B2 First Cer+ficate in English (Telegram group)

Result: hence, thus, thereupon, accordingly

Addi6on: further, equally important
Comparison: similarly, comparable, likewise, as with, just as (you have rights), so too (you have
responsibili2es)
Summary: in short, to be sure, clearly, anyway, in brief
Contrast: even so, notwithstanding, alterna6vely, nonetheless, conversely
Example: as revealed by, illustrated by, for one thing (the first reason is), specifically, this can be seen in, an
instance of this
Time: presently (immediately; currently), thereaHer (from then), subsequently, eventually (finally), in the
mean6me/meanwhile (un6l then, for now)
Place: at that point, adjacent to (beside [sth]), in the front/back

Ac6ve voice -> Passive voice

The mechanic fixed the car -> The car was fixed (by the mechanic)
The mechanic is fixing the car -> The car is being fixed (by the mechanic)
The mechanic is going to fix the car -> The car is going to be fixed (“”)
The mechanic has to fix the car -> The car has to be fixed (“”)
The mechanic must fix the car -> The car must be fixed (“”)

Quan6fiers
A lot of/lots of + (Countable or Uncountable)

Possessive Pronouns
Personal Point of View: I’d like to point out that
General Point of View: It is [considered/thought that], It is generally accepted that
Agreeing with an opinion: You’re absolutely right, That’s a good point, That’s true, Neither do I, I couldn’t
agree more
Disagreeing with an opinion: I’m afraid I have to disagree, I’m sorry to disagree with you(, but…), That’s not
en6rely true, On the contrary, I’m not sure about that

Direct speech -> Reported speech

(Present Perfect, Past simple, Past perfect) -> Past Perfect

Adjec6ves for describing objects: hazardous (dangerous), indigenous (na6ve), costly (expensive), sturdy
(strong), trendy, fancy (elaborately decora6ve; expensive, high quality), pricey, durable (that can last),
changeable, inflammable, harmful, shameful, [6me/money]-saving, [6me/space]-consuming

Make -> Plans and Decisions: make arrangements

Argumenta6ve -> building an evidence-based argument

Expository -> Example prompt: Explain how this inven6on changed the world in the 20th century
Descrip6ve -> describing sensory details

Linking words for wri6ng tasks

Beside the point (unconnected, irrelevant)
Insofar/in so far (to such an extent): hasta la fecha
Insofar as/in so far as (to the extent that): si acaso, si es que
Do you agree that community service works beder than fines (financial penalty)?
Restate (state again, reaffirm; say in a new way)

Discourage (dissuade, dishearten)

(In) discouraging: dissuasive

Convoluted (complicated)

Some common verbs:

have a holiday, have sympathy
do business, do someone a favour, do the cooking (hacer la comida), do the shopping (hacer la compra), do
your hair (arreglarte el pelo)
make a difference, make room (hacer si6o), make trouble (dar problemas)
take a chance (act on a possibility; gamble/place bets, risk [sth]), take someone’s place (quitarle el si6o a
alguien), take someone’s temperature
break a habit, break someone’s heart, break the law, break the ice, break the news to someone, break the
rules
catch a bus, catch a chill (coger frío), catch a cold (coger un resfriado), catch the flu (coger la gripe), catch fire
(prender fuego), catch someone’s aden6on, catch someone’s eye, catch sight of [sth/sb] (glimpse, no6ce)

Phrasal verbs
To go ahead (to do sth as planned), to go by (to pass (for 6me)); to pass a place), to go down (to get smaller
or decrease), to go on (to con6nue; to happen)
To get across (to cause to be understand, transmit, convey), to get around (to become known, circulate
(rumour, voice)), to get away with (to escape the (nega6ve) consequences of sth), to get by (to manage to
survive in spite of difficul6es), to get in (to go inside a car, a bus, etc.), to get on (to con6nue doing an ac6vity,
make progress), to get on with (to have a friendly rela6onship), to get off (to leave a bus, train, plane, etc.),
to get over (to recover from an illness, overcome a problem)
To give in (to stop trying, surrender) (ceder o rendirse en una situación específica), to give up (to stop doing
sth such as smoking) (renunciar por completo), to give off (to emit, release (a smell, light…))
To come along (to appear, arrive), to come out (to become available or known (book, movie, news…)), to
come round (to recover consciousness), to come through (to survive, endure; succeed in doing something),
to come up (a topic; to be raised or men6oned)
To look ahead (to see what is in front; to think of the future), to look down on (to consider oneself superior
to), to look for=to search for, to look forward=to await with excitement, to look out (to be aden6ve, careful)
To make for (to head towards), to make out (to see, perceive), to make up (to become reconciled aHer a
quarrel), to make sth up (to invent or imagine sth), to make up for (to compensate for)
To put aside (to save (money)), to put forward (to propose, suggest), to put off (2) (to discourage, deter), to
put out (to ex6nguish (cigarede, light…)), to put through (to connect to sb on the phone), to put sb up (to
accommodate, providing lodging)
To take in (to understand, absorb), to take on (to employ sb), to take out (to invite on a date)
To bring about (to provoke, cause to happen), to break into (to enter by force), to break out (to begin
suddenly), to clear up (to 6dy up; to become clear (weather)), to pick up (to grasp and liH; to collect sb in a
vehicle), to run away (from) (to flee, escape), to set up (to establish, found), to set off (to begin a journey),
to stand out (to be remarkable, no6ceable), to throw away (to get rid of as useless)

at/on/in the corner

In (inside a building/room/vehicle…)
On (outside > buildings loca6ons)
At (outside > when we name two streets): Wait for me at the corner of Oxford St. and Charing cross / The
shop is at the corner of Regent Street and Brook Street

Forwards | Backwards
Reluctant/Hesitant

To blame sth on sb | blame [sb/sth] (for [sth])

No one vs Nobody (No one more formal -> wri6ngs)
Were vs Was (for condi6onals -> ‘Were’ more formal for wri6ngs)

[Your sister looks very different in this picture, but I can tell it’s her (tell means to dis2nguish, that is to say,
recognize or treat (someone or something) as different.
Tell the difference between (someone or something) | Tell one from another
To be able to discern or dis6nguish some person or thing as being dis6nct and unique compared to someone
or something else]

Say a prayer, say a few words, say for certain/sure

Tell somebody one’s name, tell somebody the way, tell someone’s fortune, tell the 6me
Ask aHer [sb] (enquire about health of: [sb]), ask around (consult many people)

Condi6onal Wish/If Only

WISH + WOULD (REGRET & UPSET)
WISH + PAST SIMPLE (PRESENT WISHES - REAL VS. UNREAL)
WISH + PAST PERFECT (PAST WISHES - UNREAL)
IF ONLY -> expresses a wish - one that you are doubrul about actually happening (una de la que dudas que
realmente ocurra). Examples: If only I had more 2me! (regret) I would complete it if only I had more 2me. |
If only I could go home for vaca2on. (regret) I would be so happy if only I could go home…

Pretend (act as if) regret -> fingir arrepen6miento

Outrage (anger)

What’s the weather like?

Icy, hailstorm (granizada), snowstorm/blizzard, lightning

Rise and shine (get out of bed): ¡arriba!

Have a nap (He likes to have a nap in the aJernoon), have an argument, have a go (make an adempt at sth:
Tina wants to have a go at modelling)

Mark exams (corregir exámenes)

Verb + Gerund
Adore -> My daughter adores reading Harry Poder’s books.
Fail in + -ing = you try but you don’t succeed (He tried several 2mes to escape but failed in doing so)
Fail to = not to do sth (or forget about doing sth) (He failed to call me. (He didn’t do it))
Fail in + noun (They failed in their aKempt to win the tournament | She failed in her first aKempt but
succeeded in the second)

Inversions

In charge of [sth] = having control of [sth]

‘Don’t compare your progress with that of others. We all need our own 6me to travel our own distance’
Either/Neither

Phrasal Verbs with Get

Get about, Get off (1), Get ahead of, Get around, Get off (2), Get stuck in/into, Get across, Get along, Get
behind, Get down (1), Get by, Get down (2)

Been to vs Been in
Been to indicates that you are talking about trips or journeys. To is a preposi6on of mo6on and you are
talking about movement towards, and arrival in a specific place. Have you been to Manchester?
Been in connotes a stay (which may be short, or very long, or simply passing through). In denotes posi6on,
and you are talking about the state or condi6on of being located in a specific place. It doesn’t mader whether
you took a trip or not. Have you been in Manchester?

To get on = perform or make progress in a specified way (How are you geOng on in your new flat?)
On one’s own -> Unaccompanied by others, alone/solitary or unaided (without help)
I cannot help sth -> to not be able to control or stop sth

Shortlist: as a noun (list: chosen finalists) (lista de seleccionados). Example: The book was on the shortlist for
the Booker Prize last year | as a verb (oJen passive: choose as finalist) (seleccionar, preseleccionar). Example:
The author was surprised when her debut novel was shortlisted for a literature award || (a list of selected
candidates from which a final choice is made)

Colloca6ons with ON
On a trip, on duty, on call (available for duty: de guardia), on business, on schedule (with no delay: a 6empo,
según lo previsto/programado), on strike

Irregular plurals
Cactus - cac6/cactuses | Focus - foci/focuses | Nucleus - nuclei/nucleuses | Deer - deer | Half - halves |
Loaf - loaves (barras (de pan)) | Thesis - theses| Analysis - Analyses| Crisis - crises| Criterion - criteria

The: Musical instruments (My daughter plays the violin)

Zero ar6cle: TV (There’s a good film on TV)
You may not have heard of Paul Auster, but he is a great writer | She may not be perfect, but at least she is
not fake | It might not be adequate in this context
No6ce that we can also use may not to refuse permission or to say that someone does not have permission,
but it is formal and empha6c: You may not use the telephone without permission | Employees may not wear
caps

Colloca6ons
No longer = not any more | In no 6me = immediately | On purpose = inten6onally

Trick [sb] (deceive)

Sad: gloomy (sad, pessimis6c), dejected (despondent: alicaído, desalentado, aba6do), disheartened (no
longer hopeful), wretched (miserable; odious), heartbroken (sorrowful)
Good: remarkable
Bad: horrific, outrageous (very wrong), despicable (deserving of contempt), disgraceful (bringing dishonour;
scandalous)
Said: stated (declared, said)
Scary: haun6ng (not easy to forget; disturbing: inquietante)
Funny: comical, humorous, amusing, whimsical (fanciful: extravagante, fantasioso)

Reconsider, nonsmoking, nonexistent, noncommidal (indecisive)

Zippo = a reusable metal lighter (a device used to light a cigarede/candle or set sth on fire)

Forget / Regret / Remember + Gerund (-ing)

When forget, regret and remember are followed by a gerund, the gerund refers to an ac6on that happened
earlier than the main verb. The gerund could be replaced by the present perfect par+ciple in these
sentences to make the sequence of events more explicit. Forget is frequently used with never in the simple
future form.
Examples: I remember sending the leder = I remember having sent the leder / She regreded insul6ng him =
She regreded having insulted him / I will never forget mee6ng my girlfriend for the first 6me under the
Triumphal Arch

Keen to (+ infini6ve) means that you want to do sth. (I am really keen to start working on this project)

Different ways of saying “I like it”

Arrive
You are either “at the airport” (wai6ng for a friend, geyng there…) or “in the airport” (boarding a flight)
On: on the bus, on the plane, on the ship
By: by car, by train, by ship, by plane, by tomorrow, by next month
Nuance (subtle difference in meaning: ma6z)

Differ

Unrecognisable = uniden6fiable, unknowable

Verb paderns
Gerund -> aHer phrasal verbs
Infini6ve -> aHer adjec6ves | aHer verb + object (Cork English Teacher told me to study more”)

Poultry (meat: carne blanca)

A twelve-hour flight
Disturb (interrupt; upset)
Pleasing (agreeable, sa6sfying), pleased (happy, sa6sfied)
Consume/consuming (eat, drink; completely fill one’s mind and aden6on | absorbing)
Unnervingly (in a manner that makes you feel worried or uncomfortable) (AJer the accident Mike was very
quiet, unnervingly quiet)
Sightseeing (tourism, seeing sights: hacer turismo)
May > Permission

