,I

Nicholas Arkon

Volume 15

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Books published by abc TeleTraining

Basic Series
abc of the Telephone, Vol 1-Telephone theory, principles and practice
abc of the Telephorle, Vol. 2-Station installation and maintenance This guide to the 1A2 Key Telephone is not meant to
abc of the Telephone, Vol. 3-Central office plant substitute for a specific manufacturer's installation manual.
abc of the Telephone, Vol. 4--0utslde plant; engineering and practice It is an introduction to the reasons for and functions of the
abc of the Telephone, Vol. 5-Cable, inside and out
abc of the Telephone, Vol. 6--Understanding station carrier
basic 1A2 Key Telephone, including general installation tips,
abc of the Telephone. Vol. 7-Understandlrlg transmission offered by an experienced installer/instructor/consultant. It
abc of the Telephone. Vol. 8-TransmisSion systems is an outgrowth of the author's training course-the first such
abc of the Telephone. Vol. 9-Design background for telephone switching program implemented in the public school system in Dade
abc of the Telephone, Vol. 10-Principles of switching County, Florida, one of the fastest growing areas in the
abc of the Telephone, Vol 11-Data communications practice nation.
abc of the Telephone, Vol. 12-Practical grounding; theory and deSign
abc of the Telephone. Vol. 13-Grounding and bonding Nicholas Arkon shares his own knowledge and ex-
abc of the Telephone Vol. 14-Power line interference; problems and solutions perience, offering the orientation, the whys, the how to, and
abc of the Telephone. Vol. 15-A basic guide to 1A2 key telephone installation the helpful suggestions and cautions not contained in
manufacturer's instructions.
Traffic Series
Tables for traffic management and design-Trunking In addition, he speaks not only to the installer, but pro-
Elementary queuing theory and telephone traffic vides valuable background and technical information for
Principles of traffic and network design management and sales/marketing personnel to increase
their familiarity with this reliable workhorse in the telephone
Specialized Series industry-the 1A2 Key Telephone.
Anatomy of telecommunications
Telecabulary2 (An illustrated telecommunications vocabulary) Nick Arkon's background includes ten years as in-
VOice communication in business staller/supervisor with Southern Bell, and five years as owner
Basic telephone installation and general manager of a fast-growing interconnect sales
Microwave facilities and regulations and service company. As a consultant in the field, he has
Management in action worked closely with manufacturers in designing com-
Noise investigation flow charts
ponents for all systems. As an instructor, he was the first
PocketGuide Series
state-certified instructor in telecommunications in Florida's
Noise reduction Miami area.
Station protectors and how they operate This manual is ideal for the do-it-yourself individual, as
Grounding well for use in technical training centers where self-paced
Understanding PCM
C3 Acronyms learning is essential in conjunction with the practical aspects
Shield continuity testing of instruction.
Telephonese Two (acronyms) This is not intended to be a complete book on multiline
Telephone set circuits telephone installation and is not intended to fully qualify
Precise tone plan for end offices
Principles of party line station identification
anyone in the field of telecommunications working with 1A2
Understanding static electricity key telephone systems. It is to be used only as an aid in
AUXiliary tip party marking devices learning and provides the necessary guidelines to become
familiar with the components, color codes, cross connec-
tions and procedures necessary to understand and work
UNDERSTANDABLE TECHNOLOGyTM with 1A2 key telephone systems. For best results, it is strong-
ly suggested that the reader become enrolled in a qualified
course in 1A2 key telephone systems or employed in the
field of telecommunications.

Acknowledgements - The author and the publisher gratefully

acknowledge the invaluable assistance of individuals and corporate
representatives who generously provided information or permis-
sion to use material to illustrate important points in this manual.
While such use does not imply endorsement or preference of any
Published by abc TeleTraining, Inc. firm or product in this objective work, special thanks is due to the
Copyright © 1986, 1988 by abc TeleTraining, Inc. following: Graybar Electric Co. (Miami branch), Comdial Telephone
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by mimeo, copying machine, or any Systems, ITT Telecommunications (Business Communications),
other means without the express permission of the publisher. For further information contact abc TeleTraining, Wheelock Signal, Inc., Sound Incorporated, 3M Telecom Division,
Inc. Editorial Office, Box 537, Geneva, III. 60134. and the Miami Lakes Vocational Adult Training Center. Special
thanks also to Cris Garces, and sons, Steven & Aaron.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 73-85629

Printed in the United States of America

97 96 95 94 93 92 Sl1 90

12 11

+
Fore ord
When reading this manual on 1A2 key telephone systems,
one can appreciate the author's accomplishment. He has
produced a reference manual for every installer and ser-
vice person who works with 1A2 key systems, which will
be invaluable to the field technician In planning, installing,
and maintaining these most reliable systems.
Since the arrival of electronics in the telephone industry,
one tends to think that an old stand-by such as electro-
mechanical (buttons and relays), has come to a quiet and
timely end. I, for one, do not think so.
Key systems like the 1A2 have succeeded in blending
the old and new into a communication system that is reliable,
easy to install, and, to use a phrase from today's technology,
"user friendly."
And while easy to install and repair for technicians,
perhaps of even more importance to the user is that they're
flexible.
Though the 1A2 key telephone system is not as sophisti-
cated as its newer relatives, with state-of-the-art computer
technology and the features provided by such technology,
it does indeed do what it was designed to do and it does
it well-communicate.
The 1A2 key telephone system allows the small business
to make and receive calls with relative ease. It has internal
communications, both private or over loud speakers in the
telephone. As for such features as speed calling, last
number dialed or call forwarding, these can be had through
the local telephone company's custom calling line features,
if you want them.
The 1A2 key telephone systems are to the small busi-
nessman what small cars have become to the motoring
public: reliable, fast, flexible, and low-cost.
Charles (Chuck) Kelly
Senior Service Technician
Sound, Incorporated, Warrenville, III.
(Formerly BOCS I&R Technician & Foreman for 29 years)
Introduction to the abc educational format
If you've seen Vol. 1 and other manuals in the expanded
and educationally-enhanced edition of the abc of the
Telephone®series, then you need no introduction to the im-
provements in this new format. But if this is your first ex-
posure to these classic training manuals, we should point
out that this manual continues a long-standing tradition of
Understandable TechnologyTM at abc TeleTraining.
The first volume in the comprehensive abc training series
originally was written and published in 1942 by Frank E. Lee
and built a foundation of understandable technical training
that is unsurpassed. The abc series covering the spectrum
of telecommunications remains the only complete series of
technical educational texts and material available in the
telecommunications industry today. It stands as a basic in-
troduction to telephone technology, in clear, conversational
language, which, though undergoing constant change, re-
mains essentially the same in its fundamental principles of
operation.
Several new features contribute to the improved usefulness
of the training manuals for self-directed learners:
1. Comprehensive outlines establish the parameters of
coverage at the start of each chapter, to help the
reader better organize and put into perspective the
information to be studied.
2. Realistic, performance-based objectives set goals for
the student and reader.
3. Preview questions arouse curiosity and give purpose
to reading.
4. The list of technical terms provided for the reader
to define and remember helps the student learn the
language of telephony.
5. The review questions at the end of each chapter pro-
vide an opportunity for self-checking and reinforce
the ideas once more.
This is a book you can write in! Put comments in the margin,
underline important concepts, fill in the definitions of terms
and answer the review questions.
Not only can this book be used as an independent training
tool, but it can also be used as the basis for group training.
The abc manuals have long been used in school and cor-
porate educational programs throughout the world. The abc
of the Telephone training series has become synonymous
with understandable technical telephone education.
The increasingly universal acceptance of the abc TeleTrain-
ing publications and learning aids stands as a continuing
memorial to Frank E. Lee, who wrote the first four manuals
in the abc of the Telephone® series. Frank Lee dedicated
his basic work to the belief that progress in communications
will help bring a better life to all people in every land
throughout the world. We remain dedicated to that objec-
tive at abc TeleTraining!
Joseph J. Aiken, Publisher
abc TeieTraining, Inc.
 t t v lume 1
How to use this abc manual to help you learn!
Use this combined manual and student guide with the understanding that you are the
instructor, the student, and the scorekeeper. Your success depends entirely on you and
your determination to achieve.
Chapter Page
Each chapter in this training manual consists of many parts: Outlines, objectives, preview
questions, terms to be defined, review questions and answers, and brief comments.
How to use this manual 6
The 1A2 key telephone system-an industry workhorse 9
We suggest you use this training manual and student guide as follows: EXPANDING COMMUNICATION NEEDS IN BUSINESS / Demand for more Central Office lines / Demand for more CO capaci-
ty / EVOLUTION OF THE 1A2 KEY TELEPHONE I The control unit / The key telephone system / ADVANTAGE OF KEY SYSTEMS
! ADVANTAGES OF THE 1 A2 KEY TELEPHONE
1. Read the outline of the chapter to get a sense of the organization of the content.
2 The key service unit 13
2. Read the objectives for the chapter. You will note that these objectives do not include DEFINiTION I Manufacturers! Make-up of the KSU / POWER SUPPLY I Voltages I Fuses / Electrical principles that apply: Voltage,
such phrases as " .... develop a better understanding of .... " or " .... learn to ap- Amperage, Resistance / Surge protectors / Grounding I Interrupter / Feature Block / ASSOCIATED COMPONENTS I Tip and
ring / A and Al (A prime or A~ I Lamp circuit (LG/L) / Common audible (CA or B1/R 1 ) / Key telephone unit line slots I CO line
preciate .... " Rather, they state what you, the reader, will be able to do after completing card / Intercom / Operation of the ICM
the chapter. You may find that you need to go into greater depth. If so, you should best
plan on doing additional research and study. On the other hand, you may decide that 3 The 1 A2 key telephone 23
being able to do some of those things listed is not particularly important to you. In this FUNCTIONS OF A TYPICAL TELEPHONE SET / Components of the telephone set: Cover and handset, The base, The bell
or ringer, The network, The hookswltch / Dial: The rotary dial, The tone dial, Mechanical vs. electronic tone dials I TELEPHONE
case read rapidly, skim, or skip the chapter entirely. STATION IDENTIFICATION CODES / Three digit codes J Button types I Color codes

3. Try the preview questions, and after you have completed the chapter, check back 4 Telephone tools and hardware 31
over your answers to see if you would answer them differently. TOOLS I Test set I Tone sender unit I Diagonal pliers I Needle nose pliers I Impact tool I Push drill/Screwdrivers I Multi-meter
I Tool case or pouch / Staple Gun! Lamp bulb extractor J TELEPHONE HARDWARE! 66-type blocks J 66Ml-50 station block
! Distribution posts and rings
4. Read the chapter text. If the manual is yours to keep, we suggest you underline and
make comments in the margin. If the manual is to be shared with others you don't have 5 Planning an installation 41
this luxury; take notes on a separate sheet of paper. Please understand that the goal THE INSTALLATION! Plan the location / Choose a location / THE MAJOR STEPS! Plan the installation I Pre-wire all locations
/ Mount the KSU / Install the feature block / Install the intercoms / Make the cross connections / Connect the interlace jack
is not simply to have read each paragraph in the manual-the goal is to know what / Check the operation
each paragraph says.
6 Pre-wire 45
5. Define the terms in your own words, then check the chapter to be sure of your ac- KNOW OFFICE LAYOUT / KNOW CABLE REQUIREMENTS / Know building codes of area / Know fire safety requirements
I KNOW TOOLS FOR PRE-WIRING I Fish tape / Fish hook I Accessories
curacy and understanding.
7 Installing the key service unit 51
6. Do the review questions. All of the questions and problems can be answered by you THE TYPICAL KSU INSTALLATION / Block diagrams in mounting f Mounting and layout: The main distribution frame, The
if you have a good grasp of the material in the particular chapter. There is also material Intermediate distribution frame, The home run I Internal features and connections: Basic functions of the telephone set, Basic
functions of the KTU J Mounting order for components: Key service unit, Feature block, Station blocks I Color-coded backboards
in the text that is not tested in the review, so it is not sufficient to read just the problem, I Handy tips for the Installer
find the answer by referring to the text, and assume you have a total knowledge of the
material in the chapter. 8 Installing the feature block 57
DEVELOPING THE FEATURE BLOCK I Avoid a tangle of wires and cross connections / Consider mounting space i Plan for
cross connection f Know the number of telephones now and later I EXAMPLE OF FEATURE BLOCK INSTALLATION i General
For some questions you will want to write the answers; for some this is unnecessary. steps J Manufacturer's instructions
Check your answers. You must judge for yourself whether you have enough correct
answers, indicating a good understanding of the chapter. Or if you're part of a class, 9 Intercoms 63
your instructor will tell you how many questions you should have correctly answered. THE STANDARD INTERCOM (ICM) / Sizes and expansion / Functions / FEATURES OF THE ICM ! Station signaling / Installation
of the ICM unit: A battery, B battery, Audible Signal

7. The comments included with the answers for each chapter at the back of the manual 10
pertain to the particular questions for that chapter. In some cases they explain the answer;
in some they simply expand upon the answers. In most cases no comments are
necessary.
Cross connections 67
DEFINITION OF CROSS CONNECTION / Last task of Installer I Comparable to algebraic equation / METHOD OF CROSS CON-
NECTION / All lines connected betweerl feature and station blocks / Common audible (CA) exception / WIRE FOR CROSS
CONNECTION / Copper wire preferred I Color-coded wire i Importance of loops J CABLE FOR CROSS CONNECTION / Twenty-
five pair cable / The color code

Good luck and happy learning. 11 Wiring diagrams 73

What the winng diagram shows / Let's review codes & colors / Don't overlook "notes" / Let's trace a circuit / For your information

Answers to review questions 78

1A2 Trouble Analysis Tables 80
Station lamp troubles / Incoming call & hold lamp troubles / Audible signals incoming calls /Gall holding troubles / Incoming
& outgoing call trouble

Index 84

abc TeieTraining ™ Publications

 Chapter 1
Chapter 1 Outline 1 t I
-- u tr
l1li
EXPANDING COMMUNICATION NEEDS IN BUSINESS
fill Demand for more Central Office lines
Objectives
.. Demand for more CO capacity
After completing this chapter, the student will be able to:
EVOLUTION OF THE 1A2 KEY TELEPHONE
1. Describe the development of the 1A2 Key Telephone.
fill The central control unit
2. List the major advantages of the 1A2 Key Telephone.
• The key telephone system
ADVANTAGE OF KEY SYSTEMS
ADVANTAGES OF THE 1A2 KEY TELEPHONE
Preview questions: As you read, watch for the
answers to the following important questions:
1. What was the problem businesses experienced
when they tried to connect several extensions to
one central office line?
2. How does the central control unit function and
what has it come to be called?
3. How did the lA2 key telephone come to be called
"Key Telephone System?"
The advancement of the telephone industry at
the turn of the century enabled businesses to pros-
per and establish voice communication with distant
cities. Business people learned they could transmit
and receive voice messages and eventually began to
communicate around the world.
EXPANDING BUSINESS COMMUNICATION NEEDS
As business grew, the need to distribute calls
from a number of central office lines to a greater
number of telephones was answered by the installa-
tion of a switchboard at the customer's premises.
These switchboards were known as a "private branch
exchange" (PBX) when operators were required, and
as a "private automatic branch exchange" (PABX)
when they were dial operated. PBXs and PABXs per-
mitted calls to and from the central office and also
provided for intercommunication between users of
the same PBX or PABX.
t
However, the PBX and PABX was an expensive
solution to a problem which faced small businesses
as well as large. To satisfy small business' require-
ments, several types of "house" telephone systems
were developed. One of these utilized standard desk
telephone sets which incorporated a two position
rotary "key" similar to the position-splitting key
used on manual switchboards. This permitted one
phone to answer/call either of two central office lines
but provided no visual signal, intercom or hold
feature.
Another of the early systems utilized three-·
position keys similar to those used on manual
switchboards. These keys were mounted at the side
of the desk and connected to a regular desk tele-
phone. This system permitted calling/answering
more than two central office lines and provided for
holding a line but lacked other features.
Although the exact origin of the term "key tele-
phone system" is lost in history, it's probable that
it was originally applied to these early systems
which used existing keys to accomplish their
purpose.
Key telephone systems which incorporated
inter-office communication and visual line and busy
signals were availaBle in Europe beginning in the
1920's. However, it wasn't until 1938 that the Bell
Telephone System introduced the first comparable
key telephone system in this country and designated
it "lA," About 1953 the 1Al key telephone system,
which offered a visual "hold" indication, was in- 9
 troduced. This new feature greatly facilitated the troduced. This system includes Key Service Unit
pickup of waiting calls and reduced lost calls due Review questions:
(KSU), or telephone cabinet, which houses:
to accidental intrusion.
Power Supply (PIS) 1. Why did the key telephone system emerge? 4. What are the main differences between the lAl and
Interru pter lA2 key telephone systems?
ADVANTAGES OF KEY SYSTEMS Feature block
Key systems offer many basic advantages from Key Telephone Units (KTU)
2. List 5 reasons why key telephone systems still are
a user and maintenance point of view. The key telephone units (KTU) vary in applica- popular today.
User oriented tion and are inserted in KTU slots in the key serv-
ill Relatively low cost
ice unit. These units require interwiring in order to
operate.
o Easy to operate
• Stations may receive and place calls during a The lA2 key telephone has now become the 5. Name the components of the KSU.
power failure. workhorse key system. Although it incorporates
til Temperature control not required more modern devices for lower cost and labor sav- 3. How did the term "key telephone" develop?
ings and offers certain new features, the 1A2 system
Flexibility is fundamentally the same as the time-proven 1Ai
• Very flexible. Able to meet a great variety of system in terms of operating methods and wiring.
customer requirements. (Answers on page 78)
Can "grow" as customer requirements change.
<II!I ADVANTAGES OF THE 1A2 KEY SYSTEM
Compatability The 1A2 Key Telephone offers several im-
• Compatible with any loop-signaling PABX or provements over its predecessors and still provides
central office. many advantages today for small to medium-sized
ell Does not have to be taken out of service when
businesses.
making additions. ill Reduced maintenance cost.

Maintenance personnel require minimum

@II • Lower installation cost.
training. • Greater reliability.
Functions well with Centrex.
@II ill Modular, plug-in construction.

• Plug-together station cables.

In 1963, the iA2 key telephone system was in- 9 Color coded apparatus.

Terms to Remember: (Write the definitions in your own words)

KSU~ ...

CO line~.

KTU~.

1A1~

1A2~ ..

