles)  equal base øs

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Answers
 equal chords  equal øs
(a) Lˆ 1 ( = Fˆ ) F
 90º angle  the Theorem of Pythagoras, or . . .
= 76º  . . . øS in same segment 76º
There are
3 theorems
ˆ = corr. Lˆ . . . ON || LM
(b) O O H L
in ? geometry 1 1 K 2 1 P
1 1 2
which involve = 76º  3 2
G 3 2 1
right angles. 4
M
 diameter  ø in semi-? = 90º ; diameter ⊥ tangent ˆ = 1O
(c) M ˆ 12
4 1
2 N
 Δs  sum of the interior øs = 180º ; exterior ø of Δ ; equilateral Δs ; = 38º  . . . ø at centre = 2 % ø at circumference
isosceles Δs ; congruency, similarity, theorem of Pythagoras
s
ˆ +N
(d) N ˆ = 180º - 76º . . . opp. øs of c.q. are suppl.
  sum of the interior øs of a quadrilateral = 360º ; 1 2
types & properties of all quadrilaterals = 104º 

ˆ = 90º
(e) KML . . . ø in semi-?
T Recall the Theory systematically . . . ˆ ˆ = 38º in 4.3
ˆ &M
â M 1 = 180º - (90º + 38º) . . . str. NMP 4
 Previous geometry = 52º 
Revise previous geometry under the headings
angles  lines  triangles  quadrilaterals (f) ˆ = corresponding KML
G ˆ = 90º . . . ON || LM
3
i.e. line from centre, OG ⊥ chord KM
 Circle geometry
â KG = GM 
Recall and apply the facts by group.
Copyright © The Answer Series 11
EXAMPLE 2
3 ways to prove that a quadrilateral is cyclic
(a) Complete the following by writing the appropriate missing word.
If a chord of a circle subtends a right angle on the circumference,
We use the 3 converse statements for cyclic quadrilaterals.
then this chord is a . . . . . . M
B
2 converse theorem y1
p1 x
2
(b) A, B, C and D are points on the circle. 1
x1
2  Prove that one side subtends Either prove :
BC produced and AD produced equal angles at the two other points x1 = x2 or y1 = y2
A C z1 z2
meet at N. 1 (on the same side). or z1 = z2 or p1 = p2
y2 p2
AB produced and DC produced
1 B
meet at M. 2 converse theorem Either prove :

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D
If M̂ = N̂, prove that AC is a diameter of the circle.  Prove that a pair of A Â + Ĉ = 180º
N
opposite angles or B̂ + D̂ = 180º
is supplementary.

A
Answers
D C
(a) . . . diameter. converse theorem 5 Either prove :
2
 Prove that an exterior angle 1̂ = 2̂
(b) Let M̂ = N̂ = x 4

T
. . . given M 7
of a quadrilateral is equal or 3̂ = 4̂
ˆ = C
ˆ = y . . . vert. opp. øs B x
& C 1 2 to the interior opposite angle.
1
2 or 5̂ = 6̂
x+y
y 6 8 3
Then : 2
1
or 7̂ = 8̂
A C
Bˆ 1 = x + y . . . ext. ø of ΔBMC
y1
ˆ = x+y x+y
& D . . . ext. ø of ΔDCN
1 1

D
2 2 ways to prove that a line is a tangent to a ?
x
But, Bˆ 1 + D
ˆ = 180º
1
s
. . . opp. ø of c.q. N
â 2(x + y) = 180º We use the 2 converse theorem statements to prove that a line is a tangent to a ? if . . .
â x + y = 90º
ˆ ˆ = 90º converse theorem
i.e. B = D
1 1

â AC is a diameter  . . . subtends a right ø  . . . it is perpendicular to a radius O

Prove that OP ⊥ AB;
at a point where the radius meets
A then AB will be a tangent
the circumference.
P B
ACT!
converse theorem
Note :
A: Be Active y Prove that
 . . . when drawn through It is a good idea to
x = y;
C: Use all your Clues the end point of a chord, draw a faint circle
then AB (as shown) to see
it makes with the chord will be
T: Apply the Theory systematically, recalling x this converse
an angle equal to an angle B a tangent
each group, and fact, one at a time. theorem clearly.
in the alternate segment. A

Copyright © The Answer Series 12

EXAMPLE 3 (National November 2017 P2, Q10) (b) (i) ˆ
OWS = 90º . . . tangent ⊥ radius The most 'basic'
In the diagram, W is a point on the ˆ ˆ
â OVN = OWS (= 90º) way to prove
circle with centre O. â MN || TS . . . corresp. øs equal lines || is:
V is a point on OW. alt. or corresp.
øs equal or
Chord MN is drawn such that (ii)
co-int. øs suppl.
MV = VN. O
M 1
The tangent at W meets 2
T 2 1
OM produced at T and O