On: on the record, on the road, on pain of, on the air, on balance, on a diet, on a large/small scale, on a
pension, on a spree (indulgent ac6vity), on account of (because of, due to; for this reason), on an expedi6on,
on an island, on approval, on bail, on condi6on that, on display, on edge (adv into a tense, anxious state; adj
tense, anxious), on suspicion of, on the assump6on, on the dot (of) (6me: precisely (at)), on the eve of (just
prior to, the evening before: justo antes de, en la víspera de), on the grounds of, on the hour, on the increase,
on the move, on the off-chance (just in case), on the outskirts, on the part of [sb] (by), on the point of (close
to sth; about to do sth)
In: in compensa6on for, in confinement, in conjunc6on with, in connec6on with, in contact with, in convoy,
in of stock, in of touch, in of use, in sight (of), in a deep sleep, in a flash, in a heap = in a pile, in a mess, in a
sense, in a temper, in ac6on, in of prison, in of season, in charge of, in code, in comfort, in command of, in
dispute, in distress (upset), in due course (in normal run of events; aHer expected 6me: a su debido 6empo,
cuando llegue el momento), in duplicate, in earnest (sincerely, wholeheartedly)
At: at one’s side, at a frac6on of, at the outset, at sight, at the double, at a disadvantage, at a discount, at a
guess, at a loose and, at a loss, at a price, at a rate of, at a speed of, at a low ebb (person: depressed, weak;
finances: weak, at risk), at a stands6ll, at an advantage, at breakfast, at ease, at face value, at heart, at
random, at sea, at the front of, at the expense of, at the foot of, at the hands of, at the height of, at the mercy
of, at the peak of, at the thought of, at this juncture, at one’s discre6on, at one’s disposal, at one’s leisure, at
one’s request

Lame (excuses): débil, pobre (feeble)

Very tasty - delicious / very afraid - terrified / very hot - boiling / very good - great / very bad - awful / very
nasty - dreadful / very cheerful - hilarious / very expensive - priceless / very funny - ridiculous

Some verbs followed only by gerunds -> consider, finish, quit

Some verbs followed by either infini6ves or gerunds with no change in meaning of the sentence -> begin,
con6nue, start
Some verbs followed by either infini6ves or gerunds, but there is a change in the meaning of the sentence
-> stop, try

Dustpan (a flat handheld receptacle into which dust and waste can we swept from the floor: recogedor)
In a jiffy (a very short 6me; a moment) (I’ll be back in a jiffy)
Otherwise as an adjec2ve (different) (If things were otherwise, we would pay him a visit)
Platypus (Australian aqua6c mammal: ornitorrinco)

Birds

Budgerigar (parakeet: periquito)

Shall > Offer or sugges6on with I / we in a ques6on. Also for very formal statements describing obliga6on or
prohibi6on. Nega6ve: shall not / shan’t
Precious Stones

leave [sb] to his/her/their own devices > not supervise [sb] (dejar que alguien se las arregle, abandonar a
alguien a sus propios medios)
leH to your/his/her/their own devices > unsupervised, leH alone

Eerily (strangely and mysteriously)

Have a go = try to do sth
‘Don’t judge each day by the harvest (cosecha) you reap (profit) but by the seeds you plant’
Mad about sth or sb = to love sth or sb (Melanie is mad about the Eurovision Song Contest)
Beau6fy (make beau6ful) (Kindness is like snow. It beau6fies everything it covers)
Keep back = withhold (If you keep sth back, you don’t tell someone about it) (The police suspected that he
was keeping back some important informa6on | I could tell that she was keeping sth back from me)

Gardening Tools
Caretaker (janitor: person whose job is to look aHer a building; personal carer; professional house-sider)
General prac66oner (formal family doctor)
Heritage (inheritance) | the verb is inherit
Bestow (formal present, give: an award, giH)

SO… AS vs AS… AS > while you can use AS… AS for both nega6ve and posi6ve, SO… AS can only be used with
nega+ve (It wasn’t so good as last 6me | He was not such a quick learner as his brother)

Takes it in turn > If two or more people take turns to do sth or in BrE take it in turns to do sth, they do it one
aHer the other (Each player takes it in turn to roll the dice)

Stern (severe, serious)

Sloth (perezoso | sloths are a group)
To be popular with sb (Our new coach is popular with the whole team)
Adainment = the ac6on or fact of achieving a goal towards which one has worked (‘Sa6sfac6on lies in the
effort, not in the adainment, full efforts is full victory’ Mahatma Gandhi)
Night guard
Partridge / Quail (perdiz)
Take [sb/ sth] for granted > not value fully (Children oHen take their parents for granted)
Trait (personal characteris6c; facial feature)
Grimace (facial expression; make a face: poner caras, hacer muecas, ges6cular)
Mannerism (habitual gesture: costumbre, maneras)
Nod (head mo6on; head gesture: yes; head gesture: hello)

“Environment” Phrasal Verbs

Wipe out = Destroy sth completely
Die out = Stop exis6ng
Use up = consume completely, exhaust
Midlife (period between around 45 and 60 years old)
Turn up (at) = appear, arrive
Teabags
(24) hectares
All along = from the beginning (Do you think he’s been chea6ng us all along?)
Feral (animal: wild; savage, fierce)
Misleading = giving the wrong idea or impression
Side with sb = to support one person or group in an argument (I’m not siding with him because he’s my
brother, but because he’s right)
Not in the least (not at all) / Taken aback (surprised, astonished) | (She was not in the least taken aback)
(In Britain, the money parents give their children is oHen called pocket money. In America, it’s oHen called
an allowance)
Eccentric | Bossy
HAMLET (To be or not to be): To be or not to be, that is the ques6on: Whether ‘6s nobler in the mind to
suffer | The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, […] -> Slings and arrows: Slings and arrows are the
unpleasant things that happen to you and that are not your fault. / Outrageous: shockingly bad or excessive
Seize [sth/sb] (grab; take by force) | Seize [sth] (figura2ve understand; law: take possession; figura2ve
opportunity: take enthusias6cally)
Wear the pants (US)/trousers (UK) (figura2ve have control of sth) (It’s Jane that really wears the trousers in
that rela6onship)
Hold sb or sth back (prevent sb or sth from progressing)
Reckon vs Ponder > reckon = think, consider | ponder = to think carefully about sth, especially for a no6ceable
length of 6me (reckon: “How much do you reckon that it’s going to cost?” | “Can you fix the car today? I
reckon so”)
Vie for [sth] (compete for [sth]) | Vie with [sb] (compete with [sb]) | Vie for [sth] with [sb]
Root for [sb/sth] (informal support, cheer on) (He always rooted for the underdog (person in inferior posi6on:
desamparados; also sports: expected loser))

Everyone expects Medvedev to beat Nadal in today’s final.

I would rather they did something about it instead of just talking about it (Would rather > When the subjects
of the two clauses are different, we oHen use the past simple to talk about the present or future, and the
past perfect to talk about the past)
Would rather vs Prefer > In contrast to ‘would rather’ prefers refer to general preference, not current ones.
PREFER is followed by a verb in the ing-form and ‘to’ (I prefer reading books to watching stupid films)
Had beder (ought to) | Had beder not (ought not to) || Had beder > Wishes about the past are followed by
the past par6ciple (I had beKer arrived earlier: Más me valía llegar antes, Mejor que hubiera llegado antes)
would as soon, had as soon, would sooner, would just as soon (would rather, would prefer to)
Do your thing (do what you are good at; do what makes you happy) (The crowd watched the swimmer doing
his thing in the 200-metre breaststroke event; Just do your thing and don't worry about what anyone else
thinks)
Kiss and make up (informal be reconciled) (The pair kissed and made up aHer a nine-year feud (enemistad,
pleito))
Lose your train of thought
Bite off more than you can chew (figura2ve, informal (accept an overly/excessively ambi6ous task): el que
mucho abarca poco aprieta)

Spiral out of control (become uncontrollable)

Murky = dark and dirty or difficult to see through

Put out -> switch off

Hand out -> distribute
Make out -> understand, decipher, decode

‘The bus to the science museum leaves at 9 o’clock tomorrow’ (Present simple > expressing the future >
6metables, arrangements and fixed events which the speaker cannot change). Third person (s)

Before long (soon) > (With lidle exercise, he’ll be back in shape before long)
Unmanned (without a crew) spaceship (space vehicle)
Probe (inves6ga6on, explora6on) > (China lands its first probe on Mars)
Introduce [sth] > (new idea: present; product: launch)
Move around = change loca6on (Has someone moved the drinks around the table while I was gone? I’m sure
that glass in front of Gary was mine)
Real people = real-life people, average people // Being genuine has to do with being sincere. This word has
to do with things and people that are true
Formerly (in the past, in earlier 6mes)
Dispose of [sth] = throw away
Cab = taxi / cab driver = taxi driver
Complain of [sth] / noun complaint
Perishable (perecedero) (Few people realise that blood is perishable and cannot be stored indefinitely) / non-
perishable
Second-hand // Brand new
Bring out (emphasize > That eye shadow brings out the blue in your eyes; publish, release > JK Rowling
brought out her first novel at the age of 31)
Hut (shelter) | Blow down = demolish, obliterate, wipe out (The two huts were blown down during the storm)
In (among the trees, valleys… hiking) | On (top of the mountain) || (She likes hiking in the mountains)

Peter’s and Mary’s parents involves that they have different parents | Peter and Mary’s parents involve that
they have the same parents

Reg herring (pista falsa)

Arrange (for [sb]) to do [sth], happen to [sb/sth], hesitate to do [sth], threaten to do [sth]

Fancy doing [sth] (informal like, want), finish doing [sth], imagine doing [sth], recommend doing [sth]
Infini6ve without to

Whistle-blower (person: exposes wrongdoing) | wrongdoing (criminal behaviour; morally wrong act)
Handling of = management of a situa6on
Akin to [sth] = similar to [sth]

Watchmaker
Likewise (the same, similarly) (I think apples are good. Likewise, I think oranges are good)
Hard-headed (stubborn)
Hard-hearted (callous, uncaring)
With quali6es, adributes or ac6ons > ‘s is common (The King’s arrival was delayed)

Loathe [sth/sb] (hate) (Ben loathed his job, so he quit)

Chambermaid (female cleaner) (Betsy was hired at the manor house (country house, mansion) as a
chambermaid)
On the counter (I leH the keys on the counter)
On the coast (on the south coast)
Get by on sth > He can’t get by on his salary. He needs to get a second job.
Cranky (in a bad mood; eccentric)
Manifold (many and various) (Despite his manifold faults, Andrew was a strong leader)
(to) summon > Call sb to help you. Order (someone) to be present (The Prime Minister summoned his
advisors to discuss the problem)
Put aside = to ignore or forget about sth (The colleagues put aside their differences and worked together)
Tantrum (angry outburst, typical of children)

Out: out of print (no longer being published), out of step (not following rhythm), out of breath (breathless(,
out of curiosity (out of interest: en plan, mera curiosidad), out of doors (outside, outdoors; in the open air),
out of hand (uncontrolled; without further thought), out of jealousy (debido a celos), out of place (not
belonging), out of prac6ce (not used to doing sth anymore), out of sight (outside visible range; ‘out of sight,
out of mind’ > ‘ojos que no ven, corazón que no siente’), out of spite (con rencor, resen6miento), out of the
ques6on (not possible or permided), out of one’s mind (irra6onal, crazy)
By: by virtue of (because of), by way of [sth] (as > by way of an apology: a modo de/como disculpa), by the
name of (image below), by all accounts (according to everyone), by all means (of course; by all manner of
means), by courtesy of, by degrees (lidle by lidle), by dint of [sth] (by means of: work, effort: By dint of
brilliant organiza6on, we were able to depart on 6me), by far (The US is, by far, the largest producer of corn
in the world), by hand (manually), by order of.

