Globalization &

Sustainability

Present Slide
Development for whom?
Beyond the
developed/underdeveloped
dichotomy

Presented by Date:
Group 4 March, 2024
Contents

01 02 03
Case Summary Case Analysis Reccomendation

Lê Minh Quân Lê Ngọc Phương Trang Nguyễ n Ngọc Minh Tâm

Nguyễ n Khánh Linh Phan Minh Quân
Hoàng Lâm Quỳnh Như

Development for whom? Beyond the GS 5 - Group 4

developed/underdeveloped dichotomy March, 2024
 QUÂN LÊ

SUMMARY

The traditional view of development separates countries into "developed"

FLAWED DICHOTOMY and "underdeveloped."

Mainstream theories based on modernization assume developing

MODERNIZATION ISSUES
countries just need to copy developed ones.

DEPENDENCY THEORY Dependency theories challenged the linear model but are limited by still
SHORTCOMINGS relying on the developed/underdeveloped framework.

This concept offers a better framework. It acknowledges differences

UNEVEN AND COMBINED within countries and allows for considering "who benefits" from
DEVELOPMENT development.

SUMMARY Analysis Recommendation

 PHƯƠNG TRANG

“DEVELOPMENT FOR WHOM?”

challenge the established dichotomy between developed and underdeveloped nations
Mainstream economic theories Dependency theories Trotsky's concept
an alternative perspective
based on a linear view inherited
theories challenge critique the
from modernization theory development is not a uniform
the linear conception mainstream theories
process and that societies do not
of development for their incapacity
follow a predetermined path towards
development as the ultimate
development
goal for every country
unequal power relations between
developed and underdeveloped nations theoretical framework
dismiss the failures of
inform historical narratives and
nations to achieve
highlight the role of imperialism, analyses, questioning the dichotomy
development as their own
unequal exchange, and the extraction of developed/underdeveloped and
fault
of resources offering a more nuanced
understanding of differentiated social
overlook the role of gender change within and across societies
and race in the development a response to the false promises of
process and rely on national developmentalism and the
the need to move beyond linear
problematic neoclassical limitations of mainstream theories in
conceptions & consider diverse
economics assumptions and explaining capitalist development in
perspectives in understanding and
methods peripheral countries
pursuing development goals

Summary ANALYSIS Recommendation

 PHƯƠNG TRANG

FLYING GEESE AND SINKING FISHES:

STAGIEST VIEWS OF DEVELOPMENT
an analogy to contrast different views of development trajectories
duality between fish and geese, water and sky,
and black and white

duality and interconnectedness of development

Concept of "catch-up"
less developed countries aim to catch up with the developed ones
complexity and non-linear nature of development trajectories

Rostow's 'Stages of Economic Growth'

countries progress through a series of stages to achieve modernization
and economic growth: traditional society, preconditions for takeoff,
takeoff, drive to maturity, and the age of high mass consumption
more developed countries serving as models for the
less developed ones

Development is an ascending process, through which countries lose their

M. C. Escher’s “Sky and Water I” old, underdeveloped, abyssal form and become increasingly like those that
(1938, 435 × 439 mm) came out of the darkness first.

Summary ANALYSIS Recommendation

 QUỲNH NHƯ

THE MOSAIC OF THE WORLD DEVELOPMENT

- DEPENDENCY THEORIES REVISITED -

Dependency Theory

shows a complex system where

The Mosaic
figures influence each other
no new character can enter the
picture, every units are determined

The Theory mentioned how developed and

developing countries interact

each country's position in the global

capitalist system seemed predetermined.

The debate within dependency theory questions whether

peripheral countries can develop within the capitalist system.

M. C. Escher’s ‘Plane Filling II’

Summary ANALYSIS Recommendation

 QUỲNH NHƯ

THE MOSAIC OF THE WORLD DEVELOPMENT

- DEPENDENCY THEORIES REVISITED -
Historical Context
The theories arose due to dissatisfaction with post-war development efforts
and perceived injustice within the global capitalist system, notably provoked
by the Cuban Revolution.

In the mosaic, some characters appear satisfied, while others struggle to

escape, reflecting the divide between nations content with their status
and those seeking development within capitalism's limitations.