(l) Ql

X-
9..
~
ii}
~ ~
iii'
ill :S
u 0
is u
..D
~ CI)

10 1
 Chapter 2
r
III

Chapter 2 Outline Th I unit

DEFINITION
Objectives
I» Manufacturers
After completing this chapter, the student will be able to:
• Make-up of the KSU
1. Name the types of voltages used in a 1A2 key telephone system.
POWER SUPPLY
2. Identify and describe the components in the 1A2 key telephone system.
• Voltages
3. Describe the components of the feature block and explain their functions
• Fuses and interactions.
III Electrical principles that apply
l1li Voltage
I» Amperage
l1li Resistance

111 Surge protectors

• Grounding
Preview questions: As you read, watch for the ITT, Western Electric, Comdial (Stromberg-
III Interrupter answers to the following important questions: Carlson), and San/Bar are just a few of the manufac-
turers of the 1A2 KSUs. (When referring to the elec-
It Feature block 1. Where does the KSU get its power? tronic telephone systems, the main control box is
also referred to as the KSU.)
ASSOCIATED COMPONENTS 2. What is an "isolated circuit"? Each manufacturer has a specific numbering
Tip and ring code for the KSU. This is important to remember,
III
3. What two other components must be present in since most KSUs are interchangeable with another
III A and A1 (A prime or AT) any KSU? type even though the appearance is different and
some of the features vary.
III lamp circuit (lG/l) 4. How does the interrupter function?

It Common audible (CA or 8 1 /R 1 ) 5. What is the importance of the feature block to Make-up of the KSU
the KSU? Each KSU consists of the following components
It Key telephone unit line slots (see Fig. 1):
6. What is the difference between the KSU and the • Power supply
• CO line card KTU? lit Interrupter

II Intercom
• Feature block
7. How are intercoms connected to the feature «& Key Telephone Units (KTU) line slots

• Operation of the ICM block?

DEFINITION
The Key Service Unit (KSU) houses the heart
of every 1A2 key telephone system. The KTU within
the KSU provides features such as call holding,
visual and audible signaling, and the ability to
answer lines using any telephone in the system.
Manufacturers
KSU s are manufactured in many sizes, depend-
ing upon the number of incoming Central Offices
(COs), the nUlnber of extensions, and the specific
features of the KSU.
10
POWER SUPPLY
The power supply (P/S) provides the voltage
necessary to power the features of the KSU. The
power supply is used to power ringing signals, in-
tercom, lamps, on the individual key telephones in
the system. The largest drain on the power supply
is from the incandescent lamps on the telephones.
The power supply':Js connected to a 110-120 VAC
source, preferably via an "isolated" circuit. An
"isolated" circuit is a circuit that is connected direct-
ly from the circuit breaker or fuse box to an outlet
with no on/off switch, and serves the KSU
exclusively. 13
 LAMP is required to travel a great distance from the cen-
RING GENERATOR
FUSE
OPTIONAL tral office.

~J
KEY TELEPHONE UNITS
(400 E TYPE LINE CARDS) Voltage is measured with a volt-ohm meter. One
POWER SUPPLY lead of the voltmeter is on one side of the circuit,
and the other lead of the voltmeter is to the other
INTERRUPTER side of the circuit. (Black meter lead to battery; red
(KTU) meter lead to ground). AMMETER

Voltmeters actually measure differences in

voltage. If there is a difference in the voltage, or +
potential in a circuit that is being checked with a II~-'--------------------~
CO LINE CARD
(KTU) HINGE voltmeter, the meter needle will deflect. If there is
no difference of potential, the needle will not
-ii[\~~~~~~~~~r-~1W]fl
Fig. 3. Ammeter gauge will indicate current flow.
PLASTIC
FOR
COVER deflect. If no deflection, be sure circuit is intact.
Fig. 2 shows how voltage is measured using a
voltmeter. Notice that the voltmeter is connected resistance known as "Ohm's Law." Thus, the unit of
"minus to minus" and "plus to plus." If using a resistance is called the "ohm."
FEATURE BLOCK!
~1 ______
digital meter, note the positive or negative sign on Ohm's law says: Volts =Amperes x Resistance. It
~&::.:~£.:.:;;;;;::::;;;~ PLUG ADAPTER
(KTU)::----1===~~:::~=t~J
DIAL SELECT
INTERCOM "'" (BEHIND PANEL)
the meter readout. may also be stated: Resistance = A~~l!~s. Therefore,
POWER SUPPLY if the voltage and amperage of a circuit are known,
FUSES
(KSU) FEATURE BLOCK (INCLUDES RING BATIERY (48 VOLTS) the resistance (ohms) can be calculated.
GENERATOR)
- (BLACK) Ohms are measured with an ohm meter. As
Fig. 1. Standard KSUs. Note that the principle components of the 1A2 key telephone system are housed within the key service unit.
shown in Fig. 4, the ohm meter contains a battery
which impresses a fixed voltage on the wire under
Voltages propriate for a circuit depends on the amperage re- test. (Be sure voltage does not exist on the wire which

II~(RED)
The power supply provides both AC and DC quired by the circuit the fuse is to protect. Blown + you are checking for resistance.) The meter measures
current in the following voltages: fuses must be replaced with fuses of the exact same the amperes flowing in the circuit and integrates that
VOLTMETER
amperage rating. If a fuse continues to blow after measurement with the voltage to establish the ohms
10 VAC This voltage operates the lamps and low (resistance) in the circuit. The number of ohms is
voltage buzzers on the telephone, including the in- being replaced, the cause must be determined and
corrected immediately. (GROUND) indicated by the deflection of the needle on the meter.
tercom signaling circuit.
18 v~e This voltage operates high voltage common Standard fuse colors
Fig. 2. Voltmeter will indicate 48 volts on the scale indicating a potential of WIRE UNDER TEST
48 volts.
a~dI~le buzzers (18 to 24 VAC) and other signaling
CIrCUIts. It can also used for special lamp circuits. Red 1/2 amp
- 24 vee non-filtered (Battery) This voltage, also
White 1113 amp
Amperage. Amperage is the measurement of the
t
Orange 2 amp
called "B Battery," operates the CO line cards, in- amount of electricity flowing in a circuit. It is METER
Blue 3 amp
tercoms, and any other unit that uses relays. The Green 5 amp
sometimes referred to as "current." The unit of LEADS

-24 VDC non-filtered battery produces a steady
hum in a telephone test set when one lead of the
test set is placed across the "B Battery" terminal and
the other lead to ground.
-24 vee filtered (Battery) The filtered -24 VDC,
commonly referred to as '1\ battery," provides the
voltage necessary to enable two parties or more to
carryon a conversation using the intercom. For this
reason, '1\ Battery" is also called silent or "talk bat-
tery." The - 24 VDC filtered is so-called because a
series of capacit~rs in the power supply filter out
the hum heard with -24 VDC non-filtered The '1\
Battery" can be substituted for "B Battery," but the
"B Battery" should not be substituted for ''A Battery."
105 VAC This voltage provides the ringing signal to
audible devices, such as bells, chimes, or high-
voltage buzzers through the use of a 75 to 105 VAC
ring generator.
Fuses
Each circuit in the power supply is protected
by a fuse. If a circuit malfunctions, the fuse protec-
ting that circuit will "blow" to disconnect the cir-
cuit, thereby preventing damage. Fuses come in a
14 variety of amperage ratings; which fuse is ap-
1
The telephone operates on electricity, but before
we discuss the particular characteristics of the
telephone power supply, we need to review briefly
our basic understanding of electricity.
Electrical principles that apply
The flow of electricity, the movement of elec-
trons (positive and negative), is regulated by various
properties. These properties are voltage, amperage,
and resistance.
Voltage. Voltage is the force that "pushes" the elec-
trons from one end of a copper wire or cable to the
other. Allessandro Volta discovered the voltaic cell;
hence, the term "Voltage."
The concept of voltage can be easily compared
to a water pipe. The larger the water pipe, the more
water will flow through the pipe. However, if the
diameter of the water pipe is reduced, less water will
flow through.
In comparison, electricity can flow in greater
volume if the diameter of the wire is increased. This
theory is especially true when, let's say, dial tone
measurement is the ampere or "amp." It is named
after Andre Ampere who first described the relation-
ship between the amount (amperes) and force (volts)
of electricity in a circuit.
In telephone circuits, the amount of electricity
flowing can range from milliamperes (thousandths
of an ampere) to amperes. The lamps in key
telephone systems require .030-.040 milliamperes
per lamp to operate.
Amperage is measured with an ammeter. To
measure the amperes flowing in a circuit, the am-
meter must be connected in series with the circuit
so that all electricity flows through it. In Fig. 3, one
bulb wire -has been disconnected from the battery
and the ammeter has been connected between the
battery and the bulb, in series with the circuit.
Notice that the ammeter is connected with plus to
minus and minus to plus.
Resistance. Resistance is the element which slows
or impedes the flow of electricity in a circuit.
Resistance can be of great value in some instances;
while it can cause difficulties in others. Resistance
affects voltage and current in a circuit.
Georg Simon Ohm formulated the law describ-
ing the relationship between voltage, current, and
OHM
METER
Fig. 4. Ohm meter showing continuity.
The longer a section of wire is, the more re-
sistance it will have. If the diameter of the wire is
increased, resistance is reduced and more electrici-
ty can flow through it. Resistance retards current flow
and can cause dim light bulbs or inoperative circuits
in electronic telephone systems.
In the lA2 key telephone system, the lamp cir-
cuit is affected by resistance. The more incandescent
light bulbs on a circuit, the dimmer the bulbs will
be. This is especially true with smaller power sup-
plies where it is impwtant not to connect too many
bulbs on the circuit. Iftoo many bulbs are connected,
they will be dim on all telephones and sometimes
very difficult to see.
There is a device called a "Lamp Extender" unit
which, when incorporated within the key telephone 15
 circuit, will reduce dimming of the incandescent understand a terminal's
lamps. This unit is not recommended at this level
of learning, but is presented for your information.
function before terminat-
ing any wires. It is these
The origin of Tip and Ring
functions of the KSU The terms "tip" and "ring" are used throughout ~II
Surge protectors
In addition to fuses, external surge protectors
which we will examine
closely.
the telephone industry to i~ent.ify th,e "t,alk pair" of TO co ~ ~
a subscriber or central office line circuit or central EOUIPMENT
may be installed. Surge protectors protect the power The line from the cen- office trunk. Wherever that talk pair is found, in cable,
supply from surges in voltage caused by lightning tral office terminates on the at a PBX, at a key telephone, or i.n the c~ntral ?ffice,
strikes or brownouts from the electrical source. They telephone company's inter- the two wires are referred to as tiP and ring. TIp and
are placed between the electrical outlet and the PIS ring (T/R) actually furnish a DC circuit fro~ th~ cen-
face jack, otherwise known tral office which provides a means for Signaling to 48V
line cord. It has become common practice in areas as the demarcation point. BATTERY
that are prone to lightning strikes to install surge pro- and from the subscriber telephone.
From the jack, the tip and
tectors at every installation. ring (T/R) continues into The terms "tip" and "ring" derive from the
earliest days of telephony when all traffic was OTHER
Surge protectors are manufactured in a variety the KSU to the terminals handled by plugging cords into the jacks of a swit~h­ RELAY
of ratings based upon terms of mili- or nano-second marked with COT/COR the board. The main points of the plug were called tiP,
CONTACTS

reaction to a surge in current.
Grounding
The power supply must be properly grounded
to an approved ground (a cold water 'pipe only).
Note: tlie cold water pipe ground should be as close
to the water pipe entrance to the building as possi-
ble. Use #10 copper wire. It can be solid or stranded
(stranded is easier to work with). The power supply
line cord is generally six feet long and must be plugg-
ed into the AC outlet without any extension cord. If
"IN" portion of the incom- ring, and sleeve. When the plug was inse~ted into
ing CO line. The T/R is for the jack, the tip and ring connected to the h.n~. The the relay operates, closing its contact. The closed
the "OUT" portion, the part sleeve wire was used for control purposes Within the contact extends ground to seize the central office
that goes to the telephone. central office. Transmission battery was furnished to equipment, Upon seizure, the central office ~quip­
The COT/COR refers to the both telephones from the cord circuit. ment operates through other relay contacts to discon-
nect the line from the relay and connect it to equip-
Central Office Tip and Cen- In modern telephony, the tip and ring still extend ment which returns dial tone and will accept dial
tral Office Ring. This usual- to the subscriber telephone and the sleeve lead is
pulse or touch tone signals from the telephone.
ly avoids confusion for the retained as a control lead in the central office.
new installer; however, if Note: For simplicity, we have described
you need help, the installa- TIP relay type central office equipment.
tion manual will guide you Modern central offices may use I

you have a three-prong plug, you need to have a three-
prong receptacle for it. If only a two-prong outlet is
available, temporarily use an adapter. However, ad-
vise the customer to replace the outlet and make
other necessary changes as soon as possible.
Interrupter
As its name implies, the interrupter provides the
Key Telephone System with the incoming signal,
lamp flash and lamp wink-on-hold. These are the
basic functions.
Feature block
The feature block is an external connector 66
Type block or a cable connector plug within the KSU.
This is where the internal functions of the interrupter
and KTU are brought out and the installer's cross con-
nections are made to the telephone sets or units.
Features that the feature block provides are the
incoming and outgoing tip and ring. ''A lead" con-
trol, lamp circuit, and the common audible going
to the telephones.
The chapter on Cross Connections will cover the
procedure for installing each of the above functions.
All of the features of the KSU are terminated on
the feature block for a number of reasons:
1. To avoid sloppy wiring caused by many
station cables entering the KSU.
2. To prevent future station wiring prob-
lems and ease troubleshooting.
3. To expand the availability of the features
for multiple connections.
The feature block contains solderless terminals
which permit the connection of a single strand of
wire per terminal without the need for soldering. See
Chapter 5 for details. Each terminal on the feature
16 block is marked for a specific function. Be sure you
10
I
\ \
to the correct terminal and
identify the circuit.
Fig. 5. Feature block from KSU on a 6684-25 type block. Note terminal mark-
ings repetitive on every 5 pairs. Dial tone enters at each COT/COR; then TlR,
A/A', LG/L, CA is available for each line or key of the telephone.
ASSOCIATED COMPONENTS
The feature block and outgoing portion of the
KSU consist of:
1. Tip/Ring (T/R)
2. AIA' or A/Al control leads
3. Lamp Ground/Lamp (LG/L)
4. Ground and common audible battery (B1IR1),
or common audible (CA/CA), or ring
ground and ring common (battery) RGIRC.
RG/RC = Bl/Rl = CA
Note: Some manufacturers may use different desig-
nations for RG/RC,
Tip and ring
The Central Office Tip (COT) and Central Office
Ring (COR) form the actual line that comes from the
central office. It will have a 45 to 52 VDC potential.
Through internal wiring it will enter its own KTU
line circuit.
The CO KTU detects ringing voltage from the
central office of 75 to 105 VAC, this voltage operates
the AC device on the KTU, which can be a relay, or
solid state device which detects AC. When the KTU
operates, it sends a start signal to the interrupter cir-
cuit which will start the lamp flashing on the par-
ticular line being rung. Note that in some systems the
interrupter can be started by an ST lead or MG lead
CALLING
PHONE
CORD
CIRCUIT
TIP /
_ _-..__
'\.1......,-..-
-,\
---,
When the handset is lifted, the contacts of the
switchhook close to complete the circuit. Electricity
flows from the central office battery, through the relay
winding, out over the ring of the subscr~be~ line,
through the switchhook, and back on the tiP Side of
the line to the battery. The relay coil is energized and
which is wired to each slot in the KSU. All systems
have this lead but it may have a different name.
In the" event of a power failure, the entire opera-
tion of the KSU stops. There is still a dial tone on
each of the buttons of the telephone and the cus-
tomer is able to call out. However, since there is no
power, the common audible, lamp, and other
features of the system will not work. If for some
reason the CO KTU is removed or jarred out of place,
all extensions having the number provided by that
line card will not work.
A and A1 (or A')
The A leads, as they are commonly called, are
devices other than relays but the
principles of operation are the same.
loop start
The most common type of circuit is the LOOP
circuit sometimes called "loop start." The loop cir-
cuit a~tually refers to the fact that a loop circuit is
created when the receiver is lifted off hook and elec-
tricity flows from one side of the pair, through the
SWITCHBOARD
telephone network and returns to the other side of
the pair. Loop circuits constitute approximately 90%
of all telephone "voice graded" circuits used in
residential and business applications.
CALLED
PHONE
TELEPHONE SET
LOOP START CIRCUIT
R (-48 VDC)
T (GROUND)
x = SWITCHHOOK-WHEN
CLOSED, COMPLETES
PATH FOR 48 VDC
the control leads in the individual lines. They pro-
vide a function very similar to an outlet switch. The
A lead is the lead which carries the voltage from the
CO line card; the A' lead is the ground lead. When
the line button is pressed on the telephone and the
receiver is lifted, the KTU line card senses the closure
of the A leads and lights the lamp on the telephone
via the lamp circuit (see chapter on Key Telephone
Units).
lamp circuit (lG/L) .
The lamp circuit of the telephone conSISts of two
wires. These wires are called the Lamp and Lamp
ground (LG/L). The L lead is the lead that carries 10 17
 volts of AC current and is powered by the KSU's power
supply. The LG lead is the ground lead. The LG lead
completes the circuit that illuminates the light bulb.
When the CO line card receives the signal of closed
A leads, the lamp circuit of the same card sends cur-
rent to the LG/L circuit throughout the telephone
system to light up the appropriate line button on all
telephones. The lamp leads cannot be reversed. If
there were a reversal, the lights would either glow very
dimly or not at all. The reason lamp leads cannot be
reversed is that you cannot have voltage on the ter-
minal that is used by the ground or vice versa; as
voltage and ground cannot ''buck'' each other.
Common audible (CA or B1/R1 or RG/RC)
Common audible is the term given to represent
the common signal that will cause anyone of the
several devices to ring.
Key telephone unit line slots
Within each KSU are slots with metal contacts.
These slots contain circuit boards called Key Tele-
phone Units (KTUs). A variety of KTUs serve these
functions: CO line card (400 type), manual intercom,
paging control, dial select intercom, off premise in-
tercom, exclusion, and electronic interrupter (i.e., ITT
601 KSU).
CO line card
The most common type of KTU is the 400 type
CO line card. Each CO line card provides the lamp
voltage for steady lamp signal (off-hook) or
throughout the interrupter for flash (intercom call)
or wink (call on hold) to each button on the
telephone set and the ringing signal. One line card
is required for each telephone number in the system.
Another major function of the 400 type line card is
placing a call on HOLD, then retrieving that call
when that particular button is depressed. When a
call is placed on hold, the A lead, wired to the line
button on the telephone set, triggers both the line
card and the interrupter to operate. The line card ac-
tually places a 600 ohm short circuit across the Tip
and the Ring of the line. The interrupter creates the
open and close time intervals of the lamp wink cir-
cuit, which operate the lamp circuit on the desig-
nated button of the telephone. When the call is
removed from hold, the short circuit, created by the
400 type line card, is released via the A and Al1ead.
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10
A word about Intercoms Terms to Remember: (Write the definitions in your own words.)
One other feature that the customer may have
as part of the KTU is the intercom capability. The KSU- ...
term "Intercom" (ICM) is an abbreviation for "Interof-
fice Communication." An intercom is simply a means
by which one telephone station or extension may call Isolated circuit-............................... .
another within the same system. The intercom system
is generally included as part of the existing telephone
unit, but it may be a separate unit.
Voltage- ...
Operation of the ICM
To operate the ICM, the customer picks up the
handset, presses the button labeled "rCM," and dials Amperage- ............ .
the desired station. The called station is signaled and
the called party answers. When the rCM button is
pressed and the receiver is lifted, the lamp will il- Resistance- ....
luminate indicating that the reM circuit is in use.
There are two types of ICMs. The older method
incorporated a separate KTU supplying talk battery Surge
and lamp indication along with button pads
mounted externally (pushbutton and buzzer). This
was considered the "manual intercom" and involved Interrupter- ...
an intricate maze of cross connecting from telephone
to telephone. This button pad system had many
drawbacks resulting from errors in installation, ................. j ...
Feature block- ..... .
maintenance and incidental items (brooms, outside
service personnel) causing problems. It is not the
intention of this manual to discuss the installation
of the button pad intercom. Although the button pad T/R- .
system is still being used today, it is rapidly being
replaced with the dial select ICM.
The dial select rCM incorpprates an external AlA', AlA 1-................ .
KTU or sealed enclosed unit for dialing another ICM
extension. The ICM unit is either enclosed with the
KSU or mounted externally through the use of some LG/L --- ...
hardware (wire, blocks, etc.). The rCM dial select unit
operates through one of the key buttons on the
telephone. The ICM unit also requires voltages (A & Common Audible-....
B Battery, plus lamp and signal voltage to be discuss-
ed later) to operate and is obtained through the power
supply within the KSU.
KTU- .......... .
When cross-connecting, after installing the tele-
phone, intercoms are connected at the same time
400 type CO line card- .....
and function just like any other telephone line.
Details about features and installation are Intercom- ...... .
covered in Chapter 9.
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 Review questions:
1. Name the four major components of a key service
unit. What function do they serve?
4. What function do the following provide:
A. COT _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
B. COR _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
C. T/R Use this space for your personal comments, observations and notes:
D. A/A1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
E. LG/L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
F. B1ffil _________________

5. Why are surge protectors important?

2. Briefly describe the following terms:
A. Voltage
B. Amperage
C. Resistance
D. Talk Battery 6. If power is disrupted or cut off from the KSU. what
function is still activated? Why? What functions
E. Relay Battery _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ will not work? Why?
3. What purpose do fuses serve in an electrical circuit?