S
V
ON produced at S. M 1 2
T 2 1
1 Shade the
(a) Give a reason why OV ⊥ MN. V
W 2 N quadrilateral

A
(b) Prove that: 1 TMNS
(i) MN || TS W 2 N
S

T
(ii) TMNS is a cyclic quadrilateral
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(iii) OS . MN = 2ON . WS (a Grade 12 question)
There are 3 ways to prove that a quadrilateral is
Answers a cyclic quadrilateral – choose 1:

(a) Line (OV) from centre to midpoint of chord (MN)   y  

x
In this case, the midpoint of the chord is given, and
Prove that: Prove that: Prove that:
we can conclude that OV ⊥ MN because of that. x + y = 180º Ext. ø = int. opp. ø A side subtends equal øs
at 2 other vertices

ˆ = N
ˆ s
We chose  and proved
Note: Analyse the information and the diagram. M 1 1 . . . ø opposite equal radii
So far, we have used and applied a 'centre' theorem, in (a). = Ŝ . . . corresp. øs ; MN || TS that the exterior ø of
Another clue is the 'tangent' at W. quadrilateral TMNS
Think about tangent facts . . . . = the interior opposite ø

converse ext. ø
â TMNS is a cyclic quadrilateral . . . of cyclic quad.

Copyright © The Answer Series 13

 (iii) EXAMPLE 4
This question looks like ratio and proportion.
Mark the sides on the diagram. Don't be put off by this drawing !
Direct your focus to one situation at a time ☺
The sides appear to involve ΔOWS, which has VN || WS,
(even though MN = 2VN)
. . . Maybe apply the proportion theorem in this Δ?
A
But, the sides in the question involve the horizontal sides
1 2
WS and VN.
So, proportion theorem is excluded.
We will use similar Δs ! 1 Q
2

S
1 2 1
2 Y
In Δs OVN and OWS X B
1 2
3
ˆ is common
 O P
2

A
ˆ = OWS
 OVN ˆ . . . corresp. øs ; MN || TS
â ΔOVN ||| ΔOWS . . . øøø T
Make statements, with reasons,

T
Let's 'arrange' the sides to suit the question.
1. In ?XPBA : about P̂1 and B̂1
OS
â = WS ⎛⎜ = OW ⎞⎟ . . . equiangular Δ s
ON VN ⎝ OV ⎠ ˆ
2. In ?ABYQ : about B̂1 and AQY
â OS . VN = ON . WS
ˆ
3. In quadrilateral APTQ : about P̂1 and AQT
1
But VN = MN . . . V midpoint MN
2
â OS . 1 MN = ON . WS
4. What can you conclude about quadrilateral APTQ?
2
% 2)â OS . MN = 2ON . WS  Mark the øs on the drawing as you proceed.

Answers
O
M 1 2 1. In c.q. XPBA : P̂1 = B̂1 . . . arc XA subtends øs in same segment
1
T 2
V ˆ
2. In c.q. ABYQ : B̂1 = AQY . . . exterior ø of cyclic quad.

1
ˆ
3. In quad. APTQ : P̂1 = AQT . . . both = Bˆ1 above
W 2 N

4. ∴ APTQ is a cyclic quad. . . . converse of exterior ø of cyclic quad.

S

Copyright © The Answer Series 14

EXAMPLE 5 EXAMPLE 6
P
Prove that PA AB is a tangent to the circle at B and BD is a chord.
8
is a tangent to M. T
AD cuts the circle in E.
12 M C is a point on BD so that ABCE is a cyclic quadrilateral.
3
B AC, BE and CE are joined.
A 4 A
Q
1 2
Answers

In right-d ∆MAQ :

S
P 1
E
AM = 5 units . . . 3 :4 :5 ∆ ; Pythag. 8 1 2 3
T B 2
3 21
 TM = 5 units . . . TM = AM = radii
12 M C
 PM = 13 units D

A
3
 ∆PAM is a 5 : 12 : 13 ∆ ! A B
4 Q
Prove that :
i.e. PM 2 = PA2 + AM 2
(a) AB = AC

T
ˆ = 90º
 PAM . . . converse of Pythag.
(b) AC is a tangent to circle ECD at point C.
 PA is a tangent to  M  . . . converse tan chord theorem

Answers

(a) Let B̂1 = x

A
then D̂ = x . . . tan chord theorem
1 2
and Ĉ2 = x . . . s in same segment y

& Let B̂2 = y

See Gr 11 Maths 3 in 1 1
E
then  2 = y . . . s in same segment x 2 3
Study Guide B
1
2 y 3 21
x

Ĉ3 = D̂ + Â 2 . . . ext.  of D C x
D
= x+y
ˆ = x+y
& ABC . . . B̂1 = x and B̂2 = y
∴ AB = AC . . . sides opp = s
Module 9b: Circle Geometry
 Notes  Exercises  Full Solutions (b) Ĉ2 = D̂ . . . both = x in (a) . . . converse tan chord thm

∴ AC is a tangent to ECD at C.