The theories often present a deterministic view of development, suggesting

that countries are locked into certain paths by their position within the
global capitalist system

Development trajectories vary due to factors like domestic policies,

governance structures, natural resources, and historical legacies, making the
reality more complex than dependency theories suggest.

Summary ANALYSIS Recommendation

 KHÁNH LINH

WHERE IS THE TOP OF THE STAIRWAY?

UNEVEN AND COMBINED DEVELOPMENT
Uneven and Combined Development Criticisms of Linear Views

Uneven Development is not uniform.

Uneveness between regions, There's no single "correct"

social classes. development path that fits all

Combination Rarely isolated

Different elements from development as a linear
various sources progression through fixed stages

Internal innovation or
external influences It against the idea of Western
development as the universal
model.
Acknowledge the complexity and
diversity of development process.

Summary ANALYSIS Recommendation

 KHÁNH LINH

WHERE IS THE TOP OF THE STAIRWAY?

UNEVEN AND COMBINED DEVELOPMENT

Implication

Multiple Perspectives various perspectives

different countries, different
goals and priorities

No Single Top no single ideal endpoint

no single ideal development path

The real challenge is achieving development goals defined by

the people themselves, not following a one-size-fits-all model.

M. C. Escher’s ‘Relativity’ (1953)

Summary ANALYSIS Recommendation

 QUÂN PHAN

RECOMMENDATION
RECOMMENDATION
Rethink development goals

ACTIONS

By prioritizing different aspects beyond purely
economic growth:
Social welfare-centric goals: going toward full
access to universal healthcare, education.
Cultural preservation goals is also essential:
Prioritizing preserving cultural heritage sites,
traditions, and indigenous knowledge helps
preserve a society’s identity. Societies can focus
on revitalizing endangered languages and
dialects. And lastly preserving traditional arts
and crafts.
Peace and Security are essential for a
stable and harmonious society:
Conflict resolution: Promoting
peaceful coexistence and resolving
disputes through dialogue, mediation,
and negotiation prevents violence and
fosters understanding.
Human Rights: Upholding individual
rights ensures dignity, equality, and
justice for all.

Summary Analysis RECOMMENDATION


RECOMMENDATION
RECOMMENDATION
Embrace the concept of uneven and
combined development to move beyond the
developed/underdeveloped dichotomy.
ACTIONS
Conduct training and workshops for
policymakers, development practitioners,
and stakeholders to understand the
theoretical underpinnings and implications of
uneven and combined development.
Action 2: Review and revise development
policies, strategies, and programs to
incorporate the perspectived nature of
development, recognizing the diverse
trajectories and aspirations of different social
groups.
Summary
MINH TÂM
EXAMPLE
Oxfam International: focuses on
poverty alleviation, water and
sanitation, gender justice, and
conflict resolution. Their work spans
over 90 countries, and they engage
in capacity-building efforts to
enhance understanding of
development complexities (Oxfam
International, n.d).
Bangladesh Rehabilitation
Assistance Committee (BRAC): BRAC,
the world’s largest NGO, operates in
11 countries. They emphasize
integrated development, recognizing
diverse trajectories. Their activities
include banking, microfinance, and
urban development (BRAC, n.d).
Analysis RECOMMENDATION
 MINH TÂM

RECOMMENDATION
EXAMPLE
RECOMMENDATION Doctors Without Borders
Foster inclusive to development that (Médecins Sans Frontières): MSF
engages in medical humanitarian
amplify the voices and perspectives of
work globally. While not a country,
historically marginalized groups. their approach exemplifies
meaningful consultation with
affected communities during crises
ACTIONS and disasters (MSF, 2024).
Establish mechanisms for meaningful
consultation and engagement with
representatives of oppressed social groups,
such as indigenous communities, racial
Colombian Paramos
minorities, and low-income populations, in the
Conservation: Although not
planning and implementation of development
an NGO, this community-
initiatives.
based project focuses on
Action 2: Support capacity-building and
saving water-rich Colombian
empowerment programs that enable
Paramos. Their gender-
marginalized groups to articulate their
inclusive approach empowers
development aspirations and actively
local communities ((United
participate in decision-making processes.
Nations, n.d).

Summary Analysis RECOMMENDATION

Present Slide

Thank you
Presented by Date:
Group 4 March, 2024
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