At: at noon (at 12 o’clock midday), at odds with [sth] (not corresponding), at one’s best, at one’s discre6on
(como prefieras, como veas), at your disposal (available for your use; have [sth] at your disposal), at one’s
leisure (cuando (te) venga bien), at one’s request (at the request of [sb]), at peace, at war, at play, at random,
at sea (on the open water), at a loose end/at loose ends (informal having nothing to do), at a loss (losing
money; unable to understand), at a moment's no6ce (on short no6ce, at short no6ce, on a moment's no6ce:
with lidle warning > sobre la marcha, con poco 6empo)

Get wound up (about sth): get angry about sth (She really gets wound up when she sees poachers killing
endangered species)
Poacher (illegal hunter)
Cut down ON [sth]
Get down to sth: to start to direct your efforts and aden6on towards sth (I’ve got a lot of work to do, but I
can’t seem to get down to it > La expresión "I can't seem" se u6liza para expresar que alguien 6ene
dificultades o problemas para hacer algo o para lograr cierto resultado ‘… pero no puedes encontrar la
mo6vación o la concentración necesaria para empezar a hacerlo’)
Read through: read fully
Put down (if you cannot put a book down, you are unable to stop reading it un6l reach the end; stop holding
something and place it on a surface or the ground)
Get up to: to do (I went to the theatre. What did you get up to last weekend?)
Avoid doing sth vs Prevent sb/sth from +ing ("avoid" se refiere a evitar o mantenerse alejado de una situación
que ya existe o que podría ocurrir en el futuro, mientras que "prevent" se refiere a tomar medidas proac6vas
para evitar que una situación o evento no deseado ocurra en primer lugar)

> On the corner of (a street name) and (another street name)

Scarcely (barely, almost not, hardly) (Tim was a brilliant entrepreneur; he was scarcely twenty when he made
his first million)
‘With one leap (a long way or high jump) the 6ger was on top of the car’

Upright (straight, not bending or leaning) | In the upright posi6on

Fat Cat (pez gordo), loaded (figura2ve, slang), well-to-do
Giggled, roar (laugh loudly: Bill roared at Janet’s joke), howl (slang, figura2ve sth or sb hilarious; laugh),
cackle (noisy laugh; laugh noisily)
Appealing, fair > adrac6ve
Pinpoint (show exact place: localizar; show exact cause: precisar, detallar)
Cri6cal, crucial
Devise (invent: idea, plan > The prisoner devised an escape plan), forge (shape, create: The blacksmith
(herrero) forged (forjó) a horseshoe (herradura); figura2ve shape: Emily is forging a new future for herself;
create: It is important to forge bonds with those around you; counterfeit: falsificar (firma) > Jack forged his
mom’s signature and got in trouble)
Veritable (true, genuine: She is a veritable expert in the field of physics, The restaurant serves a veritable
feast of regional speciali6es), uncommonly (unusually: It is uncommonly cold for this 6me of year)
Sleigh (snow sled/vehicle)
Self-defea6ng (causing problems for oneself: You'll never get anywhere with a self-defea2ng aytude like
that! > contraproducente)
Ballot (vo6ng, vote)

Ac6on + So As To + Purpose

Wrap up: cover or enclose sth in paper or soH material; put on warm clothes | also in a figura2ve sense
complete, summarise (Let's wrap the mee6ng up - I have a plane to catch)
Befall [sb] (happen to: Whatever bad luck befalls him, Mad always stays cheerful)
CHRISTMAS: Christmas house, Santa’s sack, stocking, elf, reindeer, snowman, gingerbread, fireplace, candy
cane, chimney, ornaments, Santa’s hat, snow globe, snowflake

Give off = emit, emanate, exhale, radiate, beam, effuse… > (When we recall Christmas past, we usually find
that the simplest things -not the great occasions- give off the greatest glow of happiness)
Pursuit of happiness (search for contentment in life)
‘How we live today is how we live tomorrow’
In one’s hands: under one’s control or influence; in one’s possession

Pull up (vehicle: stop > A car pulled up outside the building; figura2ve, informal reprimand for sth > Ruth
pulled her son up on/for his bad language)

With: argue with, collide with (crash > The Titanic collided with the iceberg; figura2ve conflict > His radical
ideas collided with theirs), complete with (The collec6on was complete with the acquisi6on of the final
missing book), concern yourself with [sth] (worry about > I'll buy it for you, so don't concern yourself with
the cost), interfere with (impede [sth]) > The microwave interfered with the signal), meet with (“” [sb] > Our
team of advisors will meet with you to discuss your career goals; “” [sth] conform to: standards, etc. > We
were forced to sack Pete because his work did not meet with our standards), present with
Of: approve of [sth/sb] (consider good, acceptable > Her parents did not approve of her new boyfriend), bilk
[sb] out of [sth] (swindle [sb] out of [sth]: estafar > He bilked her out of her life savings in a Ponzi scheme),
composed of, conceive of [sth] (imagine: idea, situa6on), convict [sb] of (of a crime > Danny was convicted of
armed robbery), cure [sb] of [sth] (heal of an illness > How long did it take to cure you of that disease?),
despair of (“” [sb/sth]: lose hope in [sb]/[sth] > Brian had dropped out of school and refused to get a job; his
parents were star6ng to despair of him; “” doing [sth]: lose hope of doing [sth] > I despair of ever making
Julie see my point of view), hope of (expecta6on > She has high hopes of geyng the job; She held onto the
hope of reuni6ng with her long-lost friend), remind [sb] of [sth], rob [sb] of [sth], suspect [sb] of [sth]/doing
[sth] (The police suspect him of theH)
For: account for [sth] (explain, jus6fy), arrange [sth] for, praise [sb] for (speak highly of [sb]: alabar > She was
praised for her volunteer work), provide for [sb/sth] (support financially > He had a family to provide for, and
couldn't waste money; make arrangements > We need to provide for any problems that might arise), room
for (space, capacity > There is no room for more furniture in the living room), stand for (“” [sth/sb] advocate
> She stands for equality and jus6ce; “” [sth] UK run for: elec6on > My uncle wants to stand for office),
subs6tute (“” [sth] for [sth] > Since I'm lactose intolerant, I subs2tuted water for milk in the recipe; “” for [sb]
> At this mee6ng, Mr Jones will be subs2tu2ng for Mr Smith, who is off sick today)

‘George asked me to arrange a conference call for 10 AM’

Excrucia6ng, ashen, flawless, des6tute, compelling, hushed, pouring, sorrowful, petrified, chilling, grave,
keen, gleaming, 6mid, skeletal, pe6te, pungent (very smelly: bad smelling), sleek, downy, apologe6c, forceful
(person, speech; ac6on > contundente), idio6c, thoughrul, giHed, towering, parched, constric6ng,
minuscule, hideous

Cardboard (pasteboard: cartón; made of cardboard: de cartón)

Skylight (window in ceiling)

In the end vs At the end ("in the end" se refiere al resultado final o desenlace de una situación, mientras que
"at the end" se refiere al punto final o ubicación final de algo)

"go in for" se usa para expresar interés o par6cipación ac6va en una ac6vidad, deporte, pasa6empo o causa
específicos > She goes in for swimming, and she's a very compe66ve swimmer

New Year’s resolu6on (goal set on 1st January)

Phrasal verbs - Technology: turn on (power up), click on (select), scroll up/down (move the house up/down),
print out (print onto paper > Can you print out that email for me?)

Break up (loss of phone sound quality > You're breaking up, so I'll call you back later)
Get through (reach [sb]: on phone > AHer several adempts to call Yolanda, I eventually managed to get
through)
Boot up = start up = begin running a computer (Wait a second, my computer is boo2ng up)
Go online/offline (to use the Internet (connect to internet)/not use the Internet > I will send her that email
as soon as I can go online)

Causa6ve forms
Food >> greasy | rancid | roden | stale (lack of fresh)

Poverty-stricken, feasible, precious, prevalent, prominent, flourishing, shove, thrust, inquiry, query, remain,
radiant, bright, dim, per6nent, reluctant, unwilling, withstand, comply, conform, ridiculous | sensible, even,
rough, ecstasy, spontaneous, unplanned, rehearsed, mo6onless, movable, portable, trivial, distress, soothe,
vacant, unoccupied, marvellous | awful
 > Stunned, suspicious

Cheer up (become happy)

Oak (roble; de roble)
Vine (enredadera)
Pine (pino; de pino)

Ques6on Tags
 > Venomous (poisonous; also in a figura2ve sense)

Swan (aqua6c bird; black swan)

Rabies (disease)
Pond (small lake)
Only just (by slight margin > She won the race, but only just; very recently > I have only just begun to learn
French; I'm on lesson three)

Types of books

As with (as in the case of > As with any grammar rule, there are a lot of excep6ons)
However (by whatever means > You can do it however you want to. Just do it!; in|to whatever degree > We
can accept no mistakes, however small; how, under these circumstances > However did you find us?)
Notably

Plain (llanura)
Leak (escaping fluid; air leak)
Vase (for flowers)
An6depressant, an6freeze, distant, inability, incomplete, co-worker, co-pilot, extra-terrestrial,
[fore_(before)] forehead (frente), foresee, foreword (introduc6on to a book: prefacio, prólogo), foremost
(leading; most important; primarily), misfire (fail > His cri6cisms misfired completely), misconduct (bad
behaviour; unlawful (illegal) ac6ons in workplace), monotone, monobrow, monolingual, nonen6ty
(unimportant), nondescript (sos@), nonac6ve (inac6ve), submerge, subconscious, transact (do business;
transact business: have commercial dealings), unfinished, undone, unilateral, unanimous (> “” vote), post-
mortem, postnatal (> “” depression), postscript (PS; book: addi6onal text (epílogo)), posterity (> The
controversial poli6cian hoped that posterity would view him as a hero and not a villain), exterminate
(annihilate), exterior (> The exterior walls showed no structural flaws (defect; plan: problem))

Hut (shelter)
Lane (carril; pista bolera)

Nourishing (of food): healthy and good for you

Mink (> coat mink: abrigo de visón)
Lider (trash in Street)
Ambush (surprise adack; launch a surprise adack)
slipped disc/herniated disc
Contracture
Snow-capped: covered with snow (The village is located below snow-capped mountains)
Carnival (fes6val where it is typical the use of a masquerade)
Any6me = any 6me | Some6me IS DIFFERENT FROM some 6me

Ashtray (for cigaredes) (Please don’t use my plate as an ashtray)

Sunbeam (ray of sunshine)

Crow (black bird)
Scratch (rub with fingernails) (She was scratching at her mosquito bites)
Patron (financial backer, supporter, sponsor; supporter (de ar6sta); patron saint)
Virtue (virtud)

Health Phrasal Verbs

Concussion (conmoción cerebral, trauma6smo cranoencefálico)

Swell up (hincharse, inflamarse)

Direct Speech -> Reported Speech

Expired (no longer valid > expired medicines, expired milk, expired library card)
Historic vs Historical (Historic describes something momentous (very important) or important in history |
Historical simply describes something that belongs to an earlier period of history) > The Apollo 11 moon
landing was a historic event
Flock: a group of sheep, goats or birds of the same type
Pack: a group of animals that hunt together, such as wolves

Panel (a group of specialists who give their advice or opinion about something > We have three
epidemiologists on tonight’s panel)
Far from > Life in Siberia was far from a bed of roses
Condi6onals

Fu6le (inú6l: unproduc6ve; hopeless > fu6le effort)

Break out: start suddenly (A fight broke out outside the nightclub)
Tap: hit very lightly (I gave him a tap on the shoulder and he turned around)
Superb (extremely good)

Itchy (que pica) > itchy rush

I see where you are coming from > if you say to someone you know or see where they are coming from, you
mean you understand why that person has a par6cular opinion, oHen although you do not have that opinion

Plunge: move suddenly forwards and/or downwards (The train leH the track and plunged down the
embankment)

Geographic Landforms

Money and its forms

Bribe, ransom, alimony (maintenance)

Correla6ve conjunc6ons

Debatable (ques6onable), tarmac (asfalto, pavimento)

Stranded > (Air travellers were leH stranded because of icy condi6ons)

Outright: wholly and completely (They rejected the deal outright

English Condi6onals

Handyman (empleado de mantenimiento)

Go along (to con6nue to happen or to develop > He is under the radar but he is going along well)
Back out (withdraw involvement; “” of [sth]/doing [sth] > He backed out of the agreement)
Great-grand(mother/father)
Tempt [sb] (to do [sth]) > Robert's colleagues knew he was on a diet, but they kept temp2ng him with cakes
Resent > “” [sb] for [sth]/doing [sth] (Margaret resents her son for his drug addic6on); “” doing [sth] (She
resented having to spend so much 6me alone)

Vocabulary Flowers

Forgery (falsificación)
Nobody paid aKen2on to his bad behaviour
Suc6on: the act of removing air from a space resul6ng in a lower pressure in that space (Vacuum
cleaners/sweepers work by suc2on)
She really cares for me

Will vs Going to

Will -> in requests, i.e. when we are asking someone to do something

Take in (assimilate), take down (write down), take back, take on

Sparkling water
How would you like the steak, rare, medium or well down?
Unripe (fruit, etc.: not yet mature)
Crude (grosero, vulgar > person; ac6ons, remark | oil: unrefined)
Mistake for: think wrongly that sb/sth is sb/sth else (She’s oHen mistaken for someone famous)
Bizarre (strange)
Go halves: share something equally (The meal was very expensive, so I went halves with Monica)
Bank balance: amount of money you have in the bank

Inversion

So-called (named this, supposedly > The so-called 'expert' couldn't answer my ques6ons)
Nearby (adv; also adj close > Jim adended a nearby school)
Untrained personnel
Rival [sb/sth] > Nothing have I seen that could rival the pyramids
(not) hesitate (to do [sth]) >> (no dudar en hacer algo)
I don’t like waking up early, nor do I like going to bed late (inversion)

Childish

Because -> through; given/given the fact; by virtue of; on account of; since/as; in view of; out of [sth]; for