Copyright  The Answer Series 15

ACCEPTABLE REASONS: CIRCLE GEOMETRY
THEOREM STATEMENT
The tangent to a circle is perpendicular
O tan ⊥ radius
to the radius/diameter of the circle at
the point of contact.
If a line is drawn perpendicular to a
O radius/diameter at the point where the
radius/diameter meets the circle, then
the line is a tangent to the circle.
The line drawn from the centre of a
O
circle to the midpoint of a chord is
perpendicular to the chord.
The line drawn from the centre of a
O
circle perpendicular to a chord bisects
the chord.
The perpendicular bisector of a
O chord passes through the centre of
the circle.
The angle subtended by an arc at the
x centre of a circle is double the size of
O øat centre
the angle subtended by the same arc
2x
at the circle (on the same side of the
chord as the centre)
The angle subtended by the diameter
at the circumference of the circle
O x
is 90º.
If the angle subtended by a chord at
the circumference of the circle is 90°,
O converse øs in semi circle
then the chord is a diameter.
Copyright © The Answer Series
ACCEPTABLE REASON(S) THEOREM STATEMENT ACCEPTABLE REASON(S)
x Angles subtended by a chord of the
x y circle, on the same side of the øs in the same seg
tan ⊥ diameter y chord, are equal
If a line segment joining two points
line ⊥ radius OR subtends equal angles at two
x line subtends equal øs
S
converse tan ⊥ radius OR x points on the same side of the line
converse tan ⊥ diameter segment, then the four points are OR
concyclic.
converse øs in the same seg
(This can be used to prove that the
A
four points are concyclic).
line from centre to midpt of chord
x x
Equal chords subtend equal angles
equal chords; equal øs
T
at the circumference of the circle.
line from centre ⊥ to chord
x Equal chords subtend equal angles
xO equal chords; equal øs
at the centre of the circle.
perp bisector of chord
Equal chords in equal circles subtend
x equal circles; equal chords;
x equal angles at the circumference of
equal øs
the circles.
Equal chords in equal circles
= 2 % ø at circumference subtend equal angles at the centre
A B equal circles; equal chords;
x x of the circles.
equal øs
(A and B indicate the centres of
øs in semi circle OR the circles)
diameter subtends right angle
The opposite angles of a cyclic
OR ø in ½ ?
quadrilateral are supplementary opp øs of cyclic quad
y (i.e. x and y are supplementary)
chord subtends 90º OR
x
If the opposite angles of a opp øs quad sup OR
quadrilateral are supplementary
then the quadrilateral is cyclic. converse opp øs of cyclic quad
180º – x
16
 THEOREM STATEMENT ACCEPTABLE REASON(S)
NOTES
The exterior angle of a cyclic
x quadrilateral is equal to the ext ø of cyclic quad
x interior opposite angle.

If the exterior angle of a quadrilateral ext ø = int opp ø

x is equal to the interior opposite
OR
angle of the quadrilateral, then the
x
quadrilateral is cyclic. converse ext ø of cyclic quad

S
Two tangents drawn to a circle Tans from common pt
A
from the same point outside the OR
circle are equal in length (AB = AC) Tans from same pt
C

A
The angle between the tangent to
y x a circle and the chord drawn from
x tan chord theorem

T
the point of contact is equal to the
y
angle in the alternate segment.

If a line is drawn through the end-

point of a chord, making with the
a chord an angle equal to an angle converse tan chord theorem
x b
in the alternate segment, then the OR
y
line is a tangent to the circle. ø between line and chord
(If x = b or if y = a then the
line is a tangent to the circle)

Copyright © The Answer Series 17

 PLEASE NOTE

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These Geometry materials (Booklets 1 to 4) were created and
produced by The Answer Series Educational Publishers (Pty) (Ltd)

A
to support the teaching and learning of Geometry in high schools

T
in South Africa.

They are freely available to anyone who wishes to use them.

This material may not be sold (via any channel) or used for
profit-making of any kind.
 GRADES 8 - 12
ALL MAJOR SUBJECTS IN
ENGLISH & AFRIKAANS

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