(Answers on page 78)

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21
 Chapter 3
Chapter 3 Outline 1 t I

FUNCTIONS OF A TYPICAL TELEPHONE SET

Objectives
.. Components of the telephone set
., Cover and handset After completing this chapter, the student will be able to:
• The base
• The bell or ringer 1. Describe the four major functions of the 1A2 key telephone set.
• The network
• The hookswitch
2. Define and describe the function of the basic components of the 1A2 key
.. Dial telephone .
• The rotary dial
., The tone dial 3. Distinguish between the various types of 1A2 key telephones using a system
., Mechanical vs. electronic tone dials of number and color codes .

TELEPHONE STATION IDENTIFICATION CODES

1/1 Three-digit codes

CD Button types

III Color codes Preview questions: As you read, watch for the
answers to the following important questions:
1. What important requirement is necessary for the
"A" Lead and the lamp to operate on a 1A2 key
telephone?
2. Which two letters are omitted from telephone
dials?
3. What is the most widely used type of telephone
dial? Who invented the tone dial?
I' 4. How does the' 'governor" function on the rotary
I dial?
In this chapter, we will consider the com-
I·· ponents of the 1A2 key telephone and their func-
tions. We will also discuss the lA2 key identifica-
tion codes used throughout the industry.
FUNCTIONS OF A TYPICAL TELEPHONE SET
Each lAz key telephone set is designed to per-
form the following functions:
ill Receive incoming calls
ill Provide an audible signal
II Dial an outside line
III Place a call on "HOLD"
III Provide a visual indication
A typical incoming call to a key telephone
I·· . Would signal the station by means of a bell, chime,
1 ,-----------------------------------------------------------------------I; or buzzer and cause one of the Central Office (CO)
lines to flash. The user simply presses the flashing
lamp button, picks up the receiver, and begins to
talk.
The "HOLD" button has a red cap with the word
"HOLD" visible from the top. (The function of HOLD
is explained in Chapter 2.) While the call is on hold,
the key button for the line on hold will "wink" un-
til the call is picked up or until the calling party
hangs up.
Typically, the lA2 key telephones in a system
will have the same number of CO lines for ap-
pearances. An exception to this concept is when
lAz key telephones are used in conjunction with
a PBX system. Therefore, all the phones will give
visual indication of an incoming call, call hold, and
line in use by the key button that is flashing or con-
stantly illuminated. (Generally, each key telephone
will have the same number of CO line apperances;
however, one advantage the key telephone system
has is that different lines may appear on any tele-
phone anywhere in the system.)
The key strip
On certain models or versions of telephones,
there is only one restriction and that is there must
be a CO number on the first button of the key set.
The reason is simple: ac,ommon ground is designed
within the first button;:6f the telephone and is con-
tinued to the other buttons. The ground is required
for the ''A lead" and the lamp to operate. Therefore,
the first button of every key telephone must have a
working telephone number. Otherwise, the lines
may not illuminate for the entire key strip. 23
 Each telephone line pick up button will do the These functions use four important elements Components of the telephone set as the set identification code indicating the features
following: provided by the KTU with the KSU. Those are: Every key telephone contains essentially the of the telephone.
Connect the user to a CO, intercom or other
@.I e Tip and Ring (T/R). same components. The difference is the CO line
line. A lead control and Al ground (A/Al).
(II capacity, the special features of the phone, whether The bell or ringer. The bell, or ringer is installed in
Cl Illuminate steadily when in use. e Lamp ground and Lamp (LG/L). tone or rotary dial, and of course, the color. We will 1A2 telephones to provide an audible signal from
e Flash or wink for an incoming call on hold. e Audible signal. now discuss the components of a key telephone. an outside call, or from another extension if wired
for the intercom. The bell is factory wired to the net-
Cover and handset (Fig. 1.) The plastic cover protects work and is connected to the yellow-slate/slate-
Exploded view of components of the rotary and tone dial telephone the internal components of the telephone. It is made yellow pair of the line cord. A few telephones omit
of high impact plastic with a high gloss finish the bell for economical reasons or special applica-
ROTARY DIAL TELEPHONE 565 TYPE designed to take a good deal of use (and abuse). At- tions. The bell also has a "volume control" lever
PLASTIC COVER ~" tached to the cover is a face plate which overlays the located under the base to adjust for high, medium,
dial. The plungers (on six hutton telephones) and low or off purposes. Often times, a miniature buzzer
DESIGNATION STRIP. FOR~
~ ROTARY DIAL r - - - - - - - C R A D L E ASSEMBLY -~-
the cradle (on 10, 20 and 30 button telephones) is is substituted for a bell or added to the telephone
PLUNGER

BunON STRIP~ EXCLUSION TY~E n an extension of the switch hook within the to function as a signal for the outside call or inter-
PLUNGER, telephone. There are two entrances for cable/cords: com, depending upon the customer's request.
~NORMAL TYPE the line cord enters at the rear of the set and the

~
handset cable enters at the side. The network. The network is a series of terminals
mounted on a board or block that contains com-
DESIGNATION CIRCULAR FORM
ponents (capacitors, etc.) necessary to equalize the
CRADLE CAP
SWAB OF COTTON IN transmission through the handset and dial. The net-
HAN DSET (NOT SHOWN) work terminals are marked, but their location in rela-
HOOK SWITCH
(NOT SHOWN) tion to the terminal itself should be clearly
HANDSET understood. Sometimes even the most experienced
technicians assume they are terminating the proper
",00- TRANSMITTER wire on the terminal when, in fact, the terminal label
00~~:&x:-0
END
is referring to the terminal either above, below, or
X)\..X:-
01>' alongside the proper one.
HANDSET

:~ CORD HOUSING
The hookswitch. An important part of the telephone
KEY STRIP " KEY STRIP WITH
HANDSET ITRANSMITTER/RECEIVER) BASE CORD
CLEAR BUTTONS is the hookswitch. Operation of the hookswitch
TERMINATES INSIDE
TELEPHONE "'-"'-"HOLD" BUTTON-RED energizes the "N' lead which, in turn, causes con-
NETWORK
nection to a line. Under normal use, the hookswitch
BASE
holds up very well. However, extreme abuse can
Fig. 1. An example of 1 type of 1A2 6-button telephone set.
IIOOI<SWITCH A S S E l ? damage the hookswitch, causing station set prob-
lems or even system-wide problems. The hookswitch
is protected by a plastic cap to prevent the delicate
The handset, also made of high impact plastic, contacts from accidentally touching and to prevent
contains the transmitter and receiver. The handset dust particles from accumulating between them. In
cord connects these components to the network of very humid areas, corrosion may build on the points
~ the telephone for transmission. Both transmitter of the contacts, which will affect the normal opera-
/~ NETWORK RETAINE/ LAMP (BULB) (mouthpiece) and receiver (earpiece) are screwed tion of the set.
SCREW. COVER
in place with' 'caps." The transmitter is positioned Generally, except for minor adjustments and con-
in place by a "cup" and has terminal screws on tact cleaning, don't attempt extensive field maintenance
\
PADS. BASE which to attach the handset cord. The transmitter on the hookswitch. If corrective adjustments won't
,---------~CRADLE ASSEMBLY -
- - - - - - - - BASE. ENTIRE ASSEMBLY !
is literally dropped in place and held in by the work, replace the hooksyvitch assembly.
II
PLUNGER
transmitter cap. The handset cord enters the stem
TY~E
EXCLUSION

--PLUNGER,
'NORMAL TYPE
of the handset where the transmitter wires (black
and red) are screwed to the cup; the receiver wires
(both white) are passed through the stem or handle
Dial
The rotary dial. The rotary dial is still widely used

~ of the handset. The handset cord is held in place throughout the world. However, it is rapidly being
by the transmitter cup's retainer clips. To avoid ex- replaced with the tone dial because a call can be
CRADLE CAP cessive feedback between the transmitter and re- placed faster on a tone dial and because tone dials
ceiver, a swab of cotton is placed within the hand- can be used in conjunction with computers.
set stem. The rotary dial operates on an "open/close" con-
tact principle. Whenever a rotary dial is used for
If
RETAINER CLIP DESIGNATION STRIP. FORM
The cover is screwed in place by two screws
either under the set, as in the standard 6 button set,
dialing out, let's say the digit four, the contacts on
the dial open and close four times to send four
DESIGNATION STRIP. COVER ~ or under the face plate, as in 10, 20 or 30 button sets. "pulses" to the central office. As this is occurring,
BUTTON STRIP
DIAL
KEYPAD
DESIGNATION STRIP. FO~RM
~~ The base. Removing the cover of the telephone the central office equip!llent is detecting the "pulses"
and decoding the impulses into the many levels of
DESIGNATION STRIP ~~
""'-.. -.. ~ reveals its internal components. All the components this equipment to complete the connection.
~ a~e secured to the base of the telephone. The under-
sl.de of the base has four rubber pads to prevent skid- Normally, the contacts of the dial operate at a
TONE DIAL TELEPHONE
2565 TYPE
dIng and surface damage. The base also has a lever speed of 10 pulses per second (pps). For the majority
24 - - -_ _ _/ f or bell adjustments (low, medium or loud) as well of central offices, this is an acceptable speed. 25
 However, some digital central offices may be able
to accept speeds up to 20 pps.
On rotary dial telephones, the dial is equipped
with a "governor." This governor limits the speed
of the dial so that it cannot pulse faster than the CO
equipment can accept the pulses. A close look at
a rotary dial will reveal this ingenious method.
The tone dial. This dial, which uses frequencies to
signal the central office is fast becoming the "stan-
dard" dial because of its lower maintenance cost,
faster operation and compatibility with data systems.
The touch "pad" is equipped with 12 push buttons.
Ten of these buttons are labeled like the finger holes
of a rotary dial, with numbers and letters. The other
two buttons are marked with a "#" (pound sign) and
a "*" (asterisk). These last two buttons are used for
control and for interworking with data systems. As
they are on all dials, the letters "Q" and "Z" are
omitted.
The tone dial was developed by Bell Laboratories
during the early 1950's. The registered trademark of
tone dialing is "Touch Tone® ," but its generic title
is "Dual-Tone-Multi-Frequency" or "DTMF."
The touch-tone dial uses seven different fre-
quencies ranging from 697 hertz to 1477 hertz. When
a button is pushed, it sends out a tone comprised
of two of those frequencies. At the distant end, the
central office verifies that two tones were received
and that the frequency combination is correct. It
then stores that digit and awaits another. Touch tone
dialing equipment can receive and process up to six
digits per second. Tone dials may be of either the
electromechanical or electronic (soft-touch) type.
Mechanical VS. electronic tone dials. Mechanical tone
dials are being replaced by the electronic versions.
The "mechanical" tone dial contains very delicate
contacts. The mechanical dial also has several types
of tone dials, used for specific purposes. Either the
telephone is equipped to accommodate an external
speaker-phone, or it isn't. It is very important to refer
to the manufacturer's wiring diagrams and code let-
ters to determine the type of dial needed for an ex-
tension. Like telephone bases, all dials are labeled
to avoid confusion.
The "electronic" dial has fewer moving parts
than the mechanical dial. The electronic dial elim-
inates the sensitive side contacts and condenses
many of the larger components of the mechanical
type into printed circuit chips. There are fewer wires
on the electronic dials. Like mechanical dials, there of phone. Thus, instead of writing "six-button model represents a numeric color code which, in
are two different types of electronic dials: a stan- telephone with tor;-e di~ling," we can use a thre~ or the above example, would give a complete descrip-
dard dial, and another for attachment to a speaker four-digit code to IdentIfy the telePI:-one. Kn~wIng tion of the telephone. The color codes are:
phone. the station code for a telephone IS esse~tIal to
Both tone and rotary dials are designed to en- understanding what types of phones to Install,
COLOR CODE
dure heavy punishment for a long period of time. repair, or order.
A defective dial may cause any of the following Black 00
problems: There are many types of 1A2 key telephones in Green 05
use today. Still other types have been phased out Ivory 09
1. Incorrect number dialed Blue 12
of existence. Therefore, we will mention only a few
2. Poor transmission or reception of the types of 1A2 key telephones to help you
Beige 13
White 15
3. Static understand station identification. Orange 43
Ash 44
Most tone dials are equipped with a device Coco Brown 45
known as a "Polarity Guard." A polarity guard is a Button types Gold 46
The identification codes for rotary dial Cherry Red 47
safeguard device which employs a special matrix
to prevent reversal in the tip and ring anywhere be- telephones consisting of 6, 10, and 20 button sets
are listed below. Note that the codes vary with the
tween the central office and the telephone instru- This is only a partial list of the colors used
ment itself. Since "DTMF" is based upon 'positive type of phone and the functions it provides. within the industry. The color codes vary from one
and negative frequencies, the dial is'also designed As you can see, there is a numeric code for each manufacturer to another.
to generate these impulses in a form that will be ac- telephone to represent that particular telephone and The introduction of the "Touch Tone dial" to
cepted by the CO. If the polarity of the tip and ring its features. However, each manufacturer follows the an already long list of telephones created the need
were reversed, the dial would not generate the basic code but adds a letter or group of letters to fur-
for further telephone identification. The easiest
frequencies. ther represent the specific functions, colors, or both. solution was to add the digit "2" before the code that
For example:
Years ago, when the only people who worked represented a rotary set. For example the code 565,
on telephones were qualified technicians, reversed set which stands for a 6 button rotary telepp-one,
wo~ld become 2565 to represent a 6 button tone dial
TELEPHONE TYPE OF
tip and ring wasn't a major problem because the MANUFACTURER TYPE SET CODE FUNCTION
technician would check the polarity from the con- Western Electric 6 button 565 HKM The 565 HKMS IS telephone. Likewise, an 830 10 button rotary dial
necting block, at the customer's premises. If 565 HKMS similar to the 565
HKM except for a
telephone would become a 2830 tone dial telephone.
necessary, he would call the central office and ask new line switch which
breaks the tip and We should note here that the "HOLD" button
for a reversal in the tip and ring or reverse the wir- ring side of the line, on every telephone is counted as a button. So, for
ing at the connecting block, and the problem would
ITT 6 button 565-XX-O LR-40M Provides privacy for example, on the 6 button telephone, only five keys
be solved. However, today, with pre-wiring install- one of the lines on the
are used for line pickups; on the 10 button
phone,
ed, telephone companies have found it necessary telephone, only nine lines are available for line
to avoid unnecessary calls of "can't dial out" prob-
Color codes pickups. If the last button is reserved for intercom,
lems by installing polarity dials. The XX in the series of numbers for the ITT the line pickup keys are reduced by one more.
The dial leads terminate on the network and on
the terminal board. It is important to review each
dial's capability before replacing it with another.
Like most other components, dials are inter- Terms to Remember: (Write the definitions in your own words,)
changeable, but you must consult with the manufac-
Plungers-" ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
turer for wiring details.
TELEPHONE STATION IDENTIFICATION CODeS
Cradle-",,,,,"
As demand for multibutton telephones grew,
several companies began to manufacture them.
Eventually the various models and manufacturers
of telephones made it difficult to distinguish one
telephone from another. ,,'
Three-digit codes Hookswitch-", "
To alleviate the confusion within the industry,
a numeric station code was developed for each type
Polarity guard-",

............... " ... " .... , ... " " .... , ...

Balance and control leads-"

m
l:IDD ................ " c
Q.l Q

8aB
IT
o il
m
Q, Telephone 1.0, codes- .... ;g!
(])

OOClaJDDDJD ."." ............... .

£:

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6-button telephone 10-button telephone, wall 10-button telephone 20-button telephone 30-button telephone C1l

2564/2565 note "hold button" 2830 2831 2861

26 TYPE 2854 27
 Review questions:
1. Name the five functions of a 1A2 key telephone. 4. Why is a swab of cotton inserted inside the handset?

Use this space for your personal comments, observations and notes:
5. What type of dial is becoming the "standard' , dial?

2. Can the CO line number be placed anywhere on the

key strip? VVhy?
6. Why was there a need to put a rotary governor on
conventional rotary "finger wheel" dials?
3. Name the major components of a typical 1A2
telephone set and briefly describe their function.