Humanitarian project
Backing (financial support > financial backing
Fastener: a device, such as a clip, pin, or clasp, [that adaches something firmly to something else / that closes
or secures something]
Clasp (cierre: collar, cinturón)
Shoelace (cord (thin rope) for fastening shoe)
Spoil: diminish or destroy the value or quality of (One roden apple spoils the whole barrel)
Row: a noisy argument or fight; have a row / row > informal | (an) argument (quarrel) > not informal
Tantrum: an uncontrolled outburst of anger and frustra6on, typically in a young child
Replace (someone or something) with (someone or something)
Begin by (doing sth) > (She began by thanking us all for coming
In wri6ng: in the form of a leder or a document (The agreement needs to be in wri2ng in order for it to be
valid) | in order for [sth/sb] to do [sth] (so that [sth] happens)
Absent | absent from [sth] / absent yourself from [sth]
Tackle the problem (face the problem)
 curve/bend
Bedside lamp/table
Stuck in (a traffic jam)
At > Specific place/point (Come off the motorway at junc6on 6)
Pack up: to gather one’s belongings together and put them in a suitcase or other container for travelling
Hit the road (slang, figura2ve (leave, start a journey)) > We packed up and hit the road
Appearance // Disappearance
Indifferent to sb || Search for truth
Go aHer [sth] (pursue) (If you don’t go aJer what you want, you’ll never have it)
Jailer (prison warder/guard)
On the balcony (if it is the balcony outside my hotel/flat/house) vs In the balcony (if it is the balcony in a
theatre)
Bald (no hair on head) || Bold: (of a person, ac6on, or idea) showing a willingness to take risks; confident
and courageous > (“Fortune favours the bold”)
Prompt (quick > prompt ac6on/response)

The Media Phrasal Verbs

Blow over, (in) the public eye, brighten up, call for, sordid (> sordid affair), cover up (> the scandal),
mainstream (> the mainstream media), fall for (> fall for fake news), flick through, jot down, notepad, snoop
around, fur6vely, s6r up, incite, tone down
Bark, hiss, stammer, whine

If I was -> correct when used for past situa6ons

Racketeering (organized criminal ac6vi6es)

On bail: freed from prison before trial (bajo fianza)
Overlook

Windshield wiper/Windscreen wiper

Ignite (catch fire > Fuel is ignited by the spark plug)
Cafeteria
Barrister (lawyer)
Shepherd: a person who tends and rears sheep
On all fours (The baby was crawling about on all fours)
Dilemma
Righteous (morally correct)
(to) come upon: find or meet by chance, encounter
The cradle of (figura2ve cuna > Greece was the cradle of western civilisa6on)
Moisten [sth] (make slightly wet)
Flap (solapa) | envelope > Although I moistened it, the flap doesn’t s6ck to the envelope
Defiant (resistant, rebellious)
Apparel (formal clothes > What sort of apparel do you need for winter in Budapest?)
Become airborne (take off (an aircraH or bird))
Fill in: occupy one’s spare 6me (How can I fill in the 6me between?)

Cleaning supplies

Niche

Correla6ve Conjunc6ons

Either dye (6nte; teñir) or paints are used to colour cloth

Delude [sb] (into doing [sth]): mislead (into doing [sth]); be mistaken (> If you think that poli6cian is honest,
you're deluding yourself!)
Enjoy excellent health
Revert to [sth] = go back to
Quench [sth] (thirst: sa6sfy > He stopped to quench his thirst at a stream)
Backbencher (member of parliament) -- > (in the UK) a Member of Parliament who does not hold office (have
specific important job) in the government or opposi6on and who sits behind the front benches in the House
of Commons
Fortunately | Fortunate

Interchangeably | interchangeable

Whether vs If

Knuckle under: submit to someone else’s authority

The rebels
Trifling (trivial, unimportant)
Filthy houses with no sanita6on
Hideous (extremely ugly or unpleasant)
Jolly
Hoary (canos@)
Diver6ng (entertaining)

Phrasal Verbs Dress

Scold (reprimand [sb]; regañar, refunfuñar; gruñón)

Get: get a call, get a joke, get pregnant, get the impression
Have: have a bath
Popularised (by Cbum)
‘I think’ à I esteem that…; I deem that…

Cold phrases

GP -> General Prac66oner = Family Doctor

Pithy (succinct, concise > pithy comment)
Staircase
to [sb]'s dismay; in dismay, with dismay à para angus6a de; con consternación
to the contrary, to the detriment of, to one’s credit (Se emplea para destacar una acción o logro digno de
elogio o reconocimiento > To his credit, he never gave up on his dream, despite facing many obstacles)
under arrest, under construc6on, under cover of (al amparo de), under lock and key (in prison), under repair,
under strain, under-age (adj)/underage (noun) (underage drinking)
"under strain" puede referirse a una variedad de situaciones, incluyendo tensiones ‡sicas, mecánicas
o de otro 6po, mientras que "under stress" se refiere específicamente al estrés emocional o mental
que experimenta una persona.
Accompaniment
Household devices and appliances

(the) clothes dryer

A magnifying glass (lupa)
In minute detail (examine carefully) --> see pronuncia2on
Uneven (not equal > uneven distribu6on of resources)
trunks, swimming trunks, bathing trunks (man's swim shorts)
Cunning (being smart; smart, clever > a cunning plan)
Well-mannered (polite)
Fruit salad (mixed-fruit dish)
Comprise (be made up, composed of; cons6tute)
(the) Holy Grail (figura2ve ([sth] much sought and prized)
Apart from = except for
Air-condi6oning
Sweat --> see pronuncia2on
SwiH: happening quickly or promptly (I was taught that the way of progress was neither swiJ nor easy)
Dim: (of a light, colour, or illuminated object) not shining brightly or clearly > The light is too dim for me to
read
Giving an opinion

Rep6les, amphibians and rodents

Dam (water barrier)

Drain (water pipe > We had to call a plumber to unblock the drains)
Jobs Vocabulary

Prosperous > prosperous accountant

Daily Ac6ons Verbs

Creased (paper, fabric: crumpled) --> Wrinkled (-> on face, body; in fabric, clothing)

Sink (kitchen sink; hand basin: bathroom sink)

Reach out (extend your arm outwards)
Understatement (> To say the movie was bad is an understatement)
Burst: break open or apart suddenly and violently, especially as a result of an impact or internal pressure |
busted means ‘caught’
Dent (abolladura; abollar)
Qualifica6on: a pass of an examina6on or an official comple6on of a course
Excuses for Being Late

Put up [sb], put [sb] up: accommodate sb temporarily (My flight was the day aHer, so a friend put me up for
the night)

Ø The Board of Directors put up a plaque to the club’s founder

Ø Put the brakes on [sth] -> poner un freno, ponerle freno

Fool (pejora2ve idiot)

Bring up the subject

Distrusrul = mistrusrul, suspicious, not trus6ng

With: crowded with, fed up with (informal weary, exasperated), bored with (find [sth] dull > I'm feeling bored
with my life), be confronted with [sth] (have to face [sth] > customers are confronted with a bewildering
(confusing: desconcertante, apabullante, abrumador) amount of choice)
To: superior to, kind to [sb], accustom [sb/sth] to [sth] | accustomed to, married to, indifferent to, recep6ve
to (> If you are recep2ve to cri6cism, you can learn from it)
Of: silly of (se u6liza para señalar que una acción, elección o comportamiento no fue lógico o sensate > It was
silly of him to leave his umbrella at home when he knew it would rain), be envious of [sb]/[sth], independent
of

‘The more you prac6se, the beder you speak’

Fee (an amount of money paid for a piece of work or for a par6cular right or service: legal fees, university
fees, an entrance/registra6on fee; professional charge) | Fare (money paid for a journey in a vehicle) || (>
What’s the entrance fee for the outdoor music fes6val?)
In the corner shop

throw a party (> I will throw a party at my house for my birthday)

 Ø Whom is he da6ng?
Ø To whom it may concern
Ø This is Paul’s brother, with whom I went to College

Vegetables
‘If the Federal Reserve or the European Central Bank keep on raising interest rates, not only more banks will
collapse but also more bailouts (financial rescue) will be necessary’

Extraordinary | Extraordinarily --> see pronuncia2on

Put [sth] down: stope holding something and place it on a surface or the ground
the stew (slow-cooked dish: estofado, guiso) was bland (tasteless)
Date back to [sth] (exist since > His interest in coin collec6ng dates back to his childhood)

Money Phrasal Verbs

Radiator = heater
Conspiracy
Voluntary
See pronuncia2on --> Affec6onately | Affec6onate | creature
Expectant (an6cipa6ng [sth] > With an expectant look, James asked about the event; pregnant > Expectant
mothers are welcome to par6cipate in the paren6ng workshop)
Inside out (al revés, del revés > You’re wearing your sweater inside out)

Drainage (> drainage system), orphanage, rehearsal (prac6ce: ensayo), disposal (moreover -> finance: sale of
assets > The company has completed the disposal of its assets), reversal, guardian (see pronuncia2on),
historian, adolescence (see pronuncia2on), dalliance (brief flirta6on with [sb]), latency (inac6ve period),
dissident ([sb] an6-government), miscreant (wrongdoer, offender, delinquent, criminal), adversary, dignitary
(see pronuncia2on), suicide (see pronuncia2on), homicide (see pronuncia2on), pes6cide (see pronuncia2on),
legi6macy (see pronuncia2on), foreigner (see pronuncia2on), voter, dominion, persecu6on (see
pronuncia2on), cellist (see pronuncia2on musician who plays cello), calamity, amity (formal friendship,
harmony), veracity, amusement (entertainment; also “” park, funfair, fairground), quickness, candour
(openness, honesty; fairness), succour (see pronuncia2on help, aid), valor (see pronuncia2on courage,
heroism), diagnosis (of disease: iden6fica6on; of situa6on: analysis), metamorphosis (see pronuncia2on),
censure (see pronuncia2on), legislature (see pronuncia2on), exposure (see pronuncia2on)

Ø Proper disposal of hazardous waste is essen6al to protect the environment

Ø The court's decision to overturn the convic6on was a significant reversal of the previous ruling
Ø The stock market experienced a sudden reversal, with prices plumme6ng (drop, decline rapidly) aHer
months of growth
Ø The policy change marked a reversal in the company's approach to environmental sustainability
Ticket booth = 6cket office, box office
Go on the rides (se u6liza para referirse a la acción de subirse a las atracciones o juegos en un parque de
diversiones, parque temá6co o feria. Cuando alguien dice "Let's go on the rides," significa que quieren
par6cipar en las diferentes atracciones y disfrutar de las emociones y entretenimiento que ofrecen)

The ferris wheel was fun (sth you enjoy, sb/sth you have a good 6me with/doing)
To have a whale of a 6me = to enjoy oneself very much (the children had a whale of a 2me at the funfair)
Sidewalks = Pavement
Faff about: spend 6me in ineffectual ac6vity | Get on with sth: stop thinking about doing sth and just do it (>
Stop faffing about and get on with it!)

Phrasal Verbs with SET

Firewood -> wood for fuel
Cooking

Phrasal Verbs with GO

Radically -> see pronuncia2on

Avoid mistakes with ‘All’

Demean: cause a severe loss in dignity and respect (> The en6re family was demeaned by his behaviour)
Do the washing = to wash clothes, sheets, towels, etc.
Do the washing up = to wash the dishes
Anniversary -> see pronuncia2on
Tablecloth (mantel > He laid the table with a red tablecloth and candles for their anniversary dinner)
Riddle (a ques6on that describes something in a difficult or confusing ways and has a clever or funny answer;
enigma: acer6jo, adivinanza)

Cheesed of (angry or annoyed)

Smashing 6me (smashing meaning superb, extremely good)

Make a point of [sth] (emphasise), make a difference, make a call, make an investment, make believe, make
a wish, make notes, make trouble, make a mess, make sure/certain, make friends with, make a confession,
make a contact, make an argument, make a fool of [sb] (ridiculizar a alguien), make fun of [sb] (burlarse/reírse
de alguien), make a complaint

Short-change [sb] (return insufficient money to > The cashier made a mistake and short-changed him)

SYNONYMS
Earnest (sincere; serious)

Nervousness
Unno6ced
Scam (fraud; “” [sb] defraud [sb])

Warning Signs

Phrasal Verbs with FALL

Rickety (structure: poorly made and likely to collapse; person)

Band-aid (6rita; figura2ve superficial solu6on: parche)
Rip off (to cheat someone by charging too much money, or to steal something; also remove quickly (like a
band aid))
Impeccable, impolite, unhelpful, unshaven, illiterate (analfabet@), illicit, disqualified, dissa6sfied, dissimilar,
nonconformist, nonfic6on

Animals & Their babies

Will (also law: testament)

Relay (sports: relay race > Philip and his team mates are taking part in the 400 m relay)

Can opener/Tin opener

Pots and pans (cookware)
At hand (nearby = a mano; figura2ve imminent: a la vuelta de la esquina)
Treaty (formal pact, agreement > The treaty sets limits for greenhouse gas emissions. The President and the
Prime Minister signed the treaty today)
Gulp [sth] down (food, drink: swallow quickly; air: breathe in (respirar a grandes bocanadas) > Avoid gulping
down air with your food, and make sure you chew each mouthful thoroughly (exhaus6vely; informal
completely)
Animals and their habitats

Road sign (traffic no6ce)

Add up (calculate > When you add up the numbers in this column, you should get 500; “” to [sth]: total > The
opposite sides of a die add up to seven)
Carry out (execute)
Students are anxious about their result (about=sth; for=sb)
Take in (to comprehend (understand) sth > I didn’t take in much of the teacher said)
Take on (to accept job or responsibility > Don’t take on more responsibili6es than you can handle)
Indecisive --> see pronuncia2on
Make [sb] redundant (UK, oHen passive (worker: lay off) > The failing airline has been forced to make half of
its employees redundant)

Urbanite (city dweller > Many urbanites are used to geyng around mostly by public transporta6on)

Morale (confidence, also see pronuncia2on) vs Moral

Break ground (figura6ve (be first to do [sth], do [sth] completely new > She's breaking ground with her
innova6ve approach)
Pay for chance, pay cash/pay in cash, pay a respect (show respect > The ceremony was a way to pay respect
to the memory of the founder of the organiza6on)
Repair damage, regain control, pose a risk/pose a threat (to sth/sb) (endanger)
Come first, come close, come to live, come early, come right back, come on 6me, come prepared, come last
Give thought (to sth), give no6ce, give up hope, give [sb] a call (informal phone [sb]), give rise to [sth] (cause
> The lack of food gave rise to riots (violent public disorder)), give way
Take a holiday, take a class, take a call (accept a telephone call), take turns (alternate > Do you want to take
turns driving?), take prisoner
Unwise (foolish: insensato), unclean, inanimate, indecent, indefinite, impolite, illegible (unreadable),
irreverent (not showing respect > The priest scolded (reprimand) the teenagers for their irreverent aytude
toward religion), irreversible (that cannot be undon)

Become alive (cobrar vida)

Bedroom vocabulary

Run into [sth/sb] (collide with, crash into)

Get out of (exit a vehicle > Audrey parked near the beach and got out of the car)

Take aHer vs Look like:

Insects
‘Sorry to interrupt, please carry on’ (interrupt --> see pronuncia2on)

Basil (albahaca see pronuncia2on), oregano (see pronuncia2on), bay leaf (hoja de laurel), cardamom (type of
fragrant spice), rosemary (see pronuncia2on), cumin (comino), parsley (perejil), nutmeg (nuez moscada),
sage (salvia), chives (cebolleta, cebollino), thyme (tomillo see pronuncia2on)

Phrasal Verbs with COME

‘He comes across well/badly in interviews’

Swamp [sb/sth] with [sth] (figura2ve, oJen passive (overload: with work, etc.) > The translator's clients were
swamping her with work and she had no 6me to do anything else) -> too busy (see pronuncia2on), saturated
Spring cleaning = to clean all of a place, especially your house, very well (We came across a silver coin when
we were doing some spring cleaning)
Appendici6s (inflamma6on of appendix) --> see pronuncia2on

Bri6sh vs American spelling à favourite/favorite, jewellery/jewelry, licence/license, programme/program,

pyjamas/pajamas, realise/realize

Seashells | Seashore

Asking for help: Could you spare a moment?, Can you give me a minute of your 6me?, I can’t manage. Can
you help?, Can I ask you a favour?
Asking for informa6on: I’d like to know
Saying I know: I hear you, I take your point
Asking about health/life: How are things?, How’s it going?, How are you geyng on?, How have you being
keeping?, What have you been (geyng) up to?
Saying right now: At this point in 6me, For the 6me being, These days
Can you repeat: Excuse me?, Do you mind repea6ng that?, Sorry, I didn’t catch that, Pardon?, Sorry?, Would
you mind saying that again?

At/In/On Time
Asking people to wait: Hang on a moment, Give us a second, Half a moment, I’ll be right with you, Wait and
see
Responsible for: In care of, Under (the strict) guidance of, In charge of, Answerable for [sth] (answerable to
[sb]: responsible ante), Under the instruc6on of

Common knowledge ([sth] that most people know > It was common knowledge among the staff that Bill had
a drinking problem)

Fanny pack, Belt bag (US), Bumbag (UK) -> riñonera

Slouching (drooping posture)

Parts of a car
Keep a record (llevar un registro), keep a straight face (informal (look serious, avoid smiling)), keep the peace

Come out (emerge > The sun will come out again aHer the rain)
Come over/by/around (> Can you come over next week?: es como pasarte, en plan visitar)
Idioms and Expressions using GET
Get your own back = take revenge
Get a photo taken = have a photo taken
I’ve got to go = I have to go
It gets on my nerves = it irritates me
Get the wrong end of the s6ck = misunderstand something
Get away with it = to escape punishment
Get a train - take or catch a train
Geyng old = becoming old
Get you act together = improve in aytude (empezar a comportarse como es debido)
Get stopped = be stopped (by someone)
Get caught = be caught (by someone)
Get a life = do something useful with yourself
Get real - be realis6c
They get on like a house on fire - they like each other a lot and have a lot in common
I get the message = I understand
(Not) get anywhere = (not) be successful
I’ve got some years on the clock = I’m old
Get lost = go away

Flout: openly disregard (a rule, law, or conven6on)

Conven6on (norm; tradi6on; treaty; conference; gathering of people)
At someone’s house, at the exit, at the traffic lights
On a bicycle, on a bus, on a list, on a plane, on a train, on a wall, on the ceiling, on the corner, on the third
floor

Leaflets (brochure, pamphlet: folleto, panfleto)

Kitchen appliances
Order of adjec6ves

Lastly (finally)

Linking words to clarify/explain:

Covet [sth] (codiciar > He covets wealth and power above everything else)
Boast about [sth/sb] (speak proudly)
Rob of [sb] of [sth] (> According to the police, the store was robbed of more than 5,000 dollars; You've robbed
me of everything but my dignity!)
Instead of VERY

Ø (very) Sharp / Keen -> figura2ve agudo/a (> A good lawyer needs a keen mind)

Bachelor party (US), stag night, stag party, stag do (UK) (party for a husband-to-be > Bachelor par6es tend to
be wild and crazy. We're going to a nightclub for Simon's stag do)

Bathroom Vocabulary
Tissue (Kleenex)
Weepy (informal tearful, emo6onal > The gradua6on ceremony was a weepy occasion; a sen6mental film,
book, or song > If I were you I’d take some 6ssues to the cinema - it’s a real weepy)

Time expressions

‘He’s old enough to look aHer himself’

Spooky (que da miedo) sounds

1c, 2a, 3d, 4b

Rustle up (informal (food: prepare quickly) > I can rustle up a quick meal with whatever ingredients are in the
kitchen)

(the) tap water (drinking water from a faucet > Is the tap water safe to drink?)
Measure words

Rejected vs Contradicted vs Denied vs Refused

Asser6on - something that you say is certainly true
Aden6on to detail
A natural (informal (person with inherent talent) > He is such a natural at athle6c things, that he could excel
at any sport)
Be in your element - to be very happy because you are doing what you like doing and are good at (> She's in
her element when she's working with animals. She's a natural with them)
Be up to (sth/doing sth) - be capable of (sth/doing sth) (> Are you sure you are up to this job? / Alice should
apply for the manager's job; I think she is up to running the department)
Be only natural to do sth - to be normal or expected (> AHer a long day of work, it's only natural to feel 6red)
Believe wholeheartedly in sth - to believe something completely, without any doubts
Dive into [sth] (figura2ve (undertake enthusias6cally) > Lisa dived into the project wholeheartedly)
Blissful - making you feel very happy (> They were blissful for the first few months of their marriage)

Rela6onships
business rela6onship, close rela6onship, difficult rela6onship, family rela6onship, formal rela6onship,
friendly rela6onship, in6mate rela6onship, las6ng rela6onship, love-hate rela6onship, personal rela6onship,
professional rela6onship, prickly rela6onship, relaxed rela6onship, rocky rela6onship, solid rela6onship,
stable rela6onship, strong rela6onship, uneasy rela6onship, working rela6onship

heated/furious/fierce/pointless argument
cour6ng/elderly/married/young couple
adop6ve/extended/immediate/single-parent family
inner/mixed/nega6ve/strong feelings
best/close/mutual/school friends
brotherly/first/true/unrequited (not mutual, not reciprocated) love
family/heightened/rising/social tension
Expressions
*have it in for sb - treat unfairly (slang tenérselas jugada, tenerle mania > That teacher has had it in for me
ever since (since then) I spilled my soda in class)
*keep oneself to oneself - be reserved
*look up to sb - take sb as an example (admire and respect [sb] > Ideally, children should look up to their
parents)
*look down on sb
*put a great strain on a rela6onship - significa que algo o alguien ha ejercido una presión significa6va o
causado dificultades en una relación, lo que puede resultar en tensión o incluso poner en riesgo la
con6nuidad de esa relación (> Their financial problems put a great strain on their marriage. They argued
constantly about money)
*put sb down - to make someone feel silly or not important by cri6cising them
*take an instant dislike/liking to sb (> I took an instant dislike to my new neighbour when they played loud
music late at night / She took an instant liking to the friendly dog she met at the park)
*take to sb - to start to like someone (I took to my new co-worker quickly because we share a similar sense
of humour)
*turn down a proposal of marriage - refuse (> He was devastated when she turned down his proposal of
marriage in front of their friends)
*turn one’s back on sb (AHer the argument, she felt hurt and turned her back on her former best friend)
*turn to sb for help/advice (In 6mes of trouble, she always turns to her older sister for advice and guidance)
*a rela6onship can turn sour (Their once loving marriage slowly turned sour as they couldn't resolve their
constant arguments)

HandicraHs

Tape measure / measuring tape

Health🧘
Adjec2ves and nouns
*aching : joints/limbs/muscles
*blocked nose (nariz conges6onada)
*bruised: ribs/thigh (cos6llas/muslo magullado, con moretones)
*chipped: bone/tooth (hueso/diente as6llado)
*dislocated: hip/jaw/shoulder
*sprained: ankle/wrist
*swollen: glands/feet/lips
*torn: muscles/ligaments
*upset stomach
*blinding headache (dolor de cabeza intenso)
*high/low blood pressure
*high/low/mild fever
*(highly) infec6ous disease
*medical complaint
*serious illness

Phrasal verbs
*break/come out in a rash (desarrollar una erupción en la piel)
*a disease breaks out ( suddenly starts)
*sth brings on a heart adack (algo provoca un ataque al corazón)
*an illness clears up (una enfermedad se cura)
*carry out tests
*come down with an illness
*come through a serious illness
*come up with a cure/treatment
*pain eases off (el dolor disminuye)
*get over an illness (recuperarse de una enfermedad)
*pass on an illness (transmi6r una enfermedad)
*pick up an illness
*put one's back/shoulder out (To sprain one's back or shoulder through some type of (usually strenuous)
ac6vity, like liHing heavy furniture or throwing a ball à las6marse la espalda/el hombro (por lo general,
debido a una ac6vidad extenuante))
*put sth down to sth (atribuir algo a algo -> to think that a problem or situa6on is caused by a par6cular
thing: I put the children's bad behaviour down to the fact that they were 6red)
*the effects of a drug wear off (effect: diminish)
*wear sb out (to make someone extremely 6red)

Other verbs
*diagnose sb as having/with (an illness)
*fall (seriously) ill with sth
*have/undergo an opera6on (on sth)
*prescribe a drug/medicine
*relieve pain

Euphemisms🙊
- not long for this world (going to die soon)
- in my birthday suit (naked)
- make the supreme (or ul6mate) sacrifice (die)
- four-leder words (swear words)
- pardon my French (apologies for swearing (using obscene words))
- powder my nose (use the toilet)
- answer the call of nature (urinate)
- a bit on the side (sexual partner in addi6on to the person's usual partner)
- have a bun in the oven (be pregnant)
- my number was up (I was about to die)
- breathe my last (die)
- be six feet under (be dead)

Smell💩🤢
Verbs
Detect (I could detect the scent of fresh flowers in the garden)
get rid of } a/the smell (of sth) (We need to get rid of the foul smell in the kitchen)
give off (emit: heat, smell > The flowers give off a sweet fragrance)
leave (The cooking leJ a pleasant aroma in the kitchen)
no6ce (I no6ced the acrid smell of burnt rubber)
remember (I remember the unmistakable scent of the ocean from our vaca6on)
Adjec2ves to describe smells
-acrid (unpleasant and causes a burning feeling in your throat)
-pungent (very strong > The pungent aroma of the spices made my eyes water)
-dis6nct (easy to hear, see, or smell > The dis2nct aroma of freshly baked bread waHed (float on the air) from
the bakery)
-rancid (smells and tastes bad because it is not fresh > The rancid smell of spoiled milk was unbearable (not
endurable, tolerable))
-faint (slight and not easy to no6ce > There was a faint aroma of roses in the garden)
-sickly (unpleasant and making you feel slightly sick > The sickly sweet smell of the flowers in the room was
overpowering (oJen passive (sound, heat, smell: be too strong))
-foul (very bad or unpleasant > The foul odour coming from the garbage bin needed to be addressed)
-stale (old and not fresh > The room had a stale smell aHer being closed for months)
-fresh (> The fresh scent of pine trees in the forest was invigora6ng (refreshing, reviving))
-mouth-watering (que despierta el ape6to o hace que la boca se haga agua > The mouth-watering aroma of
the barbecue made everyone hungry)
-musty (smelling unpleasantly old and slightly wet > he musty smell in the basement indicated the presence
of mould (fungus))
-overpowering (too strong to be able to con6nue or resist > The overpowering smell of chemicals in the lab
required us to wear masks) -> smell, heat, noise: very strong, overwhelming
-(un)pleasant (> The (un)pleasant scent of the flowers varied from person to person)
-strong (> The strong scent of coffee filled the room)
-sweet (> The sweet aroma of freshly baked cookies was invi6ng (temp6ng))
-unmistakable (not likely to be confused with something else > The unmistakable smell of the sea reminded
me of my childhood)