7. What does "DTMF" mean?

(Answers on page 78)

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28 29
 Chapter

Chapter 4 Outline t I r

TOOLS

III Test set Objectives

III Tone sender unit After completing this chapter, the student will be able to:

• Diagonal pliers 1. Identify and know how to use the tools necessary for 1A2 key telephone
installation.
• Needle nose pliers
III Impact tool 2. Identify and know the important features and functions of the feature blocks,
station blocks and distribution posts and wires.
• Push drill

• Screwdrivers
e Multi-meter

III Tool case or pouch

• Staple gun
Preview questions: As you read, watch for the
• Lamp bulb extractor answers to the following important questions:
TELEPHONE HARDWARE 1. What are four uses of the impact tool?
III 66-type blocks 2. How do technicians use their test sets to
communicate?
., 66M 1-50 station block
3. What will the multi-meter tell the installer?
III Distribution posts and rings
4. What do the last two numbers mean in the I.D.
of the 66-type feature block?
5. How is the "8gB" bracket related to the 66Ml-50
station block?
As in any trade, telephone installation and serv-
ice require special tools and hardware. Special tools
have been designed to minimize installation time,
facilitate termination of wires, test various features
within a circuit, and help the installer perform his
job properly, safely and efficiently. It is suggested
that you acquire the basic tools mentioned in this
measures are the responsibilities of the installer.
Therefore, knowing the components for each system
"set-up" becomes a very important part of your job.
TOOLS
Test set
Commonly referred to as a "butt set," the test
set is a multifunctional tool which will, if used
properly, determine a multitude of problems relating
to CO line or station faults. The test set is the in-
staller's most valuable tool. Early versions of the test
set provided dial tone access across the talk pair,
or tip and ring of the circuit. Pioneer installers were
able to determine circuit faults just by listening to
the circuit and applying the test leads across the pair
and/or to ground.
Newer versions of the telephone test set have
many features and will do much without the need
for additional meters or test equipment. (Fig. 1.)
Detailed information on the use of the test set is in
the abc Vol. 2, Station installation and maintenance.
Today's test sets will do all of the following:
III Check polarity of tip and ring

chapter and use them in conjunction with the train- III Check for ground on either side of the CO pair
ing in this book. 4» Monitor

The first part of this chapter describes the tools • Provide tone dialing or rotary dialing UJ
c:
o

used to install and maintain telephone systems. The III Check for ton~;;signaling. g
;Qi
second part will familiarize you with the hardware Tone sender unit
Q)
.L

necessary for all key telephone installations. You This component provides an audible electronic
o
()

should be able to recognize the type of connecting signal and is attached to either or both sides of a
D
co

blocks for the function or feature it is to serve. pair of wires. When the unit is connected and turned
on, a silent electronic warble is generated and 31
Good job planning and good housekeeping

MODE SELECTION SWITCH
LED POLARITY INDICATION
Fig. 1. Deluxe version of test set (butt set).
transmitted through the copper wires. The test set
is then used to check for continuity by searching
for the tone at the other end of the wire within the
cable. If the pair is good, the tone is loud and clear
on the test set.
In addition to sending a tone, a tone sender can
also determine the polarity of a given pair, detect
a short circuit, or detect the presence of "battery."
LED indicators are incorporated on several tone
generators for this purpose. Another function of the
tone generator is to provide "talk battery" so that two
technicians may use a pair of wires to communicate
within a given distance. When the tone generator
is used for this purpose, the tone generator's leads
are attached across the pair of wires and turned to
the position of "talk." The two technicians may then
use their test sets to communicate.
The tone generator requires batteries for normal
operation. The batteries should be changed peri-
0dically (Fig. 2).
LED INDICA TOR FOR THREE POSITION SWITCH,
POLARITY, OR
SHORT CIRCUITS
OFF, TONE, TALK
TWO LEADS
CONNECTED TO
WIRE PAIRS
Fig. 2. Tone sender unit.
Diagonal pliers
Diagonal pliers are used for cutting small gauge
wires. (Fig. 3a.) They come in a variety of sizes.
Generally, six-inch diagonal pliers are used for ex-
ternal work and four inch pliers for work within the
telephone set or connecting blocks. Some diagonal
32 pliers provide a small gauge hole for stripping out-
BLADE STORAGE
RELEASE
CUTTING
EDGE
f
BLADE FOR 66 TYPE
CONNECTING BLOCKS
Fig. 3a. Diagonal pliers used to cut small wires. SEATING
EDGE
Fig. 5. Standard "impact tool."
Impact tool . BLADE STORAGE
The impact tool is a very impo.rtant and v~rsatIle
tool to the telephone installer. (FIg. ~.) The Imp.act Fig. 7. Deluxe model "impact tool."
tool eliminates the need to spend time soldenng
wires onto a terminal or connecting block. It simp-
5 are being terminated to ensure a good cut. The
ly pushes the wire to the end of ~e conn~cting block
and terminates the unused portIOn. The Impact t~)Ql pressure of the "kick" can be adjusted.
works in conjunction with the ."66 ty~e" con~ectlI~g
block and will be explained In detaIl later In thIS . Push drill I
chapter. The impact tool can be used to: A portable hand push drill is handy whe~ an
electrical outlet is not available or it is not practIcal
1. Insert wires through terminal clip (Fig. 6a). to use an electric drill. The push drill contains a
1, NOTCHES ON BOTH SIDES FOR STRIP-
PING 24 GUAGE CONDUCTOR. 2. Terminate the unnecessary portion of the variety of drill bits (masol1J:'Y or wo?d) and t~e bits
2. NOTCH FOR STRIPPING 22 GUAGE wire with the cutting edge (Fig. 6b). are easily exchanged as the Job reqUITes. The bIts are
CONDUCTOR.
3. NOTCH FOR STRIPPING DROP WIRE 3. Connect "Bix" type connector terminals (not stored within the hand grip. When drilling, the in-
4. KNURLED FOR CRUSHING INSULA- shown). staller pushes the hand drill towards the backboard
TION ON DROP WIRE.
or masonry wall, then releases it. This motion is
5. RED PLASTIC INSULATED HANDLES. 4. "Loop" wires from one connector to another
using the blunt side of the cutting tool (not repeated until a hole is made to the desired depth
Fig. 3b. Recommended tool for skinning insulation from conductors. (Fig. 8).
shown).
side drop wire. (Fig. 3b.) The handles of the pliers
PUSH TOWARD BLOCK
should be rubber or plastic coated to protect against II
electrical shock.
(G
Fig. 8. Push drill.
Needle nose pliers
The needle nose pliers are used to insert or ex-
@ Screwdrivers
tract wires and small hardware (i.e., washers) and
to twist wires together. Six-inch needle nose pliers A variety of screwdrivers is essential to an~ job.
are most commonly used. Several needle nose pliers A well-prepared installer sho~ld h~ve screwdnv~rs
contain a diagonal plier and serve as a multi- ranging in size from four to eIght Inches, all WIth
purpose tool. Again, the handle of the pliers should "common" blade tips. Most telephone components
be rubber or plastic coated to protect against elec- CUTTING EDGE use screws that are "common tip," rarely the
WIRE OF TOOL
trical shock (Fig. 4). "Phillips" or "crosspoint" type. (Figs. 9a and 9b.)
~
The blade tip should be evenly matched to the screw
slot and driven in or out with an equal amount of
pressure. Screwdrivers should not be used to make
\ holes or terminate wires.
EXCESS OF LENGTH TO BE CUT OFF CUT OFF
(A) (B)
Fig. 6. Insert wires through the terminal clip (A). Terminate wire with cut-
ting edge (B).
Fig. 9a. Common tip screwdriver.
The impact tool has undergone a number. of
changes that enable the installer t~ perform the J?b
efficiently. Blades can be cha;ng~d I~ seconds (tWIst
off and on, Fig. 7), thus elImInatIng the need to
carry additional impact tools. Current models of the
Fig. 4. Needle nose pliers.
impact tool provide the installer a "kick" as the wires Fig. 9b. Phillips "cross point tip" screwdriver. 33
 A "screw starter" is another useful tool for the
installer. The screw starter supports a screw and
helps to manuever it into place without the need
of fingers for those hard to reach places. Once the
screw is inserted and partially started, the screw
starter should be exchanged for a regular screwdriver
to complete the job.
Multi-meter
The multi-meter is used for checking voltage,
current, resistance or continuity in a circuit. If
used properly, the multi-meter can save the installer
valuable time and effort when troubleshooting. The
installer who intends to use a multi-meter in his
work should become very familiar with the applica-
tion and the proper use of the meter. The multi-
meter will determine the following:
• CO ring voltage
lID Talk battery
the installer, providing more freedom of movement.
[Fig. lla.) Some installers also carry a small pouch
to handle the basic hand tools while working aloft.
(Fig. 11b.) In either situation, a tool case or pouch
is necessary, and the installer should carry it at all
times while on the job. As the installer becomes ex-
perienced. the need for additional tools will arise.
Such tools as the lamp bulb extractor, orange stick,
and wire wrapping tool are designed to make the
installer's job easier and faster. There are many
other tools available to the installer, depending
upon the job being performed.
posed to each individual cable tracking along the
baseboard.
Avoid stapling wires to wall or plaster boards;
along door jams; windows, and drop ceiling tiles.
The staple gun is a very useful tool to the installer,
but also the most abused!
Lamp bulb extractor
The lamp bulb extractor provides an easy and
simplified method for removing lamp bulbs in 10,
20, and 30 button telephones. These lamp bulbs are
lodged within a socket of the key button and removal
is difficult without the use of this tool. The extrac-
~or will also enable insertion of the new light bulb
In the socket. Installers should be discouraged in
using pliers, paper clips, screwdrivers, etc., instead
of this tool. [Fig. 13.)

• T/R voltage/polarity
1& Continuity, grounds and shorts
Every multi-meter has an instruction manual to
guide you in using it properly. If you intend to use
a meter as part of your job, a short course in the use
of meters is given in most vocational training centers,
or through certification courses given by several
telecommunications manufacturers [Fig. 10). Fig. 11. Tool case (A). Tool pouch. Note "T" chain to carry tape (8).
Staple gun
Staple guns are used to fasten or secure wires
onto a wall. Staple guns and staples are available
in many sizes depending on the size of wires (see
Fig. 12).
T-18
FOR WIRES UP TO
3/16"
9/32"
3/8" al
Fig. 14. Typical 6684·25 or 6683·50 type block.
are connected horizontally with each other.
Therefore, each terminal will provide the same cir-
Fig. 13. Lamp bulb extractor. cuit function (such as tip and ring) straight across,
thereby providing "multiple connections." The
"primary" or "feeder" cable is terminated on the odd
TELEPHONE HARDWARE directed terminal, and all cross connections are
Every' industry has its own hardware to facil- made from the opposite side. The 66B4-25 block is
itate the installation of all related components. used as the "feature block" from the KSU or other
T-25 T-37 T-75 Whether it be aerospace, computers, air condition- self-contained units. The wiring plan and column
ing, electronics or telephones, the hardware is im- assignment for the 66B4-25 connecting blocks are
1/4" 5/16" 1/2"
portant for the installation, expansion and main- illustrated in Figs. 15 and 16.
if) tenance of the equipment.
COLUMNS
In a telephone system, wire is connected to a I
n 0 terminal using solderless terminal connectors with (LEFT)
A B C 0 E F\

the impact tool described earlier. The type of blocks

7/16" n (1 used are "66 Type" connecting blocks, which come TIP 0 0 0 0 0
OJ PAIR 1
in several sizes and configurations for specific RING 0 0 0 c c 0
112" n functions.
A-LEAD 0 0 c c c
66 type blocks
(f)
S OJ
n n n 0 PAIR 2
a: AHEAD 0
9/16" The 66 Type connecting blocks generally serve C C 0 C 0

., .,
5/8"
n as "feature blocks" for the key service units, inter-
coms, or other units where cross connection is made
LAMP
GROUND 0 0 «)

., OJ PAIR 3

Fig. 10. Multi meter.
Tool case or pouch
A well-prepared installer should have all tools
near at hand. A tool case or pouch is designed to
accommodate all the necessary tools we have
discussed. Most installers prefer the tool case since
a tool case can readily store a greater variety of tools
34 than a pouch can and the case may be placed near
n
7/8"
Fig. 12. Staple gun with various size staples.
Staple guns eject staples under an extreme
amount of force and must be handled carefully.
Wires being stapled should be stapled to the base
of walls or along the backboard of the KSU area. On-
ly one wire must be secured by a staple for max-
imum security and minimal damage to the cable.
If several wires must be secured along a baseboard,
it is recommended that one cable be stapled, with
the remaining cables wrapped to this cable. This
will create a neat looking bundle of cables as op-
to the telephone stations. LAMP «) 0 0 c 0
Two types of 66B connecting blocks are used
in most key and electronic key installations: the Fig. 15. Numbering and wiring plan for 66B4·25 connecting blocks.
66B4-25 and the 66B3-50 (Fig. 14). The identifica-
tion of these blocks is as follows:
The "66B3-50" connecting block will terminate
66B4 - 25 66B3 - 50 two 25-pair cables on either side of the block. The
block consists of 50 horizontal rows of six vertical
I \ / \ metallic terminals across, with three terminals on
BLOCK TYPE NO. OF PAIRS BLOCK TYPE NO. OF PAIRS
each side. There is nO,metallic connection between
The '66B3' and the '66B4' refer to the block type the sides of this block, and it is usually referred to
or series; the '25' or '50' refers to the number of pairs as "split block."
(of wires) which may be connected on the entire The "primary" or "feeder" cable terminates on
block. The 66B4-25 consists of fifty horizontal rows the first terminal on either side of the block; the two
of terminals and six vertical terminals. The terminals remaining terminals are used for cross connections. 35
 COLUMN ASSIGNMENT AND TERMINATING SE~UENCE mounted between all 66B and 66M type blocks.
CONNECTOR POSITION They a~e sometimes called "mushrooms," and are
a very Important element in guiding wires across
ABC D E ABC D E F
backboards to the various blocks. (Fig. 20.)

rnrnffifl\IT\ff\
6663-50 TYPE BLOCK CA6LE OR 66B4-25 TYPE BLOCK
Distribution rings, also called "D" rings, serve

COLUMNS' STATION WIRE COLUMNSt

A INCOMING (FEED) F
F 1ST OUTGOING (STATION) A
E 2ND OUTGOING (STATION) 6
D 3RD OUTGOING (STATION) C
C 4TH OUTGOING (STATION) D
6 5 T H OUTGOING (STATION) E
'FAN INCOMING CONDUCTORS IN FROM LEFT, OUTGOING FROM RIGHT
tFAN INCOMING CONDUCTORS IN FROM RIGHT, OUTGOING FROM LEFT. Fig. 21. Distribution rings.

Fig. 16. Column assignment and terminating sequence for 6684-24 connect-
ing blocks.
~s station ?able support brackets. (Fig. 21.) Theoret-
Ically, statIOn cable is "home run" to a centralloca-
The 66B3-50 block is used for intercom units or tion and is grouped together. It is then channeled
other units not requiring more than one or two cross a~on~ th~ base of the backboard, supported by the
connections to a station. dIstrIbutIOn rings, and distributed to the station
Both the 66B3-50 and the 66B4-25 blocks look cable blocks (66Ml-50). Fig. 22 depicts a typical
Fig. 20. Distribution posts. backboard layout.
identical. However, a closer look will reveal the
direction of the terminals [Fig. 17). Also, each block
is labelled for easier identification. The installer
BACKBOARD LAYOUT
must be aware of the type of block being used. A
common error is to mount the 66B4-25 block up-
side down, in reverse to the direction of the cross @ @ @ @ @- DISTRIBUTION POST
connection and feeder cable. The 66B block is Fig. 18. Wire terminating tool. Also known as "punching tool." Used on all
"66" type connecting blocks.
mounted on a wood backboard and secured with 6Ml-5 66B4-25 66M1-50 66M1-5
11/2 x8 screws.
of pairs portion of the name indicates, this block will KEY
only handle one 25-pair cable with "multiple" SERVICE ... 6 -8" CO ... -2 -3" KSU _2 -3"- STATION • 2 -3"_ 2 -3" MISC
UNIT BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK
horizontal connections to the remaining three
terminals.
The 66Ml-50 connection block is attached to
a bracket called the "8gB" bracket (Fig. 19). The
bracket itself consists of two mounting support 6M1-50
hinges. The 66Ml-50 or 25 snaps into place on the
bracket. The 25-pair cables are passed through the
STATION
bottom opening of the bracket. The outer sheath of BLOCK
the 25-pair cable is stripped, and the pairs are ter- MISC
CABLES
6683-50 minated on the terminals. The 8gB brackets may be CO
FEED
stacked vertically so they touch with each other, but
there should be approximately two inches between
Fig. 17. Silhouette of wire termination Clips-note feeder clip faces one
direction.
them horizontally.

66M1-50 station block

To avoid numerous 25-pair station cable ter-
minations within a KSU, all telephone station TO APPROVED
cable(s) are terminated on station blocks known as GROUND
GROUND LUG
66Ml-50 [Fig. lB.)
66M1 - 50
I \ Fig. 22. Typical backboard layout for the 1A2 system.

8LOCK TYPE NO. OF PAIRS

The 66Ml-50 block, also known as a "mini-

block," consists of four columns vertical and 50 rows
of horizontal terminals to accommodate a 25-pair
cable. The block is "split;" therefore, two cables may Fig. 19. 89B bracket used with S6Mi-50 or 66M1-25 type blocks (not shown).

be terminated on one block with no connection

made between either side. Distribution posts and rings
There is a 66Ml-25 block which is similar in Distribution posts and rings serve as wire
36 appearance, but not in application. As the number guides for cross connect wire. Distribution posts are 37
 Terms to Remember: (Write the definitions in your own words.)
Butt set- ..

Talk battery-........................ .

Use this space for your personal comments, observations and notes:
Screw starter- ...

.............. .,.

Primary or feeder cable- ...

Mini-blo ck - ...

Mushrooms- ............... .

D rings- ..................................... ..

Review questions:
1. Why has the telephone industry designed specializ- 3. Name a few necessary tools and instruments re-
ed tools for the trade? quired for a telephone installation. Why should they
always be carried by the installer?

2. Briefly describe the function of the following:

A. Test set 4. Name and identify the type of terminal connecting
blocks used for telephone cabling. What purpose
does the 8gB bracket serve?
B. Tone sender

C.lmpacttool ____________________________

D. Distribution posts ----------------- 5. What purpose do distribution posts and rings serve?

(Answers on page 78)

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38
 Chapter 5
II1II II1II

Chapter 5 Outline I nl 1 t II ti

THE INSTALLATION

III Plan the location Objectives

III Choose a location After completing this chapter, the student will be able to:

THE MAJOR STEPS 1. Explain the eight steps that lead to a successful installation of a 1A2 key
telephone.
III Plan the installation
2. Locate the KSU of a 1A2 key telephone successfully.
1/1 Pre-wire all locations

It Mount the KSU

III Install the feature block

• Install the intercoms

• Make the cross connections

III Connect the interlace jack Preview questions: As you read, watch for the Planning sheets are designed to show at a
answers to the following important questions: glance which telephones will have a certain line ap-
III Check the system pearance and rCM number. A very simple planning
1. What items of information are important for sheet is provided for your use and should be used
planning besides knowing the backboard layout on the job (see Fig. 1J.
and the locations of the telephones?
WHICH BUTTON WILL SIGNALING
2. What is one unique feature of the 1A2 key tele- ICM "SIG" PARTY OR THESE LINES APPEAR ON MODE
phone system that influences planning? NO. TERM LOCATION
1 2 3 4 5 ICM CA RN BZ

3. What do you have to consider when deciding 10 0

where to locate the KSU? 11 1
12 2
THE INSTALLATION 13 3
14 4
A well planned job from start to finish will
15 5
enhance the installation procedure. It is important
not only to plan the backboard layout and the loca- 16 6
tions of each telephone, but also to know which 17 7
telephones will have certain telephone numbers ap- 18 8
pearing on the key set, what the rCM number will 19 9
be, and which instruments will signal on incom-
ing calls. Fig. 1. Typical 1A2 planning sheet.

One unique feature of the lA2 key telephone

system is that each telephone can have the identical
number of pick-ups as all the telephones, or any
number may be added or deleted from the set. If all
numbers are on every telephone in the system, then
it is regarded as a "square system." However, there
will be instances in which you must know in ad-
vance which telephone will receive line pick-ups
and it is very important not to constantly disturb
the customer to get information about every tele-
phone that you are working on.
Plan the location
The following short narrative illustrates the con-
sequences of short-sighted planning in choosing the
location of a telephone system's CO and key service
units.
Several years ago, an office building complex
was designed to centrally locate all telephone, elec-
trical and other outside utilities in one room. The
underground Central Office (CO) cable would be ter- 41

minated in this location, along with the various
telephone key service units for the entire complex.
Any new installations within the complex would
originate from this location, and the proper station
cable would extend from this room the the custom-
er's office.
The concept was good and cost effective. The
local telephone company, upon forecasting the size
and approximate number of units in the complex,
could essentially install one or several large key ser-
vice units that would serve many central office lines
and extensions. As new tenants occupied office
space, if the initial key service unit(s) (KSU) were
well planned for expansion, the installer/technician
would simply add the necessary central office line
cards in the existing key service unit, install cable(s),
and cross connect. The only difference between
customers would be a separate intercom unit.
However, after the court's divestiture ruling,
customers began purchasing private telephone
systems but continued to have the KSU installed in
the common area initially reserved for telephone
equipment. These private telephone systems became
objects of vandalism for those who also used this
room for servicing their equipment (i.e., electrical
contractors, public utilities, service personnel,
janitors, custodians, etc.). Abuse and general
disregard became widespread.
In response to the increase in vandalism, private
telephone companies began to install and terminate
all KSUs and associated telephone equipment
within the customer's premises. It actually made bet-
ter sense! Can you imagine purchasing a costly
paper copier, computer central processing unit, or
a security system, and then placing it in a common
location shared by custodians, electricians, clean-
ing personnel, and public utility service personnel,
with all having access to the expensive office
equipment?
When installing a new key system, you will be
installing it on the customer's private premises. You
may, however, have to service or add to Key Tele-
phone Systems in a central location, since many of
these are still in use.
Choose a location
Discuss with your customer the overall office
layout, by either asking him/her to provide a
simplified layout, or by drawing your own. By ask-
ing the customer for information about the installa-
tion before you begin, you save time and prevent er-
ror during the cabling of your job. Job planning will
also help to prevent interruptions from the customer.
When discussing installation with your
customer, be sure to do the following:
G Confirm the type of system being install-
ed, as well as the number of telephone
sets, attendant consoles (if applicable),
external speakers, paging horns, etc.
• Determine the exact location of tele-
phone extensions.
42 (II Discuss the location of the KSU, with suf-
ficient wall space to accommodate your Step 4. Install the feature blocks Step 6. Make the cross connections
Wire the KSU for extension of the feature block. . Cross connect from the feature block to the sta-
system and provide for possible future
Small KSUs will contain the main feature block tIOn blocks. Do one station at a time. Check your
expansion. within the KSU; it is important in such cases to work! Cross connect the common audible to the sta-
The location of the KSU is especially impor- build an external feature block to prevent station tion(s) that will receive the incoming signal.
tant. Your customer may want the KSU located in cables from accumulating within. Using an exter-
an area out of sight such as a small closet, surround- nal feature block will prevent station problems.
ed by filing cabinets, storage shelves, water cooler, Step 7. Connect the interface jack
air conditioning unit, etc. However, you, the in- Test the KSU with power on for proper voltages f\t the interface jack, connect the proper con-
at the power supply. Turn power off and insert the
staller, must strongly suggest the following: nectIng cable from the jack to the KSUs COT/COR
necessary KTU s. Turn power on and check the A terminals. Check dial tone from the TR of the inter-
lead control and lamp illuminations at the feature
IIIFor servicing and future expansion, the face jack to the "in" terminals of the KSU (COT/COR).
wall space for the KSU must be free of block wit~in the KSU, if po~sible, to be sure they
are operatIng properly. TermInate all station cables
obstacles.
.. An "isolated" electrical outlet should be on the station blocks, making sure that the station Step 8. Check the system operation
cable(s) are "home run" neatly and distributed to . qheck e~ch telephone for dial tone and ring-
located within six (6) feet of the KSU. If
no circuit exists, the customer should each row of station blocks. (A home run is a con- Ing SIgnal. PIck an available line and call another
tir;tuous ru~ of cable from the KSU to the telephone, n~mber in yo~r system, place the call on hold, then
provide it. WIthout splIces.) Terminate all cable connector ends eIther release It or remove it from hold. Label each
• A cold water pipe should be available for if applicable. ' telephone with the telephone and intercom number.
grounding the power supply. (The cold Put cable connector covers on wall outlets.
water pipe is above the dropped ceilings
in most modern buildings.) If you can- Step 5. Install the intercom The procedure we have just described is the
If the system has an intercom, install the inter- general step-by-step method to assist any new techni-
not find a cold water pipe, it is suggested
that you consult a qualified electrician com unit (ICM) either within the KSU or on the cian in inst~lling a complete telephone system. The
backboard. Cross connect the power leads as requir- . more expenence the new technician gains in com-
or the building custodian.
ed. Then cross connect the T/R, LG/L, and signal pl~te install~tion, the easier the task becom~s. Along
.. If the wall is made of building blocks or leads to the stations. Be sure to select the mode of WIth expenence, you will develop faster methods
wallboard, to mount the system you will signaling (bell, buzzer, etc.) for doing the job.
need a three-quarter inch plywood
backboard, securely fastened to the given
area with the proper fasteners.
" Know the entire phone system. Its size
will determine the size of the ba,ckboard. Terms to Remember: (Write the definitions in your own words.)
When you have met these requirements, you are
Square
prepared to begin installation.
THE MAJOR STEPS
Home run- ...
Now that we have a basic understanding of what
the 1A2 Key Telephone System is and how it works,
the next step is to introduce you to an actual installa-
tion. In general, the lA2 Key Telephone installation
requires eight basic steps. They are listed here to pro- Review questions:
vide an overview of the entire procedure. Then we
1. Name the basic eight steps in planning a 1A2 key 3. Why should all key service units be installed within
will discuss each step in more detail in the re- telephone. the customer's premises or office?
mainder of this book.
Step 1. Plan the installation
Review the entire floor plan with the customer.
Be sure he or she understands the type of telephd'ne 4. What questions should you ask your customer prior
system you are installing and its capabilities. Pin- to any telephone installation?
point the exact location of the telephones and the
requirements of the KSU. Be sure to have the pro-
per tools and hardware.
5. What considerations must you take into account
Step 2. Pre-wire all locations for telephones 2. What is the meaning of a square system? before installing the key service unit?
Be sure the proper size cable is used for the
system (i.e., 25 pair cable for 6 and 10 button
telephones, and 50 pair cable for 20 button sets). Pre-
wiring is fully covered in Chapter 6. (Answers on page 79)
Step 3. Mount the KSU
Mount the KSU, feature blocks, station blocks,
distribution posts, and rings. Be sure to ground the
KSU before power is turned on. Review the block
diagram provided by the manufacturer (see Chapter 7). 43
 Chapter 6
Chapter 6 Outline r .. Ir l1li
KNOW OFFICE LAYOUT
KNOW CABLE REQUIREMENTS
Objectives
• Know building codes of area After completing this chapter, the student will be able to:
l1li Know fire safety requirements
1. Identify and interpret the symbols for telephone installation on blueprints.
KNOW TOOLS FOR PRE-WIRING
2. Recite the basic building and safety considerations related to pre-wiring.
., Fish tape
3. Identify and use the basic tools and accessories necessary for pre-wiring .
• Fish hook
.. Accessories
Preview questions: As you read, watch for the
answers to the following important questions:
1. What does the triangle in an office floor plan
signify?
2. Whyare bUilding codes enforced for telephone
wiring?
3. What does "fish tape" and "fish hook" have
to do with pre-wiring?
The term "pre-wire" is used to describe the in-
stallation of new cabling within the customer's
premises. If pre-wire is performed at the right
time - that is, before the wall boards are hung on
the partitions - the entire installation is made easy
and quick. As we discussed in Chapter 2, it is im-
portant to plan the job: consult with the customer
and/or contractor to review the location of the
telephones and the KSU. If pre-wiring is perform-
ed in a preoccupied premise, existing cable can be
used, or the system can be pre-wired behind the
walls and over ceilings. This, of course, is determin-
ed if the existing wiring/cabling terminates in the
same location. As the installer, it is your job to deter-
mine where to place the KSU and to plan for its
requirements.
KNOW OFFICE LAYOUT
The easiest way to plan the pre-wire is to ob-
tain the blueprint or a rough sketch of the office
layout. It is important that your plans indicate doors,
windows, desks, built-in cabinets, sinks, water
coolers and all other items that will be present in
the finished premise. Also take into account areas
that will not require you to relocate cable(s).
Before any pre-wiring is performed, it is a good
idea to consult the building custodian or "on-site"
contractor. These individuals will help you under-
stand construction methods, feasible wall space,
location of water, gas, and sewer pipes as well as
electrical conduits before you begin. Often times,
especially during construction, numerous changes
are made by the customer, building inspectors, or
architects which are not indicated on your prints.
These changes will assist you in locating hollow
walls, drop ceiling space, or obstacles which would
create problems on the job site.
The symbol for telephones in architectual blue-
prints is the triangle "h, ." A "W" is inscribed in
triangle for a wall phone (&), or an "F" for
a floor duct outlet ( ,£ ). Generally, a desk outlet is
placed 12 inches above finished floor (AFF), or at
a height equal to the height of the electrical outlets
in the same room. A wall outlet is placed at approx-
imately 48 to 60 inches AFF, or at whatever height
the customer specifies. Fig. 1 shows an architectural
drawing of a typical office floor plan.
KNOW CABLE REQUIREMENTS
Building codes are being enforced more strict-
ly due to the increasing number of electrical fires,
especially in larger metropolitan areas. Therefore,
U
.0
ro
it is strongly encouraged that you learn the require-
ments of the building code before attempting any 45

12'-0"
4"
14'·4"
ELECTRIC BOX
RAILS
EXISTING I
SIDEWALk:~--l!t.=========-=====::::::lij
L __ ----~
Fig. 1. Architectural drawing of a typical office floor plan.
pre-wiring. Failure to observe the building codes can
result in fines for not only the contractor, but also
for the telephone vendor!
lA2 key telephone cable is approximately 5/8
inches in diameter. It is manufactured with a cable
sheath made of polyvinylchloride (PVC) for sustain-
ed wear. When burned or exposed to intense heat,
PVC is a very toxic chemical. When a building with
PVC cable burns, more deaths are attributed to the
inhalation of PVC fumes than to the fire itself! To
reduce the danger of toxic fumes, building codes
stipulate that telephone cable be installed through
metal conduits, as electrical wiring is installed;
however, telephone cable may not be installed in the
same conduit with electrical wire. If the building
code requires that PVC be installed in a separate con-
duit, it is important to discuss this matter with your
customer, since the customer must pay the expenses.
When installing PVC in a separate conduit, be sure
all conduits are "home run."
More and more telephone companies in
municipalities are installing fire retardant wire,
more commonly referred to as "Teflon" cable.
Teflon cable will not cause toxic fumes, but will
blacken when exposed to intense heat or flames.
Teflon cable is considerably more expensive than
PVC cable, but has advantages in overall cost
46 estimating and safety.
4"
10'-8" 12'-0"
12'-4"
I sometimes easy to drop string with a small weight
I attached to it behind the wall(s) and use the "hook"
I attach the cable to the string and pass it through the
- LINE OF ROOF
I wall. The hooker can be as simple as a modified
KEY
INSULATED WALL JJ!JJJJJfJJJlJL EXISTING
WALLS PROPOSED
ELECTRIC =e= SWITCH
ADD ELECTRIC ==e= DOORS 3'0" x6'-8"
TELEPHONE = D BATHROOM DOOR 2'6" x6'-8"
KNOW TOOLS FOR PRE-WIRING
The tools used in pre-wiring can be very in-
tricate and complex. But for the majority of on-site
pre-wiring, very basic tools will suffice. Listed below
are a few examples of the tools which a technician
should always have available.
Fish tape
Fish tape is a firm metal wire band used for
"fishing" through conduit or walls. It offers not only
strength in a forward or backward pull, but also flex-
ibility to bend with the frequent bends of conduit.
A length of 100 feet is adequate for the better than
average "pull," but longer lengths are available. The
fish tape is inserted in the conduit at one end, usual-
ly the end of the conduit that is in the same room
as the telephone, and passed along to the location
of the telephone equipment. A cable to be strung
is attached securely to the fish tape, taped well, and
pulled to the room. Slack is left at both ends for ter-
mination. If the cable is pre-connectorized, then the
process is reversed; the cable is pulled to the
telephone room. (See Fig. 2.)
Fish hook
Whenever cable is "free lance" behind walls to
the outlet below, it often fails to fall in line with the
outlet. It is often necessary to insert a metal wire
with a small "hook" at the end to catch the dang-
. .IJ?-stead of the pull string, several companies are
utIh~lng ~ co~cept called "jet string." (See Fig. 3.)
The Jet strIng IS a small tube which contains about
1000 ~eet of.very thin nylon string. At the top of the
t~be IS a clTcular (foam) attachment equal to the
dIameter of the conduit into which it is being in-
serted. T.he nylon s:tring is attached to the outlet box
or anythln~ that WIll prevent it from going through
the CO!ldUlt: Once the tube is inserted inside the
condu~t, a hIgh pressure hose is pressed against the
condUIt and a blast of compressed air sends the
nylon tube thro~gh to the other end of the conduit.
Then the ca1;>le IS attac~ed to the string and pulled
METAL
SPOOL FISH HOOK-SHOULD BE
through. Thl~ method IS quick and easy. The com-
TAPED BEFORE ponen~s of thIS. method are expensive and must be
INSERTING IN THE - -
CONDUIT
replenIshed WIth on-going use.
Fig. 2. Fish tape in carrying case.
ling wire and bring it out through the outlet. It is
FOAM ATTACHMENT (VARIES
WITH SIZE OF CONDUIT)
( '12"-2")
to snatch the string, pull it through the outlet, then
clothes hanger or ground wire.
TUBE
(1000' STRI NG
1-----1 INSIDE)
I- ----1 Accessories
$
This category can be as extensive as one im-
agines. With experience, the technician will deter-
mine ;rv~ich i~ems will serve best. A well-equipped
te~~nIClan WIll. carry certain items to make pre-
w.lrIng an easy Job. Such accessories include elec-
trIcal tape, pull string, outlet boxes, clamps and
hard~a~e. Outlet boxes are generally provided by
elect!IClanS; . ~owever, the technician may need to
prOVIde addItIonal outlet boxes, or provide outlet
boxes for the entire job.
Fig. 3. Jet string system.
Terms to Remember: (Write the definitions in your own words.)
"F," "W" and
Triangle (in blueprints)-.. ........ .......... ........ ................ .......... ......... ...................... ................ ........... ..
Teflon cable~.... ................. ............... .......... .
.. ........................................................................ .
....... ,,, ....................................... " " .......... " ........................................ .
Fish tape- ..................... ............... ................ .... .
m
c
Eco.
Fish hook- ........................................................................................ .
;g!"'
"'
J:::
Jet
o
u
15
41
Iii'
I
i
I;

Review questions:
1. Why should the installer review the customer's
I blueprints prior to starting the job?
3. Why are building codes enforced for telephone
wiring? What type of cable is used? When are con-
duits installed?
Use this space for your personal comments, observations and notes:

4. Briefly identify and describe the following:

2. What symbol is used to identify telephone locations
on prints or drawings? A. i£
B. Fish tape _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
C. Fish hook
D. Jet string _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
(Answers on page 79)

iJ2
OJ .. g
rr
.,.~

(] 8-
9.- ~
=rCD ill
J:::

& 0
CD u
"S- .D
OJ
'CD3
49
48
 _.

Chapter 7
Chapter 7 Outline I t Iii t r I
IIlIl

it

THE TYPICAL KSU INSTAllATION

• Block diagrams in mounting Objectives

• Mounting and layout After completing this chapter, the student will be able to:
• The main distribution frame
• The intermediate distribution frame 1. Describe the uses and limitations of block diagrams.
• The home run

• Mounting order for components 2. Describe the order in which the components of the KSU should be installed.
• Key service unit
• Feature block 3. Explain the meaning of and be able to use the color-coded backboards
• Station blocks supplied by various manufacturers.