Nouns
-aroma (a strong, pleasant smell, usually from food or drink > The aroma of freshly brewed (make: beer,
coffe, tea) coffee woke me up in the morning)
-fragrance (a sweet or pleasant smell > The fragrance of the flowers in the garden was enchan6ng)
-odour (a smell, oHen one that is unpleasant > The odour from the garbage bin was unpleasant)
-perfume (a pleasant natural smell > She wore a delighrul perfume that lingered in the room)
-scent (a pleasant natural smell > The scent of lavender in the garden was soothing (providing comfort))
-stench (a strong, unpleasant smell > The stench of roden eggs filled the room)
Infusion --> see pronuncia2on
Just around the corner (a la vuelta de la esquina)

F A M E 🤟💃🕶🎸📸
- Object of affec+on - a person or thing seen as a focus or target for feelings, thought (She has become the
object of affec2on for many admirers)
- To be addicted - physically and mentally dependent on a par6cular substance (He was addicted to drugs
for years before seeking help)
- To be worshipped - show reverence and adora6on for (Ser adorado > The rock star was worshipped by his
fans around the world)
- To be fixated - cause (someone) to develop an obsessive adachment to someone or something (estar
obsesionado > She became fixated on her goal, working 6relessly to achieve it)
- Stalker - a person who illegally follows and watches someone, especially a woman, over a period of 6me
- To be in limelight - to be at the centre of public aden6on (estar en el centro de atención > AHer winning
the championship, he found himself in the limelight)
- To be up-and-coming - likely to achieve success soon or in the near future (prometedor > The up-and-
coming ar6st is expected to make a big impact in the art world)
- Hackneyed - has been said or used so oHen that it has become boring and has no meaning (tópico o
trillado: clichéd/cliché > The clichéd dialogue in the movie was so hackneyed that it became predictable)
- Far-fetched - very unlikely to be true, and difficult to believe (inverosímil: implausible > The idea that aliens
built the pyramids is far-fetched and lacks evidence)
- Harrowing - extremely upseyng because connected with suffering (aterrorizador > The documentary
showed harrowing footage of the war's impact on civilians)
- To slate - cri6cise severely (The cri6cs were quick to slate the actor's performance in the play)
- Gripping - so interes6ng or exci6ng that it holds your aden6on completely (apasionante o absorbente >
The thriller novel was so gripping that I couldn't put it down)
- To boo - to make an expression of strong disapproval or disagreement (abuchear > The audience began to
boo when the singer forgot the lyrics)
- Has-been - a person who in the past was famous, important, admired, or good at something, but is no
longer any of these (pasado de moda > He used to be a famous actor, but now he's just a has-been)
- To keep low profile - to avoid adrac6ng aden6on to yourself (AHer the scandal, he decided to keep a low
profile and avoid the media)
- Watch out for - to be careful to no6ce someone or something interes6ng (estar atento a > Watch out for
any signs of trouble and be prepared to react)

🐛CH A NG ES🦋
Verbs and nouns
bring about a (to cause to happen)
call for a (to demand)
cope with
introduce a } change
lead to a
resist
welcome a
witness a

adapt to/ adjust to change/college life/a new job

adjust clothing/the volume/the height of
alter plans/clothes/ your appearance
amend a law/a document
convert a building/ money/to a religion
modify your behaviour/ your language/ a design
shiT the blame or responsibility for sth onto sb
switch sides/(over) to a new currency/TV channels
transfer money to another account/to a team or department
transform (the appearance or character of) a person/a place/a thing
vary your diet/the menu/your rou6ne/in price

Verbs and adverbs (see pronuncia2on -> all of them)

adapt to/ adjust automa6cally/ easily/ effortlessly
alter completely/ drama6cally/slightly
change dras6cally/ overnight/ significantly
modify slightly/ substan6ally/ subtly
transform completely/ instantly/radically
vary considerably/ greatly/widely

Adjec2ves and nouns

a drama6c
economic
a far-reaching
a pleasant
poli6cal
a refreshing } change
a significant
social
a sudden
a sweeping
an unexpected
a welcome
 Ø figura2ve (affec6ng many > The new government implemented sweeping reforms / The
implementa+on of the new tax law brought about a sweeping change in the country's economy)

Bland (tasteless)
Mogul (powerful person)

MONEY💸
counterfeit (fake)
housekeeping
pocket
prize } money
ransom (to pay in order to set someone free)
redundancy payment (money that a company pays to workers who have lost their jobs because they are no
longer needed)
sponsorship

pay for sth:

in advance
in arrears (al finalizar el period: paid at the end of the period of 6me during which the money was earned)
in cash
in full
in instalments (one of a number of parts into which an amount of money that is owed has been divided.
Payments are made regularly un6l the total amount has been paid back)
on expenses (con gastos: using money that will be paid back by your employer)
buy sth:
at auc6on
in the sales
on credit
on hire purchase (en compra a plazos: a method of paying for something in which the buyer pays part of the
cost immediately and then makes small regular payments un6l the debt is completely paid)
on impulse (por impulso)
borrow/ pay heavily/ generously/ handsomely
save carefully/ hard
spend freely/ wisely
invest extravagantly/ foolishly/heavily/wisely
borrow an idea/a phrase/a word
pay aden6on/a compliment (hacer un cumplido)/one's respects (mostrar, presentar respetos)/tribute
(rendir homenaje)
save effort/energy/6me
lend assistance/credibility/support/weight
owe sb an apology/an explana6on/a favour

fork out (soltar (pasta): to pay an amount of money, especially unwillingly)

squander (despilfarrar, derrochar: to waste money, or to use something valuable that you have a limited
amount of in a bad or foolish way)
be on the breadline (estar en la línea de pobreza)
loaded (rich)
be strapped for cash (estar ajustado de dinero: not having enough money)
be rolling in it , inf (estar forrado de dinero: to be extremely rich)
deprived (not having the things that are necessary for a pleasant life, such as enough money, food, or good
living condi6ons)
throw money down the drain (6rar el dinero por el desagüe: waste)
go for a song (sell very cheaply)
penny-pinching (tacaño: spending as lidle money as possible)
not to have two pennies to rub together (to be very poor)
blow (fundirse, despilfarrar, derrochar: spend everything > Sophie blew all her wages on a new dress)

NEGATIVE FEELINGS 🤬
IDIOMS
- to ra\le sb's cage - make sb angry on purpose (The constant teasing really raKles his cage: Las bromas
constantes realmente lo sacan de quicio)
- to make sb's blood boil - make sb angry (His disrespecrul comments make my blood boil)
- see red - get angry (Whenever someone cri6cizes her work, she sees red)
- all hot and bothered - angry and worried (informal) (He was all hot and bothered when he realized he lost
his wallet)
- get sb's goat - irritate sb (informal) (The constant noise really gets my goat)
- burst a blood vessel - get very angry (informal) (I thought he was going to burst a blood vessel when he
heard the news)
- knock someone for six - shock or upset him very much (informal) (The unexpected cri6cism really knocked
her for six)
- wild horses couldn't make sb - sb would never do something (Wild horses couldn't make her reveal the
secret: Ni aunque le ofrecieran algo podría hacerla revelar el secreto)
- have a sinking feeling - felt that sth bad was about to happen (When he didn't answer the phone, she had
a sinking feeling)
- down in the dumps - miserable (informal) (AHer the breakup, he was down in the dumps for weeks)
- not be your bag - is not sth I am interested in or like (Classical music is just not my bag)
- wouldn't give sth house room - don't like or approve of (She wouldn't give that new policy house room:
Ella no aprueba esa nueva polí6ca)
- kick yourself - I am very cross with myself because I did sth stupid (I forgot about the mee6ng; I could kick
myself!)
- reduce to tears - made sb cry (The harsh cri6cism reduced her to tears)
- be a bundle of nerves - be extremely nervous (Before the exam, he was a bundle of nerves)
- run out of pa+ence - beginning to feel annoyed (I'm running out of pa2ence with this constant noise)

Cohesive (see pronuncia2on)

Organisa6onal (see pronuncia2on)
Impede ([sb] from doing [sth]) (> The basketball player impeded his opponent from scoring)
Appropriately (see pronuncia2on)

BIRTH AND DEATH ♾

At the beginning🧬
- concep6on - 6me when sperm and an egg meet and the baby starts to form
- fer6lise - make to start developing into new life
- embryo - developing baby
- to implant - fixes itself
- womb/uterus - the organ in the body of a woman or other female mammal in which a baby develops before
birth
- conceive - become pregnant
- fer6lity drugs - drugs that help women to become pregnant
- IVF - in vitro fer6liza6on, a treatment for a woman who cannot become pregnant naturally, in which an egg
is fer6lised outside her body and the resul6ng embryo is put into her womb to develop into a baby
- foetus - a young human being or animal before birth, aHer the organs have started to develop
- placenta - the temporary organ that feeds a foetus (= developing baby) inside its mother's womb
- to go into labour – (ponerse de parto) last stage of pregnancy
- to induce - to use a drug to make a pregnant woman start giving birth
- give birth - have a baby
- a midwife - a person, usually a woman, who is trained to help women when they are giving birth
- to deliver - help the mother to give birth
- caesarean sec6on - an opera6on in which a woman's uterus is cut open to allow a baby to be born
At the end 🔚⚱
- (to love to a) ripe old age - living well into old age (vivir hasta la vejez/avanzada edad)
- late - now dead (> The late John Peters was a good man)
- sheltered accommoda6on - special housing for old people, where care staff also live
- doddery - weak and unable to walk well, usually because of old age (inf)
- gaga - unable to think clearly because of an old age (inf, offensive)
- have all her wits about her - is s6ll able to think and react clearly
- demen6a - an illness that causes problems with memory loss
- coffin - box where the dead person is put
- wake - gathering of family and friends aHer a funeral
- will - legal document saying what is to happen to your possessions aHer your death
- ashes - remains of a body aHer crema6on
- mourning – (duelo, luto) expressing sadness aHer someone's death
- crema6on - service at a place called crematorium, where a dead body is burnt
- scader - spread around

Expressions of sympathy
- Please, accept my condolences
- I was so sorry to hear of your loss

Euphemisms for "to die"

- to pass away
- to pass on
- to pass over

Very informal expressions for being close to death

- to be at the death's door
- to be on your last legs (oHen about machines)

Newspaper words
- fatali6es (dead people)
- perished (died)
- slaughtered (violently killed)

Legal words
- the deceased (the dead person)
- to bequeath (to leave something in a will; noun - a bequest)
- to inherit (to receive sth from someone who has died; noun - inheritance)
- to die intestate (without having made a will)

I N T E L L I G E N C E A N D A B I L I T Y💡
Adjec6ves and nouns
🔘accomplished dancer/pianist/singer
🔘born (nat@) ar6st/teacher/writer
🔘competent driver/lawyer/skier
🔘experienced journalist/manager/professional
🔘expert cook/gardener/skier
🔘giTed musician/sportswoman/student
🔘proficient horsewoman/pilot/typist
🔘promising (young) athlete/player/student
🔘skilful card player/diplomat/footballer
🔘skilled craHsman/technician/worker
🔘strong swimmer
🔘talented actor/player/youngster
🔘art/computer/wine expert
🔘be brilliant/good/weak/terrible/hopeless at a subject, a sport or a skill
🔘a brainy/brilliant/bright/giHed child
🔘a whizz-kid (informal prodigy in some area)
🔘a child prodigy

Expressions
▫be an ace at solving puzzles/(playing) tennis
▫be good with your hands (She's good with her hands, so she can fix almost anything)
▫be a dab hand at (ser un hacha con) DIY/at pain6ng/with a paintbrush
▫have a (natural) flair for languages/design improvisa6on (be talented) (Maria has a natural flair for
languages; she picks them up quickly)
▫have a (natural) giT for languages/music/wri6ng
▫have an ear for accents/language/music (Tom has an ear for accents; he can tell where someone is from
just by listening)
▫have an eye for detail (As an editor, she has an eye for detail and catches even the smallest errors)
▫have a head for figures (John works in finance; he has a head for figures and can analyse complex data)
▫have a nose for a good news story (Journalists oHen have a nose for a good news story; they know what will
capture people's interest)
▫have a good/poor memory
Adverbs and adjec6ves
academically
excep+onally
highly ➡giHed
intellectually
musically
naturally
▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪
highly
incredibly ➡intelligent
remarkably
▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪
enormously
excep+onally
highly ➡talented
hugely
outstandingly
▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪
extremely
highly ➡promising
very