• Color-coded backboards

• Handy tips for the installer

Preview questions: As you read, watch for the
answers to the following important questions:
1. What are the basic functions of the telephone
line pickup button?
2. What are the three important functions provid-
ed by the KTU?
3. What does the "home run" signify to the tele-
phone installer?
Once you have completed the pre-wiring for the
system, you are ready to install the Key Service Unit.
THE TYPICAL KSU INSTALLATION
Since there are many types of KSUs, this
manual will discuss in detail the components and
internal features of the KSU in Chapters 7, 8, 9 and
10, and illustrate an installation using "block
diagrams," to show the layout of the telephone
system on the backboard with the various connect-
ing blocks.
Block diagrams in mounting
Telephone manufacturers provide block dia-
grams for external intercoms, service observation
units, expansion units, and other components that
interrelate with 1A2 key telephone system. Each KSU
is packaged with an installation manual. The in-
stallation manual contains block diagrams that show
how the KSU relates to the stations and feature
blocks. It is important to review the entire contents
of the installation manual of any key service unit
before attempting to install it.
A note on block diagrams.
Block diagrams provide a very simple illustra-
tion of the relationship between the KSU and
the components of a telephone system. Sym-
bols in the diagram represent components; sim-
ple lines connect one component to another.
Block diagrams omit significant details, and
therefore should be used only to get a general
impression of the layout of a system.
Mounting and layout
If the wall you are to install the system on is
composed of building blocks or wallboard, you will
need to mount and secure a % inch plywood back-
board with the proper fasteners. This backboard will
become, and must support, the Main Distribution
Frame (MDF). The MDF will contain the KSU, the
various connecting blocks, brackets, distribution
posts/rings, and other supportive telephone com-
ponents (such as an amplifier). It is impQrtan_t
therefore, that you clearly determin~ tl1e prop?r sizg
of the backboard by familiari:~i!JKygurself with the
entire system . .. pFan your job carefully.
The MDF, or Main Distribution Frame, is the
central location where all the features of the KSU
are cross connected to the various station cables. The
MDF also will consist of all ancilliary units that sup-
port the entire telephone system. 51
 The Intermediate Distribution Frame (IDF) ,
serves as an "intermediate point" where additional
telephone sets are cross connected to avoid needless
long "Home Run" cable pulls to the MDF. The IDF
will usually be identical to the MDF in terminal
cross connections, but sometimes it will have only
line and intercom pickups. The IDF provides an in-
termediate location in addition to the MDF where
telephone sets can be connected (see Fig. 1).
1ST FLOOR 2ND FLOOR
~ ~
I
M ~ D in one hand and a marking pencil in the other. Once
D F
F Fig. 3. Connecting blocks.
~ secure. After you have mounted the KSU, begin to
~ D
FEEDER CABLE
~ = TELEPHONES
Fig. 1. Feeder cable connecting MOF and IOF.
"Home Run" as used here refers to a continuous
and direct cable pull from the KSU to a telephone
set. No splices or cross connections are permitted.
Generally, the first component mounted on the
@ @
65M1-50
KEY
SERVICE CO
UNIT BLOCK
backboard is the KSU. The components of the KSU
are the power supply, the interrupter, the KTU slots,
and the feature block, as described in Chapter 2.
Mounting order for components
The KSU must be mounted within six (6) feet
of the electrical source. Secure the KSU using either
#12 or #14 wood screws.
Most KSUs contain a template, a paper outline
depicting the actual size and location of the moun-
ting screw slots of the KSU. The template is provid-
ed as an aid to help you avoid juggling a heavy KSU
~
you have marked the location of screw slots, fasten
~
in your screws, then mount the KSU in place and
mount, with the proper planning, the feature and
station connecting block brackets, and distribution
posts (see Fig. 2). Connect your ground wire (size
#12) from the KSU power supply to the ground. It
is recommended that you turn the KSU on to per-
form a preliminary check of the voltage output from
the power supply terminal. If you find any fault, cor-
rect it or replace the unit immediately. If the voltage
output is acceptable, turn the power off and con-
tinue with the installation.
Feature blocks will be of the 66B4-25 or
66B3-50 type. You may use either block, so long
as you are familiar with the block's intended pur-
pose (see Chapter 2 for identification). The 66B3-50
type blocks are screwed in place with #8 1 % to 11/2
BACKBOARD LAYOUT
® ® @- DISTRIBUTION POST
56B425 55M 1-50 66M1-50 66M150
KSU STATION STATION MISC
BLOCK
BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK
inch screws, and do not require any mounting
brackets (Fig. 3).
Station blocks, called the 66Ml-50, are snapped
onto 8gB brackets. The bracket is there to provide
sufficient space for station cable to be passed
through the underside of the block and then to be
routed from either side of the station block to the
terminal connections. Screw size #8 or % inch may -
be used with the 8gB bracket.
The 66Ml-50 block serves to terminate all sta-
tion cables. This block is a split block; that is, there
are an equal number of terminal connections on
either side of the block, with no connection be-
tween. Connection from one side of the block to the
other can be provided with bridging clips. Bridg-
ing clips are metal contact clips that "bridge" the
connecting block clips, and thus extend the func-
tion of a row of terminal connections (see Fig. 4).
Bridging clips can save the installer time during in-
itial installation by saving cross connecting time.
They can also save troubleshooting time by allow-
ing the installer to quickly identify the location of
a problem by removing the bridging clip at the
suspected source. Whether your telephone is a 6,
10,20, 30 (or larger) unit, each side of one block will
terminate 25 pairs of wire. On an electronic tele-
Colormcoded backboards
A number of installation groups are utilizing
color-coded backboards equipped with the terminal
blocks, brackets, and distribution posts (see Figs.
Sand 6). There are several private manufacturers
who assemble various color-coded backboards for
the. initial backboard assembly layout. These are
avaIlable through various telecommunications
distributors. The color-coded boards show the in-
tended purpose of the cables and the components
they serve, so it's a good idea to become familiar
with them. The colors used on color-coded
backboards are:
Pink Feature Board. This board serves as the
point for cross connection between the
KSUs station cables and features (i.e.: TIR,
AlA: LG/L, Bl/Rl; see Chapter 2 for
definitions) .
Blue Station cable board. This board ter-
minates all station cables of every
telephone extension. It sometimes in-
cludes busy lamp fields and other com-
ponents which require cross connection
between the component and its unit.
Yellow Miscellaneous board. Usually tliis board
is associated with a dial select intercom
or ring matrix circuit.
Purple PBX board. This board is used to ter-
minate PBX extensions from the PBX
cabinet. Cross connection is made be-
tween the purple and blue boards.
White Distribution board. This board provides
sufficient spacing of the pink and purple
boards, with the blue boards below.
Distribution posts are attached to this
board for simplification of cross
connections.
KSU

phone system, several station cables may be ter-

66M1-50 66M1-50
minated on one block. Be sure to label your work
when you finish. r
20 IN
MODULE
I
I
AUX AND DIAL
INTERCOM
BACKBOARD
I
KEY TELEPHONE SYSTEMS
TERMINATIONS
LINE SERVICES
BACKBOARDS
(RED)
II
I
I
I

~
66-TYPE I I
(YELLOW)
CONNECTING
BLOCK ,BACKBOARDS I DISTRIBUTION'
I (WHITE) I I
STATION
BLOCK
STATION
BLOCK
Mise
I
I
I
I
I
:
CABLES I
I
eo 20 IN
MODULE I
I
I
FEED I I 6 FT
I I I

UI.-----'''''''''- D-R INGS

t-
20 IN
MODULE
CO/PBX LINES
BACKBOARDS
(GREEN)
I
I
I
I
- ----
KEY TELEPHONE SET
TERMINATIONS
BACKBOARDS

I
I
I
I
(BLUE)
-----1

I
I

I
I
I
I
I
I
Q)
c
o

~
I -§c
I I I Q)
I I I I ~
TO APPROVED I I ~ -1
£
GROUND GROUND LUG 12 IN. o
-\ u
-iii

52 Fig. 2. Typical backboard layout for the 1A2 system. Fig. 4. 66M1-50 with bridging clips. Fig. 5. Typical color coded backboard. 53
 Backboard color codes:
KSU Make it a "work of art"
BACKBOARDS (RED)
Remember, the telephone system you are install- Pink- ...
ing will remain in place for many years. It may be
BACKBOARD Blue- ....... .
(YELLOW) serviced by you or your fellow technicians. It will
remain as a reflection on your workmanship and Yellow- ...
your efforts as a job planner, and thus should be
regarded as a "work of art." Be sure to align your Purple- ..
BACKBOARDS components vertically as well as horizontally. It is
(GREEN) White-.......
5"
your work, and your customer is expecting a pro-
~
~-4~~H+~~++h+*H~.
fessional installation. Do it right the first time. See Orange-
the box below for additional suggestions.
Green- ................... ..

Il<t-q----BACKBOARDS (BLUE) ---~,I

Handy Ups for the installer
r,OTE THESE JUMPER PATTERNS
ALSO APPLY TO 88-TYPE
BLOCK CODE # Here are some handy tips to remember when Review questions:
WIRE BLOCKS 1-WHITE, DISTRIBUTION BOARD installing the KSU and related components.
2-BLUE, STATION CABLES
3-PINK, FEATURE BLOCKS 1. Identify and describe the following terms: 3. What function do the following color backboards
4-YELLOW, INTERCOM BOARD The interrupter: Some units require the in- MDF serve?
5-GREEN, UNDERGROUND CO CABLE
6-DEMARCATION BOARD staller to modify the interrupter to signal for 105 A. Pink E. White
or 18 VAC. IDF _____________________________ B. Blue F. Orange
Fig. 6. Typical color coded layout for demarcation board. C. Yellow G. Green
Surge protectors: It has become common prac- D. Purple
Orange Interface board. This board is provided tice in areas prone to lightning strikes to install Home Run _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
by the local telephone distribution force surge protectors at every installation. They are
as a demarcation point. Installed at the placed between the electrical outlet and the PIS Bridge Clips _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
time of initial installation, it contains the bne cord.
RJ connectors.
Green Outside/Underground cable (entrance) Lamp circuits: Terminate these lamp leads pro- 2. How much wall space is required for a typical lA2 4. What type of block is used for station cable? Why
CO Cable supplied by the Telephone perly to avoid problems in the system. KSU MDF? the need for the 8gB bracket?
Company.

(Answers on page 79)

RED BOARD WHITE BOARD

BLUE BOARD YELLOW BOARD
FEATURE BLOCK DISTRIBUTION BOARD
STATION CABLES MISCELLANEOUS BOARD

Terms to Remember: (Write the definitions in your own words.)

MDF-.....

IDF-

Bridge clips-

55
54

Chapter 8
Chapter 8 Outline I t Ilin t
DEVELOPING THE FEATURE BLOCK
• Avoid a tangle of wires and cross connections
• Consider mounting space After completing this chapter, the student will be able to:
• Plan for cross connection 1. Explain, in general terms, the installation procedure for the feature and
station blocks.
It Know the number of telephones now and later
2. Follow manufacturer's specific instructions for installing the feature and sta-
EXAMPLE OF FEATURE BLOCK INSTALLATION tion blocks.
• General steps 3. Identify the basic components of actual feature and station blocks.
• Manufacturer's instructions
Preview questions: As you read, watch for the
answers to the following important questions:
1. What is the order for mounting the feature and
station blocks?
2. Why should one carefully plan the feature block
installation?
DEVELOPING THE FEATURE BLOCK
The feature block is the connection block in the
KSU at which wiring pairs from the central office
terminate, and from which internal functions of the
interrupter and KTU are brought out. Cross connec-
tions are made from the feature block to one or more
station blocks.
The main thing to avoid in any installation is
poor housekeeping. Telephone wires, cables, and
cross connect wires can become a maze of confu-
sian, especially for a new technician.
Avoid a tangle of wires and cross connections
One way to avoid a tangle of wires is to avoid
having any station cables enter the KSU. Most 1Az
KSU s provide the capability to terminate station
cables on the feature block within the cabinet. The
feature blocks have spare terminals for approximate-
ly five (5) station cables, for which cross connec-
tion is minimal for all but the intercom (ICM) (see
Fig. 1). But, let's say there are more than five sta-
tion cross connect terminations or even fewer than
"
t r I
Objectives
five! Can you imagine the mass of unterminated
wires just "hanging" within the KSU that could
possibly cause additional problems due to
carelessness? Can you imagine the amount of time
and frustration would be involved in straightening
out the cross connections, when the problem could
have been avoided from the very beginning?
Consider mounting space
Experienced telephone installers will mount
the KSU on the wall. Then, they will mount their
feature and station blocks according to the amount
of space they have to work with. Since there is no
restriction on the exact location of these blocks, the
location is up to the installer. However the E66-type
should precede or mount above the 66Ml-50 (sta-
tion) blocks when cross connecting.
Plan for cross connections
It is important to develop your "feature block"
set-up in the exact manner in which you intend to
cross connect. The vital functions of each working
button (i.e., T/R, A/Al, LG/L) on the key telephone
are important, but so is the manner in which the
COT/COR enters the system, whether directly into
the KSU or throughthe feature blocks.
Know the number of telephones now and later
The key to developing the feature block(s) is
to know how many telephones there will be in the
system initially and how many may be added later.
Since future growth is very difficult to predict, be
generous when making provisions for it. 57
 CABLE 6.
(

KSU BLOCK
FEATURE BLOCK KSU CABLE 6.
, CO/LINE
25-PAIR BLOCK WIRE COLOR
CABLE ~ COT WH-BL
FROM "RJ" DEMARCATION
JACK r--25 PAIR CABLE FROM KSU PUNCHED CABLE 6
(
COR
T
BL-WH
WH-OR
I DOWN ON THIS LINE OF TERMINALS STATION R
1 OR-WH
BLOCK 1 A WH-GN
Ai GN-WH
LG
STATION TIP
STATION RING 1
==
== ==
== POWER CORD
L
RG (B1)
WH-BN
BN-WH
== == WH-SL

LAM~ ===i RC (R1)

LINE #1
==
== ==
== COT
SL-WH
RD-BL
GND
LAMP L ==
== ==
==
JUMPERS COR
T
BL-RD
RD-OR
COMMON AUDIBLE ==
== ==
==
KSU
2 2
R
A
OR-RD
RD-GN
==
== ==
==
Ai
LG
GN-Ro
Ro-GN
==
== ==
==
L
RG (B1)
BN-Ro
Ro-SL

LINE #2
==
== ==
==
RC (R1)
COT
SL-RD

==
== ==
== CO/PBX LINES POWER CORD ....- - - - - - -_ _ _ _ _~
COR
T
BKBL
BLBK
==
== ==
== INDIVIDUAL CABLES TO STATIONS
3 3
R
A
BK-OR
OR-BK

==
== ==
== ~~u~· Block diagram showing relationship of telephones terminating within
Ai
LG
BK-GN
GN-BK

==
== ==
==
L
RG (B1)
BK-BN
BN-BK
BK-SL
==
== ==
==
RC (R1) SL-BK

== == 3. Decide whether you want the CO lines COT YL-BL

LINE #3
==
== ==
== from the interface (RJ) demarcatio~ COR
T
BL-YL
YL-OR
== == Jack, to terminate within the KSU or on 4
R OR-YL I
==
== ==
== the fe~ture bl~ck. (For our example, the
4 A
Ai
YL-GN
GN-YL
== == CO wIll termInate within the KSU.) LG YL-BN
==
== ==
== 4. Terminate the feeder cable coming from
L
RG (B1)
BN-YL
YL-SL
==
== ==
== the feature block as indicated on the
RC (R1)
COT
SL-YL
VI-BL
== == feature block within the KSU. It is im- COR BL-VI
LINE #4 ==
== ==
== portant that you follow your color code T
R
VI-OR
OR-VI
==
== ==
==
e.xactly as you wish the cross connec-
tIon to appear on the feature block you
5 5 A
Ai
VI-GN
GN-VI

COMMON AUDIBLE
==
== ==
== are designing.
LG
L
VI-BN
BN-VI
==
== ==
== 5. Modify your KSU for ICM and CO
RG (B1)
RC (R1)
VISL
SL-VI
==
== ==
==
signaling.
==
== ==
==
Fig. 3. Illustration of KSU block and 25 pair block.

LINE #5 ==
== ==
==
Feature Block - 'A' leads:
== == Do no~ reverse or cross the W leads when cross-
==
== ==
== connectIng or they will not work.
Manufacturer's instructions
COMMON AUDIBLE
==
== ==
== lamp Circuit: . At this point refer to the Manufacturer's installa-
== == Termina~e these lamp leads properly to avoid
tIon manual. You are ready to cross connect from
your feature block to the station connection blocks
problems In the system, (such as dim lights). (66Ml-50), assuming that these blocks have station
Fig. 1. Typical KSU feature block showing relationship of station block (cross connection).
cable already terminated.

The purpose of carefully planning the feature cable ... no exceptions! Since there are several
block is to avoid a mass of wires, cables, and cross manufacturers of 1A2 KSUs, the installation manual
connections within the KSU. All wires should be included with each KSU will give you an example Terms to Remember: (Review terms mentioned in this chapter that have been defined in earlier chapters.)
terminated on a connecting block. to follow in the form of a "block diagram" (see Feature
Chapter 6).
EXAMPLE OF FEATURE BLOCK INSTALLATION General steps
Once you have mounted the KSU on the wall, Follow these step s: Connecting block-
............... ,,, ...... ,,.,,,, ..... " ..... .
mount the feature blocks so as to make best use of 1. Mount the KSU and feature blocks.
the space provided (see Fig. 2). The example below Remember to consider the number of
will help you conceptualize this point. It is impor- telephone stations in your system for Cross connect-,
tant to realize that you are the engineer, the designer, cross connection purposes. One ter-
and technician who must face this installation upon minal per telephone.
completion and know what you did. 2. Terminate one 25 pair cable from top
All cable connection between the KSU and the to bottom on the 66B4-25 type block.
58 feature blocks are made with the, standard 25 pair Cable color codes are shown in Fig. 3.
59
 Review questions:
1. Why is good housekeeping important on any tele- 4. Referring to the illustration in Fig. 1, describe the
phone installation? following:
COT ____________ A,A1 Use this space for your personal comments, observations and notes:
LG _________________
COR
T_________________ L
R_________________ RG
2. What purpose does the feature block serve? How RC _________________
A
many should be installed per installation?
Mark which pairs are cross connected to the tele-
phone instrument?

3. What' 'vital" functions does the KSU feature block

provide? 5. Why is it important to review the manufacturers
block and wiring installation manual before any
installation?

(Answers on page 79)

~
~
OJ
0-
0 Q
00
Q.
~
S' oo
CD .c
<D' 0
m
u
"B- -g
g
CD

60 61

Chapter 9
Chapter 9 Outline I t
THE STANDARD INTERCOM (ICM)
4» Sizes and expansion' Objectives
• Functions After completing this chapter, the student will be able to:
FEATURES OF THE ICM 1. Explain the function of the ICM.
.. Station signaling 2. Install and cross-connect a typicallCM (using manufacturer's instructions
for specific features).
• Installation of the ICM unit
iii A battery
II B battery
CD Audible signal
Preview questions: As you read, watch for the
answers to the following important questions:
1. What are the three standard extension capacities
for the standard dial select IeM?
2. What functions of the ordinary telephone line
does the IeM share?
3. How many leads does the IeM buzzer need?
4. How many leads does the IeM key use?
THE STANDARD INTERCOM (leM)
In this chapter, we will examine a typical ex-
ternal IeM and explain the methods of cross con-
necting and power connections.
Sizes and expansion
The standard IeM comes in three basic sizes:
10, 19, and 37 station capacity. Most of these units
are sealed by the manufacturer, so it is not possible
to make internal adjustments or modifications.
However, station expansion beyond the 37 station
unit may be possible by installing an expansion unit
made by the manufacturer of the IeM. Each inter-
com unit provides only one path (link); that is, on-
ly one conversation can take place on the IeM while
it is in use. More advanced ICMs have multi-path
intercoms, which become necessary in large offices.
While the reM is in use, other parties may either
choose to join in, or accidentally cut into an already
"
established link and hang up. (Most, if not all elec-
tronic telephone systems incorporate multi-path in-
tercom links.) In a multi-path IeM, there may be
from 2 to 10 links. Multiple links are needed to
satisfy the increasing need for interoffice commu-
nication.
Functions
When the IeM is connected and is operating
in conjunction with an available key button on the
telephone set, the characteristics of the ICM resem-
ble the functions of any other telephone line. The
familiar T/R is present, because it is the "talk path"
between stations. Therefore, all ICM units will have
the T/R feature present. When the reM button is
pressed, the button illuminates; therefore, the LG/L
termination is present. When an intercom station
is signaled, there is an audible signal, whether it
is a bell, buzzer, strobe light or gong. However, the
function that is not needed is the A/Allead, which
we found so necessary as the control lead of the 1A2
telephone. This function is provided by the T/R
leads. Upon seizure of the ICM, a detection device
within the reM automatically senses the T/R and
triggers the LG/L circuit, to put it in simple terms.
Therefore, the typical cross connection to the
telephone set from the reM feature block will look
like this:
leM Unit Telephone Set
T T
R R
LG LG
L L 63
 Note: The telephone WIrIng diagram is
necessary when cross connecting.
Remember, no A leads are con-
nected and these terminals are not
used on the intercom button on the
telephone set.
FEATURES OF THE ICM
Station signaling
The type of station signaling must be determin-
ed and agreed upon with the customer before you
connect. Bells, buzzers, lights, etc. will all function
if the correct voltage is provided to the rCM unit.
The most common arrangement is to have stations
buzz on the intercom calls. Therefore, you must in-
stall buzzers on each telephone. This also means that
you must connect the buzzer leads to a spare set of
leads within the station and cross connect at the sta-
tion block. The buzzer has two leads, one for power
and the other for ground. Experienced technicians
will use only one lead for signal operation, and
ground the second lead of the buzzer to the com-
mon ground within the set instead of using two
leads.
The station signal leads are provided from the
ICMs feature block and usually represent two digit
codes starting with 10. However, a few ICMs will
begin the signaling codes from a single digit and
continue to two digits.
The main (receptionist) telephone should be
given a very common digit, such as "0" or "10." The
receptionist telephone is the main operator in the
system.
Terms to Remember: (Write the definitions in your own words.)
Station signaling- ....... .
B battery- ...................... .
Audible
Lamp
OJ
cr
()
Q.
64
Installation of the ICM unit
Since the reM is a separate unit, power or Review questions:
voltage must be cross connected from the PIS within
1. What function does the intercom serve? 5. Describe the following terms:
the KSU to operate the lamp, signal, and internal
circuits of the reM. A Battery
Generally, there are four sources of voltage for
the rCM: A Battery, B Battery, the audible signal, B Battery
2. Describe the term "link."
and lamp supply.
A Battery: ''A Battery" is actually -24 volts of A udible signal
DC. It is "filtered" 24 volts, meaning that it contains
no humming noise when in use. The A battery is 3. W!:tat are the necessary cross connect terminals re- Lamp battery
used for the actual Talk Path from one station to qUlred from the IeM feature block to the station block?
another.
6. Is a lead control required for the IeM function? Why?
B Battery: "B Battery" is actually -24 volLs of
DC, but it is non-filtered voltage. The non-filtered
voltage produces a constant hum. It is used only for 4. VYhat button or key is reserved for the intercom func-
the operation of the electronic circuitry of the IeM tlon on key telephones? 7. Where does the IeM unit receive its power?
unit. In the event that the B Battery becomes totally
inoperative within the KSUs PIS, A Battery may be
substituted. However, B Battery cannot be (Answers on page 79)
substituted for A Battery.
Audible signal: It is up to the customer to
choose the type of ''Audible Signal." Even though
we call it audible signal, it can be any source of
signaling to that station (bells, buzzers, strobe lights
or gongs). Whatever method is chosen, the voltage
to that device must be constant. For example, if 105
volts for bells is chosen, every signaling device must
operate on 105 volts. The customer may want bells
to ring on the telephones, but want only one or two
telephones to "buzz" on rCM calls. In such in-
stances, you would need to install high voltage
buzzers to the stations that were to buzz.
Lamp Battery (LB) is always 10 VAC.
65
 Chapter 10
Chapter 10 Outline
eti

DEFINITION OF CROSS CONNECTION

Objectives
• last task of installer
After completing this chapter, the student will be able to:
• Comparable to algebraic equation
1. Explain the theory and function of cross connection.
METHOD OF CROSS CONNECTION
2. Complete basic cross connection for both the telephone lines and
GIl Connecting between feature and station blocks intercoms.

• Common Audible (CA) exception 3. Demonstrate by proper connection the meaning of the color codes for the
jumper wire, the 2S-pair cross-connect cable and the universal color coding
WIRE FOR CROSS CONNECTION system.

" Copper wire preferred

" Color-coded wire

• Importance of loops

CABLE FOR CROSS CONNECTION Preview questions: As you read, watch for the
answers to the following important questions: an equation in which everything on the left of the
equal sign must equal everything on the right. In
• Twenty-five pair cable the key system, the cross connections are the equal
1. How is cross connection like an algebraic equa-
tion? sign. They connect a given number of KSU sand
• The cable color code features to an equivalent number of buttons and
2. What one rule of cross connection is most im- other devices on the station blocks. The number on
portant to remember? one side must always be equal to the number on
the other side. Fig. 1.
3. What type of wire is most used for telephone
networking?
FEATURE STATION
BLOCK BLOCK
TELEPHONE
DEFINITION OF A CROSS CONNECTION
Cross connection is the process of connecting KSU
a function of one circuit to another circuit. In a suc-
cessful cross connection, both telephone and key
service unit (KSU) will perform their intended
purpose.
25-PAIR CABLE

last task of installer CROSS CONNECT

Cross .connection is performed after the KSU
has been mounted, all station cables have been ter-
minated on the station blocks, intercom units have
been mounted on the backboards, and all station
cable ends have been terminated with the proper
cable ends. Completing these tasks before cross con-
necting ensures that there are no loose wires that
will cause blown fuses within the power supply of
the KSU and that the installer may do the cross con-
nection with as few disruptions as possible.
Comparable to algebraic equation
The completed key system can be compared to
Fig. 1. Cross connection as equation.
The telephone in our system is cross connected
from the feature block of the KSU to a particular but-
ton on the telephone extension at the station block.
While cross connecting, it is important to have both
the telephone wiring aiagram and the feature block
description available for reference.
Three pair cross connect jumper wire is used
in this process. Three pair jumper wire is color cod-
ed to provide easy identification of each pair/circuit
for each key on the telephone (at the station block).
67
 Three pair jumper cross connect wire is color Connecting between feature and station blocks Common Audible (CA) exception code. Listed below are the types of jumper wire, their
coded as follows: It is important to realize that the incoming "T" The common audible is not usually cross con- color codes and their intended functions:
COLOR CODE ABBREV. DESIGNATION and "R" from the CO enters the KSU at predeter- nected to every telephone, since it provides the in-
mined terminals inside the KSU. However, there coming signal to activate a bell, chime, buzzer or WIRE TYPE COLOR CODE PURPOSE
White-Blue WBL Tip strobe light. Usually one telephone in the system
Blue-White BLW Ring
must be three pairs going to each button of the tele- RECIPROCAL (INVERSE)
ORGANIZATION
White-Orange WO A phone for each telephone number: T/R, A/A~ and is designated as the "receptionist" phone that will
Orange-White OW A1 LG/L. The CA pair does not necessarily cross con- signal for incoming calls. This will be discussed in Single Strain Blue, White Used to cross connect
White-Green WGN LG (Lamp Ground)
Green-White GNW L (Lamp) nect to each set; rather, it usually cross connects to more detail later. busy lamp field and
voltage connection to a
the pair of wires that will operate the system's signal- The process of cross connecting T/R, A/Al and telephone Buzzer lead.
Generally, the installer will terminate one side ing device. Most technicians connect the ringer of LG/L is repeated over and over for every telephone One Pair White/Blue Used to cross connect Tip
of the cross connect wire on the respective position the receptionist's phone to ring; but this may vary, station block in the system receiving a particular Blue/White or and Ring only or Buzzer
on the feature block (T-R, A-Al, LG-L) then string the Yellow/Blue
depending on the needs of the customer. The ring telephone number from the feature block of the KSU BluelYellow
lead, voltage & ground
wire to a telephone, inter-
wire to the station block on the proper position for leads of most key telephones are the yellow/slate- (see Fig. 2). com u nit or extension bell.
the respective key, on the telephone, and terminate. slate/yellow pair. Although each lA2 Key Service Two Pair White/Blue Used to cross connect Tip
Unit provides the same basic functions and is There is one common audible circuit per line. Blue/White & Ring, and lamp/ground
METHOD OF CROSS CONNECTION organized basically in the same way, it is important Common audible is either connected to the other White/Orange lamp to each telephone for
Orange/White Intercom operation
Each active telephone number in the KSU go- to review the manufacturer's manual and become CAs before it is sent to the audible device, or it is
cross connected directly from a CA terminal to the Three Pair White/Blue
ing to a telephone line pick up key will be cross con- very familiar with the instructions for installation Blue/White
Used to cross connect
audible device. the KSU to the Tip/Ring,
nected with the features of the KSU. and cross connection. White/Orange A/A1, Lamp Ground/Lamp.
Orange/White
The CA leads are generally cross connected White/Green
from one terminal to another and then sent to, let's G reen/Wh ite
say, the ringer within the telephone. It is impor-
tant not to reverse the cross connect leads of the CA Three pair cross connect jumper wire is used
_ _ _ DISTRIBUTION POSTS _________
since reversing the leads will cause damage to the throughout the telephone industry for virtually all
KSU BLOCK
(FEATURE BLOCK)
STATION
BLOCK
power supply. types of 1A2 telephone systems. If the installation
Depending on the signaling devices, it is im- only requires the first two pairs of the cross connect
WHT/BLUE == == portant that the technician modify the interrupter wire, then the installer would cross connect the
BLUElWHT == ==
WHT/ORANGE f-----IA == == or power supply of the CA circuit to ensure that the WBL/BLW and WO/OW and eliminate the last pair
ORANG EIW HT f-----IA == == (WGN/GNW) from the twisted three pair jumper
WHT/GREEN f----[J. == == device will work. For example, small buzzers operate
0= == wire strain.
GREENIWHT·/ '-----tl~.
== == on voltages between 10 and 105 volts AC. If for some
== == reason a DC voltage buzzer were installed, the buzzer
== == Importance of loops
== =0 would not work in this circuit or improper voltage When cross connecting between the KSU,
== ==
== == for the buzzer. In the box below, you will find one feature, and station blocks, it is important to allow
== == additional important tip.
== == a small loop at the block. The reason for this is sim-
== == pIe: it permits slack in the cross connect wire to
== ==
== == assist in troubleshooting the direction of cross con-
== == Remember, only one cross-connect per wire ter-
== == minal. Plan your installation carefully to allow nect wire at the Main Distribution Frame (MDF).
== == Remember, there will be several strains of cross con-
== == for additional extensions.
== == nect wire going in every direction at the MDF. If
== ==
== == slack is provided, it will make searching for the
== ==
== == WIRE FOR CROSS CONNECTION other end of the wire a lot easier. Note that this loop
== == in the cross connect wire will only appear at the sta-
== == Cross connecting uses jumper wire. The jumper
== == tion cable end, not at the feature block of the KSU
== == wire comes in several types. Which type is used for or intercom (ICM).
== == an installation depends upon its use. Cross connect
== ==
== == (jumper) wire is available in single strain, one pair, CABLE FOR CROSS CONNECTION
== ==
==
Cl Cl ==
Cl Cl two pair, or three pair strains from a roll that is 25-pair cable
== == usually 500 feet in length.
== == All lA2 key telephone systems use 25-pair
== == Copper wire preferred cable pre-connectorized. Twenty-five pair cable is
== ==
== == Copper wire is used extensively throughout the available in lengths ranging from 5 to 200 feet, with
== ==
Cl Cl telephone network, not only within a system but na- cable connector ends. Otherwise, 25-pair cable is
= Cl
== == tionwide. The reason is simple: Copper is a good available on spools of 1000 feet without cable con-
== ==
== == conductor of electricity. The properties of copper nector ends. The technician must connect the con-
== == wires and cables far surpass the qualities of any nector ends to this type of cable using a cable con-
== ==
Cl = == other metallic substance. Other metals are not nector tool.
== ==
== ==
Cl Cl suitable for pressure type connections such as those Cable connectors are color coded either as
Cl =
== == used on the KSU and station blocks. "Blue" or "Red." Blue represents a male connec-
== ==
== == Color coded wire tor; red represents a felp,ale connector. Both a male
== == and a female connector are needed to join two ends
== == The cross connect wire is color coded so that
each strain is easily identified for cross connecting together. The telephone end of the cable is always
from the KSU feature block to the telephones. Keep a blue ended cable, while the cable from the sta- o
in mind that a pair (Tip and Ring, A and Al) con- tion block to the telephone is always red. Fig. 3. u
.D
cD

sists of two wires. Color coded wire is manufactured Most telephone companies/interconnects are
68 Fig. 2. Cross-connections from the feature block to the station block. RC strapping is provided by the installer in the field; RG straps are manufacturer provided. so that each pair has the reciprocal (inverse) color installing pre-connectorized cable for several 69

Fig. 3. Male, female connector cable ends of universal connector.
reasons. Although the cost of each cable is slightly
higher per foot, the time required to install the cable
and the number of installer errors are reduced
greatly.
Twenty-five pair cable is available in various
The cable color code
To avoid complications, a universal cable col- Terms to Remember: (Write the definitions in your own words.)
or code was designed using several colors. Memorize Reciprocal (inverse) color VV'-Ac:;-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
the color code, since it is the backbone of all
telephone installation, from lA2 Key to PBX.
The color code is simple and can be learned Jumper
in a very short period of time. There are five basic
colors: blue, orange, green, brown and slate. In ad-
dition, there are five groups of colors: white, red,
Male connectors (color)- ...
black, yellow and violet. By combining the basic
colors with each of the group colors, we get 25 dif-
ferent color combinations; enough to code a 25-pair
cable. The separate wires of each pair are identified Female connectors
by using the same colors in reverse. Following is the
color code for a 25-pair cable:
PAIR COLOR CODE ABBREVIATION

lengths, depending upon the key telephone station 1 White Blue/Blue White WBLlBLW Review questions:
that is being installed. For example, if either a six 2 White Orange/Orange White WO/OW
3 White Green/Green White WGN/GNW 1. VVhen is cross connection performed?
or ten button telephone is being installed, only one 4 White Brown/Brown White WBR/BRW
25-pair cable is needed because there is only one 5 White Slate/Slate White WSLlSLW
"tail" or connector corning from the telephone. 6 Red Blue/Blue Red RBLlBLR
7 Red Orange/Orange Red RO/OR
However, if a 20 or 3D-button telephone is being 8 Red Green/Green Red RGN/GNR
installed, there are additional cable connectors at 9 Red Brown/Brown Red RBR/BRR
2. What features does each telephone instrument re-
the end of the phone cable for additional 25-pair 10 Red Slate/Slate Red RSLlSLR quire from the feature block of the KSU?
cables. 11 Black Blue/Blue Black BKBLlBLBK
12 Black Orange/Orange Black BKO/OBK
Each 25-pair cable is referred to as a binder. If 13
14
Black Green/Green Black BKGN/GNBK
Black Brown/Brown Black BKBR/BRBK
there are two 25-pair cables within one sheath, there 15 Black Slate/Slate Black BKSLlSLBK 3. Describe the uses of each of the tvpes of cross con-
are now two binders enclosed under one sheath 16 Yellow Blue/Blue Yellow YBLIBLY nect (jumper) wire. Give color c·odes.
equal to 50 pairs with two connector ends. 17 Yellow Orange/Orange Yellow YO/OY A. Single _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
18 Yellow Green/G reen Yellow YGN/GNY
Six and ten-button telephones have only one 19 Yellow Brown/Brown Yellow YBR/BRY B. One pair _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 6. Identify the 16th pair tip and ring of a 25-pair cable.
connector end. Twenty, 30 and larger size 20 Yellow Slate/Slate Yellow YSLISLY
C. Two pair _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
telephone sets or units may have as many as six con- 21 Violet Blue/Blue Violet VBLlBLV
22 Violet Orange/Orange Violet VO/OV D. Three pair _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
nector ends, depending on the type of unit. 23 Violet Green/Green Violet VGN/GNV 7. What is the color of ring on lead 46?
24 Violet Brown/Brown Violet VBR/BRV
25 Violet Slate/Slate Violet VSLlSLV 4. What type of cable is used for station cabling? How
TYPE OF TELEPHONE NUMBER OF 25-PAIR CABLE(S) many binders are there in each cable? What is a
6, or 10 button 1 binder'? 8. Which lead is Brown Red?
20 button 2 In addition to numbering the pairs within a
30 button 3 cable, each wire is also labeled. This becomes very
important when working with wiring diagrams in 9. List the colors of the five groups along with the
which the prints indicate wire number 5 is to be ter- associated ring color codes
I=EMALE CONNECTOR minated on terminal number 19. The wires of the
5. List lhe complete color code. Assign each color cod- Groups Color codes
25-pair cable are numbered as follows: ed wire its respective wire number.
WIRE NUMBER COLOR CODE ABBREVIATION
1 Blue/White BLW
2 Orange/White OW
3 Green/White GNW
4 Brown/White BRW
5 Slate/White SLW

It is important to note that this numbering se- (Answers OIl page 79)
quence only involves half of the pair. That is, only
the primary colors are placed in numeri :::al sequence
until the first 25 wires, not pairs, are labeled. When
the first 25 wires are numbered, the sequence returns
to the top of the second half of the pair and con-
tinues with the next wire (WBL) being number 26.
See universal connector in Fig. 4.
Remember, if you are working with pairs of
wires, the color code of the paired wires is recipro-
25-PAIR
cal. If you are tracing a specific wire color, you must
CABLE know the wire number.
See standard 56-type block layout on page 82.
70 Fig. 4. Universal connector with 25-pair cable (50 wires). 71
 Chapter 11
Chapter 11 Outline
Ira
l1li III
l1li

What the wiring diagram shows

Objectives
let's review codes & colors
After completing this chapter, the student will be able to:
Don't overlook "notes"
1. Determine the wire numbering and color codes, terminal markings, com-
ponents and their relationship to the overall system function by reading
let's trace a circuit a wiring diagram.

For your information 2. Find and identify the circuits.