S L E E P 🥛🛌
Adverbs
◼sleep badly
firully (intermidently, irregularly)
heavily (profundamente)
lightly
peacefully
rough (dormir en la calle, a la intemperie)
soundly (deeply)
well
🔺🔺🔺🔺🔺🔺🔺🔺🔺🔺
Verbs and expressions
◼be a heavy/light sleeper
◼be fast asleep (sleeping deeply > AHer a 6ring day, he was fast asleep within minutes)
◼be/feel wide awake
◼doze off/drop off/nod off (informal fall asleep > I tend to doze off during long mee6ngs)
◼fall asleep
◼fall into a deep sleep
◼get a good night's sleep (GeOng a good night's sleep is essen6al for overall health)
◼get to sleep
◼have/take a nap
◼have a sleepless night
◼have an animal put to sleep (to kill an animal that is very ill or very old so that it does not suffer any more)
◼keep sb awake
◼lie/stay awake
◼lose sleep over sth (Losing sleep over small problems is not healthy)
◼my arm/leg went to sleep (because a person is lying in a way that puts pressure on a nerve in the limb)
◼send sb to sleep
◼sleep like a log (dormir como un tronco)
◼sleep on it (to wait before making a decision) (If you're unsure, it's a good idea to sleep on it before making
a decision: Si 6enes dudas, es buena idea pensarlo bien antes de tomar una decision)
◼sleep through the night (She manages to sleep through the night without waking up: Ella logra dormir toda
la noche sin despertarse)
◼sleep through a storm (to sleep without being awakened by (something, such as a loud noise))
◼snooze (I like to snooze for a few minutes aHer the alarm goes off: Me gusta echarme una siesta unos
minutos después de que suena la alarma)
◼stay up (late) (They decided to stay up late and watch a movie)
◼suffer from insomnia (Many people suffer from insomnia and struggle to sleep at night)
◼toss and turn (to move around restlessly while sleeping or trying to sleep: dar vueltas en la cama > Unable
to find a comfortable posi6on, he tossed and turned all night)
◼wake up to [sth/the fact that] (to start to understand something that is important: darse cuenta de, abrir
los ojos a)

Sleep around (informal have casual sex > I have no more respect for guys who sleep around than for women
who do: No le tengo respeto a los hombres que andan cogiendo por ahí, ni tampoco a las mujeres que hacen
lo mismo)
V O I C E, S O U N D A N D N O I S E📣
▪booming (resonant: resonante, retumbante)
▪deep
▪hesitant (vacilante, 6tubeante)
▪high-pitched (agudo)
▪hoarse (ronco/a)
▪hushed voice (voz tranquila, susurrante)
▪background (de fondo)
▪banging (voz estampida: una voz fuerte y estruendosa) hiyng, knocking)
▪constant
▪con6nuous
▪excessive
▪incessant ➡ voice
▪loud
▪low
▪monotonous
▪rough (áspera)
▪shrill (estridente)
▪squeaky (chillona)
🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶
▫lose
▫lower ➡your voice
▫raise
▫shout at the top of (gritar a todo pulmón)
🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶
◽buzzing
◽crashing
◽creaking (rechinante)
◽distant
◽dis6nc6ve
◽faint (tenue) ➡sound
◽muffled (amor6guado)
◽rumbling (retumbante)
◽rustling (susurrante)
◽unmistakable
🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶
🔳detect
🔳emit
🔳make ➡a sound
🔳produce
🔳uder (say (vocalmente))
🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶
🔲background
🔲banging
🔲constant
🔲con6nuous ➡noise
🔲excessive
🔲incessant
🔲loud
🔲traffic
🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶
dies down
fades away
🔘 noise ➡ grows
increases
reverberates
🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶🎶
Other noises
🔘deafening applause/cheer/explosion/music/roar/silence
🔘piercing cry/scream/shriek (scream)/whistle
🔘crowdy behaviour/crowd/fans/party
🔘bells chime (repican)/ring/6nkle (6n6nean)
🔘doors slam (close violently)
🔘dogs bark/growl (gruñen)/whimper (gimotean)/whine (lloriquear -> queja)
🔘music/a radio/a television blares out (sound loudly)

V E R B S: I N F O R M A L - F O R M A L 🩳 👔
▫say sorry - apologize, apologise
▫go up - increase
▫go down - decrease
▫set up - establish
▫look at - examine
▫blow up - explode
▫find out -discover
▫bring about - cause
▫put off - postpone, delay
▫rack up - accumulate
▫make up - fabricate
▫stand for - represent
▫find out -discover, ascertain
▫leave out - omit
▫point out - indicate
▫go against - oppose
▫get in touch with - contact
▫It’s about - It concerns, It’s in regards to
▫need to - required
▫think about - consider
▫get - obtain
▫put up - tolerate
▫deal with - handle
▫seem - appear
▫show - demonstrate, illustrate, portray
▫start - commence
▫keep - retain
▫free - release
▫get on someone’s nerves - bother
▫ring up - call
▫show up - arrive
▫let - permit
▫fill in - subs6tute; inform (person: update)
▫block - undermine

I N T E N S I F I E R S 😱👁👄👁
perfectly balanced/acceptable/capable/clear/good/normal/safe
🔺acutely (intensely) aware/ conscious/ embarrassed/ sensi6ve
🔺bi\erly cold/ disappoin6ng/ opposed/ resenrul
🔺deeply commided/ concerned/ moving (conmovedor)/ suspicious
🔺desperately disappointed/ keen/ lonely/ worried
🔺en+rely different/ free of charge/ new/ wrong
🔺fully aware/ booked/ clothed/ equipped/ jus6fied
🔺highly giHed/ influen6al/ promising/ talented
🔺hugely expensive/ popular/ successful/ talented
🔺seriously affected/ ill/ injured
🔺totally different/ (in)dependent/ unexpected/ unnecessary
🔺u\erly (completely) disgraceful/ exhausted/ opposed/ ridiculous
🔺wholly inadequate/ inappropriate/ unacceptable/ unexpected

SOCIETY 🙈 🙉 🙊
Idioms
People in society 🐜
📍 a self-made man - person who is rich and successful because they have worked hard, not because they
were born into a rich family (> He started with nothing and built a successful business en6rely on his own.
He's a true self-made man)
📍 the cha\ering classes - educated people who enjoy discussing social, poli6cal and cultural issues (> The
chaKering classes are always deba6ng the latest poli6cal developments over dinner par6es)
📍 a second-class ci+zen - someone treated as if they are less important than others in society (> The law
discriminated against certain groups, making them feel like second-class ci2zens)
📍 the grass roots - ordinary people in a poli6cal or spor6ng organisa6on, not the leaders (> Real change
oHen comes from the grass roots, from ordinary people who want things to be different)
📍 the silent majority - large number of people who do not express their opinions publicly
📍 the (men in) grey suits - people in business or poli6cs with a lot of influence or power, although they are
not well known to the public (> The decisions were actually made by the men in grey suits behind the scenes)
📍 public enemy number one - sth or someone that a lot of people dislike or disapprove of (> Pollu6on has
become public enemy number one, with many calling for stricter environmental regula6ons)
📍 new kid on the block (newcomer) - someone who is new in a place or organisa6on and has many things
to learn about it (informal) (> She's the new kid on the block at the office, so she's s6ll geyng to know
everyone and how things work)

Power in society 💉
📍 the movers and shakers - the people with power and influence (> The movers and shakers of the industry
gathered to discuss the future of technology)
📍 win by a landslide - win by a very large majority (> The candidate won by a landslide, receiving more than
70% of the votes)
📍 rig the elec+on (amañar las elecciones) - arrange an elec6on in a dishonest way (> Accusa6ons of trying
to rig the elec2on have cast a shadow over the poli6cal process)
📍 the power behind the throne - someone with no official posi6on in government or an organisa6on but
who secretly controls it (> While the prime minister was the public face of the government, many believed
that his chief advisor was the real power behind the throne)
📍 being in the public eye - being famous; wriden about in the media and seen on TV (> Celebri6es are
always in the public eye, and their every move is scru6nized (examine closely))
📍 pull the strings - is in control, oHen secretly (> While the CEO appeared to be in charge, it was actually the
company's founder who pulled the strings)
📍 the grey vote - the vote of older people (also, grey pound) (> Poli6cians are increasingly focused on
appealing to the grey vote, given the aging popula6on)
📍 Mr Big - the most important person in a company or organisa6on (informal) (> Mr. Big in the tech industry
announced a major product launch today)
📍 on the gravy train (tren del dinero fácil) - used to refer to a way of making money quickly, easily and oHen
dishonestly, usually through your posi6on in society (> Some people become corrupt officials (government
employee: funcionario) just to get on the gravy train)

Take off (informal depart suddenly: salir disparado, corriendo)

Put up (mount on wall)

Blunt (knife, blade: not sharp)

Phrasal Verbs about Money

Idioms:
The icing on the cake (la guinda del pastel) = cherry on the cake, cherry on top
Work wonders (hacer maravillas, ser mano de santo) = do wonders, work miracles, work like a charm
Pull (one’s) socks up (ponerse las pilas / espabilar) -> to try to improve one’s performance or behaviour
because it has not been good enough recently. Example: We expect our copywriters to contribute about 15
ar6cles per week, so you’re going to have to pull your socks up if you want stay a part of this team.
(to have) a skeleton in the closet/cupboard (secret from the past). Example: If you’ve got a skeleton in the
closet, it will probably be exposed during the campaign.
An elephant in the room (means that there is an obvious problem or difficult situa6on that people do not
want to talk about). Example: The fact that his 40-year-old brother was s6ll living with his parents was a big
elephant in the room at every family gathering.
When pigs fly (used to say that one thinks that something will never happen). Example: The underground
sta6on will be renovated when pigs fly
We’ll cross that bridge when we come to it (to not worry about a possible problem un6l it actually happens).
Example: I don’t know how we’ll pay the bills if you quit your job, but we’ll cross that bridge when we come
to it
Slow but steady wins the race (means slow, produc6ve progress lead to success, as in). Example: Take your
6me to build this boat right. Remember, slow but steady wins the race!
At the drop of a hat (if you do sth at the drop of a hat, you do it immediately without stopping to think about
it). Example: She’d purchase her expensive clothes at the drop of a hat and worry about how she would pay
for it later
Bide off more than one can chew (take on a commitment one cannot fulfil). Example: By accep6ng two part-
6me jobs, she is clearly bi2ng off more than she can chew
Let the cat out of the bag (reveal a secret). Example: I’m planning a surprise holiday for Angela to celebrate
our wedding anniversary. Don’t let the cat out of the bag!
Cut somebody some slack (to treat (someone) in a less harsh or cri6cal way). Example: Would you cut me
some slack? I’m doing the best I can
Enough is enough (no more will be tolerated). Example: Someone has got to stand up and say enough is
enough (has got to instead of has to is used for more emphasis)
Like turkeys vo6ng for Christmas (used to suggest that a par6cular ac6on or decision is hopelessly self-
defea6ng). Example: Suppor6ng this proposal would be a lidle like turkeys vo2ng for Christmas
Pick someone’s brain (Obtain informa6on by ques6oning someone who is beder informed about a subject
than oneself. To gather informa6on or ideas from someone who is presumably more expert or more
imagina6ve). Example: You should pick Paul’s brain some6me. He knows all about car engines
Take sth with a pinch of salt (regard sth as exaggerated; believe only part of something). Example: I take
anything she says with a pinch of salt / If I were you, I’d take his advice with a pinch of salt
Get one’s act together (start to behave more appropriately or effec6vely; get organized). Example: Once
Sarah gets her act together she’ll get a raise / You’d beder get your act together before the boss comes back
Another string to your bow (have further resource that one can make use of). Example: Your Higher
Technician degree will be another string to your bow if your professional football career is short-lived (brief)
/ She decided to go for B2 First so she would have another string to her bow and have beder job prospects

It’s not rocket science (it’s not that complicated; to not be a pursuit, ac6vity, or endeavour (effort) that
requires extraordinary skill or intelligence). Example: Look, all you need to do is reformat the hard drive on
your computer. It isn’t rocket science! / Sure, it took a lidle bit of 6me to figure out, but reinstalling the
modem wasn’t rocket science or anything || pursuit (search: We are all engaged in the pursuit of happiness;
chase: The police pursuit ended in the capture of the suspect; ac6vity: Rock climbing is Jon's favourite pursuit)
Speak of the devil (said when a person appears just aHer being men6oned). Example: -Did you see what
Peter did last Saturday? -Oh, speak of the devil, here he is. -Hi, Peter!
Through thick and thin (despite difficult or troubling circumstances or setbacks; through good and bad 6mes).
Example: They stuck together (mantenerse unidos) through thick and thin / He’s always been there for me
through thick and thin, so I can’t turn my back on him (dar la espalda a) now
Hot potato (a controversial issue or situa6on which is awkward to deal with). Example: Gun control in the US
is a poli6cal hot potato
By the skin of your teeth (by a very narrow margin; only just). Example: Oh man, my car wouldn’t start this
morning-I just made it here by the skin of your teeth!

Once in a blue moon (very rarely). Example: She comes round once in a blue moon
Body and soul (with all one’s effort and ability). Example: He is commided to the project body and soul
Weather the storm (survive hard 6mes, carry on despite difficul6es). Example: That was the hardest year of
his life, but in the end he was able to weather the storm with the support of his family
A blessing in disguise (a good thing that seemed bad at first = no hay mal que por bien no venga). Example:
Not being chosen to play that role turned out to be a blessing in disguise
Up in the air (undecided or unsedled, uncertain). Example: That’s a bit up in the air at the moment
Knight in shining armour (to be a selfless (not selfish, thinking of others), chivalrous (gentlemanly, courteous)
person who helps someone in distress). Example: No man can be your knight in shining armour. You need to
be the one who takes care of yourself first and foremost.
Make my day (if something makes your day, it sa6sfies you or makes you happy). Example: When my
neighbours surprised me with homemade chocolate chip cookies, it really made my day / Geyng
compliments at work always makes my day!
(to) pull someone’s leg (to joke with someone; to make someone believe something that is not true as a
joke). Example: I panicked when she said the test was tomorrow, but then I realized she was just pulling my
leg / Sounds like someone is pulling your leg
A bed of roses (comfortable or easy; easy op6on). Example: Life isn’t a bed of roses
In hot water (in trouble or disgrace; to be in or get into a difficult situa6on in which you are in danger of being
cri6cised or punished). Example: The finance minister found himself in hot water over his business interests
Lips6ck on a pig (to put “lips6ck on a pig” means making superficial or cosme6c changes to a product in a
fu6le effort to disguise (disfrazar) its fundamental failings). Example: You can put lips2ck on a pig, but it’s s6ll
a pig
Ring a bell (means that somebody has men6oned something that sounds familiar to you, perhaps you’ve
heard it before). Example: I have no idea what movie you’re describing -”aliens in airplanes” doesn’t ring a
bell with me
It never rains but it pours (when something good or bad happens, similarly good or bad things tend to follow).
Example: AHer three months of looking for a job, I suddenly have three job interviews this week. It never
rains but it pours
At the eleventh hour (At the last possible moment). Example: Out team won aHer they scored a goal at the
eleventh hour
A lidle bird told me (said when you don’t want to reveal the source of your informa6on). Example: “How did
you know the news?” “Oh, a liKle bird told me”
I lost my train of thought! (I forgot what I was going to say!). Example: Wait, you’ve made me lose my train
of thought. Now, what was I talking about? Oh yes…
All bark and no bite (full of talk, but low on ac6on). Example: John talks big about how much money he’ll
make someday, but he’s all bark and no bite
Be more fun than a barrel of monkeys (to be very funny or enjoyable). Example: I always have a great 6me
when Ka6e’s around-she’s more fun than a barrel of monkeys!
Pay through the nose (to pay too much money for something). Example: I paid through the nose to get the
fridge fixed and it s6ll doesn’t work properly
The best of both worlds (a situa6on in which one can get the advantages of two different things at the same
6me). Example: I have the best of both worlds-freedom to travel around the worlds and a great job
Bad apple/Roden apple (figura2ve, informal person: dishonest, corrupt)
Out in the cold (if you say that a person, group, or country has been leH out in the cold, you mean that they
have been ignored by others rather than being invited to take part in some ac6vity with them). Example: You
have to make sure you stand out in a company, or you might be leH out in the cold when it comes 6me to
hand out promo6ons
It’s the best thing since sliced bread (to be really good. Something amazing, outstanding, a rela6vely recent
inven6on that improves people’s lives). Example: I remember when we thought that Inter Core I3 was the
best thing since sliced bread
Full of beans (full of energy). Example: He is s6ll young and full of beans
A penny for your thoughts (“What’s on your mind?”, “Tell me what you are thinking”, especially when
someone looks pensive, or they haven’t said very much and have been quiet for a while about a specific
topic)
Two cents (an unsolicited opinion). Example: Thanks, but I don’t need your two cents
People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones (the saying is used to say that people who have faults
should not cri6cise other people for having the same faults). Example: -Paul: You shouldn’t drive so fast,
Steve! -Steve: Well, didn’t you just get a speeding 6cket last week? People who live in glass houses shouldn’t
throw stones!
Speak one’s mind (express one’s opinions frankly). Example: Speak your mind, even if your voice shakes

The early bird catches the worm (being first improves the chances of success)
Don’t judge a book by its cover
Birds of a feather flock together (people of the same sort or with the same tastes and interests will be found
together)
Killing the goose that lays the golden eggs (refers to the short-sighted destruc6on of a valuable resource).
Example: Cuyng down fruit trees for firewood is a case of killing the goose that lays the golden eggs
Un6l the cows come home (for a very long 6me). Example: You can argue un2l the cows come home, but I’ll
never agree

Body idioms☠
*be wriden all over one's face (> Her excitement was wriKen all over her face when she received the surprise
giH)
*find one's feet - become confident or successful in a par6cular field or ac6vity (> It took a few weeks, but I
finally found my feet at the new job and started to feel confident)
*get off on the wrong foot (> We got off on the wrong foot because of a misunderstanding, but we cleared it
up (figura2ve clarify) later)
*get out of hand - to become difficult to control (> The party got out of hand, and there was a lot of damage
to the house)
*give sb the cold shoulder - ignore someone or treat someone in an unfriendly way (> She gave him the cold
shoulder aHer their argument, and they didn't speak for days)
*go over sb's head (> If your manager doesn't listen, you might need to go over their head and talk to the
director)
*go weak at the knees (> When he proposed, she went weak at the knees with joy and said 'yes')
*have a good head for business (> She has a good head for business and has made the company very
successful)
*keep one's ear to the ground (> He always keeps his ear to the ground to stay informed about industry
trends)
*(not) see eye to eye with sb (> We don't see eye to eye on poli6cs, but we respect each other's opinions)
*off the top of one's head - say it immediately, from memory (> I can't remember the exact number, but off
the top of my head, I'd say it was around 50)
*pick sb's brains (> I need to pick her brains about the best places to visit in that city)
*point the finger at sb (> He pointed the finger at his colleague for the mistake, even though it was his fault)
*put sb's nose out of joint - offend or upset someone (> His promo6on put his co-worker’s nose out of joint
because he wanted the posi6on)
*talk about sb behind their back (> It's not fair to talk about her behind her back. If you have a problem,
discuss it with her directly)
*turn a blind eye to sth (> The manager chose to turn a blind eye to the minor rule viola6ons because the
team was working hard)

Key word transforma6ons

BE + ABOUT TO + INFINITIVE (I was about to say the same thing)
It´s a pity the car is so expensive (I wish the car were/was not so expensive)
It is possible that Gary isn’t at home now (Gary [may not be/might not be] at home now)
Famous actors oHen wear sunglasses so that people don’t recognise them (Famous actors oHen wear
sunglasses to prevent people from recognising them) | also to prevent sth from happening (The vaccine will
prevent coronavirus from spreading)
How about celebra6ng Saint Patrick’s day at home? (Mary suggested celebra2ng Saint Patrick’s day at home)
We are leH to our own devices (We are by ourselves)
Why do you con6nue to have riding lessons if you can’t afford them? (Why do you carry on having riding
lessons if you can’t afford them?)
MAKE CERTAIN, make certain that (with clause: ensure) > Before we play, check all the cards are there (Before
we play, make certain all the cards are there)
TO GET UP TO (to do | use > to ask about ac6vi6es; circumstances > usually used to ask about the things
someone did in a 6me period -at the weekend, at work today) (What did you get up to at the weekend? We
went skiing in the mountains. Had a great 6me too)
It wasn’t Jane that you met in the shop (It couldn’t have been/can’t have been Jane that you met in the shop)
> nega6ve logical assump6on COULDN’T/CAN’T + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE is used to say that we believe
something was impossible
Peter wrote his last novel five years ago (It was five years ago when Peter wrote his last novel)

We’ll get home and then we’ll have something to eat (We’ll have something to eat when/once/aJer we’ve
got home)
I find it (adjec6ve) to (do sth) > I can’t understand how he did that magic trick (I find it impossible to
understand how he did that magic trick)
Geim and Novoselov discovered graphene as a result of a lidle luck (A lidle luck resulted in Geim and
Novoselov’s discovery/resulted in Geim and Novoselov discovering graphene)
People some6mes call psychiatrists ‘shrinks’ (Psychiatrists are some2mes known as ‘shrinks’
CALL OFF (cancel an event or agreement) > They prefer not to cancel the mee6ng (They’d rather not call of
the mee6ng)
Mike loves his new job, even if he has to stand for five hours (Despite having to stand for five hours, Mike
loves his new job)
I think they will get there by 10pm if the weather remains good (They should get there by 10pm if the weather
remains good)
He doesn’t have enough money to buy the car (The car is too expensive for him to buy)
Pete really likes Sally (Pete is really keen on Sally)
Mary would rather not to go to the cinema tonight (Mary doesn’t feel like going to the cinema tonight)
My baby sister only cries when she is hungry (My baby sister never cries unless she is hungry)
The two companies finally agreed the deal (The two companies finally reached an agreement)
The expectant mother demanded to have her baby at home rather than in a hospital (The expectant mother
insisted on giving birth to her baby at home rather than in a hospital)
I have never gone on such a fun ride before (It is the most fun ride I have ever gone on) >

I haven’t seen John for ages -> It’s been ages (SINCE) à since I saw John (or: since last saw John)

Word forma6on
With people (SHELTER) in place worldwide due to the coronavirus pandemic, animals have been ranging
freely in areas they're not normally seen -> sheltering
He’s very (KNOW) about German literature -> knowledgeable (it means “knowing a lot”)
The garden had become a (WILD) of weeds and bushes -> wilderness
He’s been on (DEPRESS) ever since his wife died -> an6depressants
Silvia’s teacher says that she (ACT) well with the other children -> interacts
He (CARE) leH the garage door unlocked -> carelessly
(CULTURE) socie6es are characterised by people of different races, ethnici6es, and na6onali6es living
together in the same community -> mul6cultural
The spider’s bite can cause pain and (SWELL) -> swelling
The heat was geyng (BEAR) -> unbearable (not able to be endured or tolerated)
Craig was a very gentle, (CARE) person -> caring (displaying (demonstra6ng, showing) kindness and concern
for others)
He was shy and (ASSUME) and not at all how you expect an actor to be -> unassuming (not preten6ous
(trying to impress) or arrogant; modest)
To be honest, I (SLEEP) and missed the bus. That’s why I’m late -> overslept
My father has to take several pills to (ACT) high blood pressure -> counteract (act against [sth] in order to
reduce its force or neutralise it)
We tried to meet both children’s needs without the appearance of favouri6sm or (FAIR) -> unfairness (lack
of equality or jus6ce)
They tend to be (TRUST) of outsiders -> distrusrul, mistrusrul
The scene at the hospital was very (MOVE) -> moving (producing strong emo6on especially sadness or
sympathy > an unforgedable and moving film)
Read the small print in your contract to find out exactly what you are (SURE) for -> ensured
Colloca6ons
Run into (meet someone by chance) (Guess what! I ran into your sister in the library today). Example: I run
into Peter on the way home
Pass sth over to someone (to hand sth to someone, oHen by giving it to someone or mul6ple people in
between who then in turn hand it to the recipient) (Do you think you could pass that book over to me,
please?). Example: Please pass this leKer over to Mary
Send out (to mail (sth) to many different people or places) (Have they send out the invita6ons to the
wedding?). Example: Have you sent out the invita2ons yet?
Reach a des6na6on (get and arrive need a preposi6on. We normally say Reach a des+na+on; arrive at the
cinema/arrive in London; get to the top… #excep6on (home): arrived home / get home (no preposi6on))
(When you reach your des6na6on, your tour guide will meet you at the airport)
Set foot on (Neil Armstrong was the first person to set foot on the surface of the moon)
Think through (to think about all the different parts or effects of (sth) for a period of 6me, especially in an
effort to understand or make a decision about it) (This will have consequences. We need 6me to think this
through before making a decision)

Essay

“Con6nuous improvement is beder than delayed perfec6on” Mark Twain

“As long as you are trying your very best, there can be no ques6on of failure”
‘Prac6ce makes perfect’
‘Deeds not words’ (what you do is more important than what you say)
“Success is not final; failure is not fatal: It is the courage to con6nue that counts”