3. Identify wire pairs by color code and numbering scheme.

4. Use the wiring diagram to troubleshoot and repair system problems.

Preview questions: As you read, watch for the

answers to the following important questions:
1. What general information can a wiring diagram
provide?
2. What specific information can a wiring diagram
provide?
3. What are the major breakdowns shown on the
wiring diagram?
4. How can you use a wiring diagram to trace com-
ponent connections to appropriate terminations?
5. Are references on wiring diagrams further ex-
plained by tables or notes? Why are they impor-
tant?
6. How can you use wiring diagrams to avoid er-
rors and improper connections?
7. Can you trace circuits using wiring diagrams?
It is important that you become very familiar
with and understand wiring diagrams. Wiring dia-
grams are the road maps for technicians, depicting
not only the location of wires within a circuit, but
the relationship of one component to the other. They
are as important to a technician as aeronautical
charts are to a pilot.
What the wiring diagram shows
Wiring diagrams are, and should be, explicit,
showing color codes, wire numbering codes, ter-
minal markings, component identification and the
relationship of the component to the overall func-
tioning of the unit in the system.
All new, out-of-box components include wiring
diagrams for installation and troubleshooting pur-
poses. We highly recommend that for each new item
you install and/or maintain, you obtain and retain
the wiring diagram for future reference.
Let's examine a typical wiring diagram for a six-
button desk tone dial telephone set, description
code "2564." Generally there are two parts to a
telephone wiring diagram. Fig. 1 depicts the rela-
tionship of the major components within the set,
namely, the handset, terminal block and base. The
base is further broken down to show the network,
ringer, dial and hookswitch assembly. There may be
other minor components, for example the "ground
switch," however for our discussion, it will be omit-
ted since it's not important to us at this time.
The wiring diagram (Fig. 2, page 75) shows how
the integral line pick-up button, or keys, are inter-
nally wired and the connections made at the con-
necting block for cross connection. Further, ringer
leads, spare leads, special modifications, symbols
and references are made C,lll this portion for clearer
understanding. "
let's review codes and colors
As discussed in Chapter 10, wiring codes were
developed to enable technicians to identify the cir-
cuit. Pairs are color coded and numbered. For in-
stance, pair 1 is W/BI-BlIW; pair 2 is W/Or-OrlW, 73
 to replace the old dial with a new one. Often, techni- telephone into two parts with references made in-
cians make errors and misplace or terminate a wire dicating those wires connecting the "parts" together.
~---.---~:-=:-r--------------T------:-T-;;:;-I NOTES
HANDSET
H'OSET BASE TERM. BLOCK MfG. 1 CONTACT SEQUENCE on a different terminal. This diagram will assist you Also, the wiring diagrams show the units in the
CORD CORD REMOVING HANDSET RESTORING HANDSET
in determining the proper wire terminals either "normal" state, that is, no key buttons depressed and
NETWORK i RINGER : DIAL ~ SG
A d e CLOSES BEFORE c b
B. f 9 OPENS
~. ~ ~ ~LpOE~rSS BEFORE f 9
before you begin or while replacing the component. the receiver is on the cradle with the hookswitch
I~K IIE/W~~ARITY 0 g~0~ 2 SEE TABLE FOR CONNECTIONS
3 FOR RINGER CUT-OFF CONTROL BY CUSTOMER It's important that you read the "notes" section contacts in the normal open and/or closed position.
I SL (~EE NOTE 10) )R
0000
2R 3R 4R BEND STOP NEXT TO DETENT ON RINGER VOLUME CONTROL SO THAT
11 COMPLETELY CLEARS THE RIM OF THE RINGER FRAME THIS of the wiring diagram. The notes provide valuable See Note #1 on Fig. 1 for details of the contact
I St: RD ~ I IT 2T 3T 4T PROVIDES A FURTHER POSITION ON VOLUME CONTROL WHICH sequence.
RD 1. I 0 0 0 0 PREVENTS ARMATURE MOVEMHJTS information pertaining to circuit function, special
'lL .-1 ~
2H~3H
& 4 KEY FEATURI' DESIGNATIONS
H-HOLD
modifications, abbreviations to terms and other im- Let's trace a circuit
. . -"
RCVR \ C
,==="""1
I HOOKSWITCH 'OR-BK
IH
0000
1I L2 L3 L4
4H
P-PICK-UP
S-SIGNAL
P-CONVERTIBLE PICK-UP OR SIGNAL
portant facts. If you are replacing a defective com-
ponent, be sure you replace it with the identical
In Fig. 2, locate "TO LINE 1." Now find "T" which
is numbered as 26. Trace this circuit throughout the
( -fJ O>--~It--------;~:c--It-;:;SL'-';;_B~N ~ 0 0 0 Q Q 5 00* CONDUCTORS ARE TAPED AND STORED IN TELEPHONE
component. Occasionally, the manufacturer will diagram. For the purpose of our discussion, the con-
_ I J b SL-YL I 2 POS TERM ]., 6 PROVIDEM' WIRING WHEN THE BUZZER IS TO OPERATE ON 60
CYCLES AC. AND PROVIDE'N' WIRING WHEN THE BUZZER IS TO issue a new version of a dial (mechanical dial be- tacts are closed. You will note that this wire is iden-
I a I LG LG~LG LG OPERATE ON DC
RR I IB K 0 0 0 Q !- ___ - 7 NUMBERS SHOWN INDICATE TERMINAL NO O~J MOUNTING CORD ing replaced by an electronic type). The new dial tified as color code "WH-Bl:' and terminates on "IT"
O~G-N--tl~--~---I-= PICKUP ~~y CONNECTOR will have fewer wires and will have its own wiring
1'----<0
8 CONDUClOR COLORS BODY FiRST. TRACER SECOND
on the terminal board. Continue tracing thiSd
F/ I GN M ISH 2
9 BROKEN LINE INDICATES GROUNDING CIRCUIT FOR TELEPHm~ES WITH diagram with information on wiring termination. circuit until you come to this symbol:
-.:=---
Gil
IL---+--~W~H'--+---{~Y_--rISl"--'--B-'-"K"':9~
I
+ Sl=-RD f - l~-
IBL
---- - --
00
GND. SW. -l
34 OR 41 FEATURE
10 TO DISABLE THE POLARITY GUARD FEATURE RECONFIGURE THE DIAL
If, for some reason the diagram is missing, then call (Remember, contacts are closed.)
1
RO-Cl; 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ -1.
LG LG LH X
l:L
I
AS FOLLOWS
A. REMOVE THE OPTION CLIP FROM THE STORAGE (LOWER) NOTCH ON
the technical assist department of the manufacturer.
Continue through the contacts until this sym-
I. THE CIRCUIT BOARD AT THE REAR OF THE DIAL
R
, 0000 I, •• B PLACE CLIP IN THE POLARITY GUARD DISABLE NOTCH. (UPPER) The wiring diagram gives you pertinent infor- bol " ." appears on the line. This symbol represents
I
L WH
I
, II olili- ---'
J.,
I~ ~
w .: ___ _
r Jno ,.
I 9
11 IHE BUSY LAMP LEAD (SEPARATE WIRE) IS CONNECTED TO L1
12 BROWN LEAD CONNECTED TO DIAL STATIC SHIELD
mation on the key buttons, terminal board and lamp
circuit of the telephone. Again, note the references
a junction or merge where two or more wires are
joined. At this point, choose your direction. Note
/' - " EI dSL-GN Y:-. made at various points on the chart. It should be that in one direction, the "T" wire becomes com-

(Ftl-----"-'.BK'----t-----\~
I TABLE •
noted that both wiring diagrams are of the same mon to the other "T" wires of each key button. H you
I I
RI,..GER CONNECTIONS

RINGER O~ telephone (Figs. 1 and 2.) To make matters easier and trace this circuit in the other direction, you will see
II I ~~-
BuZZER LEAD

SL 8" RO understandable, a separation was made dividing the that it changes its color code and reference is made
RD
I I WHEN USED AS BRI()(;ED A K T R
E2
o I I SET ~INGER OR RINGER ON ANY liNE I WITH A K
WHEN USEO AS PRIVATE LINE ~C__
I I BUZZER NOT TO AP""AC=ITO=-R+--t--1
BE CUT OFF IN SET Coo.o.<ON SI(; OR OTHER usE [WITHOUT •
RT RR

I I CAPlL\CITOFI

+ TE RMINAL 01'\1 HE T WORK

TABLE C TEL

~
PICKUP-SIGN.~LLING CONVERSION BIAS SPRING TABLE B CODE GN-
C0,NVERT fROM LOCKING TO ~ON-LOCKING OR VICE-VERSA

or
C AND CHANGE LeADS AS fOLLOINS

NO. 0 r SIG. KEYS

NO or PRiVATE ANO KEY LEAOS
ADJUSTMENT
HIGH BIAS POSITiON
-- LOW BIAS POSITION
KIAI/KIA2 8USY LAMP' CONVERSION

2;~j:~~.~~~~ __~4-~~~~~~~~~~~~+=~~~~4-~~i-=~~-4--~4--+:-:~
NO.
PICKUP CONVERTED "RO" '~,~~~C~~~~~C~~NGI-Y-L_-.----r-'-SL-_r8~N-----i_ 130 (BA) 470 RINGER IS SHIPPED fROM
KEYS P u KEYS SIG KEY eN BN RD BK THE fACTORY WITH THE BIAS SPRING IN
[He HIGH BIAS POSITION THE RINGER IS NO
STATION IB N
ADJUSTtO TO RING AT 77 vall S AT 20
HZ IN THE HIGH BIAS POSITION ~SY l .... P
WITH
It- tt tt.jt It
fOR LOWER VOLTAGES AND 30 HZ RING- :tt
STATION IB l2 9 G TO N fG TO l Z L 2 TO L
ING. THE BIAS SPRING MAY REQUIR[
MOVING [0 THE LOIN BIAS POSITION BUSY LAOA

Fi 1 Wiring diagram of a typical 2564 key telephone, showing the relationship of the malor components Within the s~~. Not.e that the ringer section has
b;~n separated from the hookswitch section for clarity. Components in the same columns may not be so clear on all wiring diagrams.
TEUPMONE MOUNTING CO'lO I
Let's examine our 2564 telephone set more STRAP ON <n
TO GND FROM nCHANGE
CABlf TO KTU AND
etc. However, within the telephone set, pairs become closely through the use of the wiring diagram. OR OTHER TElEF'HONES
TO ~INE I TO L~NE 2 TO L~NE ! TO Ll'NE III TO LINE 5
separated and each individual wire must be iden- ~--~----~~----~--~r---~----~I'---
{
\(~--~----~

tified, not only by color code, but by a numbering Don't overlook "notes" a: t- c(.J a:

scheme: You will note, in Fig. 1, columns with headings.

Also, there is a section labeled "Notes" and several v
sections containing "tables" for references. In each ~ ~
Q:; Z Z x: zIX) --' 0 o
'"o, .. --' u:~
~ ~ ~ ~ o
.J
WIRE # COLOR CODE WIRE # COLOR CODE
-1 -;
I '"
I
0:
I ,
a: >- 0 ;0 SEE NOTE

column a component is classifie.d. ~ine.s are drawn ~ ~ ~ >= ~ x:

3J:
Z
C>
I:
~
Z :t
;0
r
;0
--' c-
o
o
i: ~ ~ ~ 7 I
tIl
'"
IX)

1
2
BI/W
Or/W
26
27
W/BI
W/Or fronl one component to the next IndIcatIng the re,la- I-
'" '"
0: "
if>
I-

'" ..
0:

I
tionship of that unit to the next, a~d the re~pect~~e
( HRMINAl
3 Gr/W 28 W/Gn 180ARD ON

29 W/Br r- j n[Y
4 Br/W color code and/or terminal markIng for IdentIfI- (~ ,
5 SI/W 30 W/SI Sl- RD I

cation. Yl I

If you were removing or replacing, let's say, a

eN
-BN
eN-OK
,
r - .J GNO S....ITtH

- - -.,
handset, you would look under the handset c?lumn, I

JJ~-
I
25 SIN 50 V/SI

The color codes now translate into a number-

locate four wires and trace them to the termInals of
the component to which they terminate: Note that
the receiver (RCVR) wires are both whIte, yet ter-
1- LJ-:_-
PI~~UP
0"
NETWOIlK

ing code that identifies e.ach wire in the 2~ pairs.

CONVERTIBLE - OR SIG .... AL

The first 25 pairs are the fust half of each pau, con- minate at a different point on the telephone. It
versely the next 25 wires are the reciprocal colors. should therefore be understood that it makes no dif-
ference as to which wire terminates at those points.
See connector layout on page 83. If there were a difference, then the manufacturer
would have so indicated so.
NOTE: DO NOT CONFUSE THE NUMBERING CODES "6
ON THE TERMINAL BOARDS OR NETWORK. THESE If you were troubleshoot.ing thi~ ~eleI?hone u
D

CODES ARE FORTHE PURPOSE OF IDENTIFYING TER- because of a custon1er complaInt of dIalIng Incor- '"
MINALS ONLY, NOT WIRES! Fig. 2. This portion of the wiring diagram provides all essential information relating to key buttons, terminal board, lamp circuits, and lines in the "normal"
74 rect telephone numbers, you would use this diagram state. Tracing trouble is greatly simplified with the wiring diagram. 75
 that it terminates on terminal "F" on the Network.
We have just traced the tip side of first line on the
telephone. You may trace the ring (R) side and see
that it takes a different route.
Whenever a key button is depressed and the
hookswitch is closed, the T and R as well as the A
leads and lamp circuits become activated. If, for
some reason, the light does not illuminate, and you
have already determined that the bulb is good, then
it is suggested that this wiring diagram be used to
troubleshoot the circuit.
Each key button can be modified to act as a but-
ton pad switch, that is, press down to activate the
circuit and release. The key button wilLspring back
to its nonnally open position. This typ(§ of circuit
modification is useful when the customer requires
to signal another extension. (See Table C for details.)
Use this space for your personal comments, observations and notes:
For you r information
The symbol for a lamp is @ . The lamp
ground circuit has multi-point terminals in the
telephone and is grounded within the telephone set
to a common ground terminal.
Whenever there is a dotted line, as indicated
P
with every switch 1J 1J this represents that all
three contacts move (open or close) at the same time.

Terms to Remember: (Write the definitions in your own words.)

Notes- ..

Tables-

T- ....

WH-BL- ....

11-.

Review questions

Colt
1. What purpose do wiring diagrams serve? 4. What do the following symbols represent?

2. What components are shown on a telephone wiring

diagram'?
A. B.

+
5. Why should the "Notes" on the wiring diagram be
3. Why should wiring diagrams be used when replac- read?
ing components? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

(Answers on page 79)

(j)

2
~
~
~ (j)
.c
~
0
~ U
D
en' m
CD
~
g
(j)
77
76
~R.~!
Chapter 5 (Review questions on page 43) Chapter 8 (ReView questions on page 60)
i\.• .
..• Answers to review questions 1. a. Plan the installation. 1. To avoid accidents and maintenance problems.
! b. Pre-wire. 2. To provide cross connection terminals for features from the
i;;
I c. Mount KSU. KSU to the station block. >

d. Install feature and station blocks. How many are installed depends upon the size of the
Chapter 1 (Review questions on page 11) Chapter 3 (Review questions on page 28) e. Install ICM.
:'1 system.
iii
1. a. Provide fOf incoming calls. f. Cross connect.
I,! 1. Need to provide improved, more efficient and low-cost g. Connect interface jack. 3. T/R In and out.
ji inter-office communication. b, Provide for outgoing calls. A/Al or A/A'.
c. Provide an audible signal. h. Check operation.
LG/L (Lamp ground and lamp).
2. a. User friendly. d. Permit placing call on "HOLD." 2. S9.uare system means all telephones will have the same line RG/RC (Common Audible).
II
b. Very flexible.
c. Shut down unnecessary for changes or modifications.
e. Provide a visual indication of line status.
2, No, the CO line telephone number should appear on the
pIck-ups and be differentiated only by a unique intercom
number. 4 . COT-Central Office Tip.
d. Relatively low cost. COR-Central Office Ring.
e. Can "grow" with needs. first line button of any lA2 key telephone, because a com- 3. To avoid vandalism, abuse and neglect. T - Tip going from KSU to station.
mon ground is wired from the first button to the othef key 4. The quantity, color and location of phones and the exact R-Ring going from KSU to station.
3. Early systems used regular switchboard keys, buttons. location of the KSU. A-Battery side of control leads.
4. a. Reduced installation and maintenance costs. 3. Handset-permits transmission and receiving of all calls. Al, A'-Ground side of control leads.
b. More reliable. 5. The location, accessibility, ground connection and securi-
Dial-provides pulses or tones to the central office, or, if ty of equipment. LG-Ground side of lamp circuit to station.
c. Modular, plug-in construction. used with an intercom, provides extension connection L-Voltage side of lamp circuit to station
5. Power supply. through the intercom KTU. RG-Ring Ground 1 .'
Feature block (or plug). Network-contains components to equalize the transmis- Chapter 6 (Review questions on page 48) RC-Ring Commonf Common Audible.
Key telephone units. sion of the handset and dial. 5. To clearly understand and conceptualize the installation
Interrupter. Base-secures all the components within the lA2 tele- 1. ~o insure proper location of telephone sets, and KSU in rela-
procedure and space required.
phone. tIon to doors, windows, cabinets, etc.
Hookswitch-contains a series of open or closed contacts. 2. A triangle.
Chapter 2 (Review questions on page 20) Operates when handset is lifted from or returned lo its Chapter 9 (Review questions on page 65)
3. For safety of the occupants in the event of a fire. PVC cabling
1, a. Interrupter-causes lamp wink and flash. cradle. can become very toxic.
Bell-provides an audible signal. 1. To provide inter- and intra-office communication.
b. Power supply-provides various ACIDC voltages neces- Cover-protects the internal components ofthe telephone. Teflon, or fire-retardant cabling is preferred over PVC
sary to operate the key telephone system. cabling for non-conduit telephone work. 2. Link-a path from one point to another.
c. KTU line slots-18-pin contacts that are designed to 4. To prevent sound traveling through the handset from Conduits are installed by an electrical contractor at the same 3. Tip, Ring, Lamp Ground, Lamp, Signal Leads. I
accommodate specialized KTU modules for paging, receiver to transmitter. time electric wiring is installed. 4. The last button on the key strip.
intercom, or the standard 400 type card. 5. The DTMF (Tone) dial. 4. a. iN:. ,-Wall telephone.
d. Feature block-the internal functions ofthe T/R, A/A', 5. A Battery- - 24 volts filtered DC. Used for talk battery.
6. To prevent people from dialing too fast, lhereby dial con- b. Fish tape-a thin but firm metal wire flexible to be B Battery- - 24 volts non-filtered DC. Used for slave vol-
LG/L that are cross connected to the telephone. trolling the correct speed of pulses to the CO. passed through conduit to endure the stress of pushing tage/relay operation.
2. Voltage-described as the force that pushes electrons and pulling. Audible Signal-can range from 10 VAC to 105 VAC de-
7. Dual Tone Multi-Frequency.
through an electrical circuit. c. Fish hook-used to catch loose wire or string behind pending on audible/signal device installed.
Amperage-the amount of electricity flowing in a circuit walls, Lamp supply is always 10 VAC.
Resistance-impedes voltage. Chapter 4 (Review questions on page 38) d. Jet strin~-a,method of providing a nylon string through
Talk battery- - 24 VDC filtered voltage. condmt USlllg a tube equal to the width of the conduit. 6. No, this function, normally associated with the A-leads, is
Relay battery- - 24 VDC non-filtered. 1. To facilitate installation and maintenance, for'safety, and The tube is air blasted through the conduit to the other now operated through the ICMs TlRs sensing relays.
3. Fuses protect the electrical circuit from overloads, shorts, to improve efficiency. end. 7. From the KSU power supply or external power supply.
and ground. 2. Test set-also known as a "butt set." Serves to check for
4. COT -Central Office Tip (from demarkation point to KSU). dial tone, monitoring, also can check for polarity, Chapter 7 (Review questions on page 55) Chapter 10 (Review questions on page 71)
COR-Central Office Ring. grounds, shorts and voltage.
T - Tip - outgoing to station. Tone generator-provides an electronic warble to trace 1. MDF -Main Distribution Frame. Central wiring location for 1. ~fter KSU, feature, station blocks and station cables are
R-Ring - outgoing to station. wires from one end to the other. Can also provide visual cross connections. mstalled.
A/A '-Control leads which, when activated, cause the lamp indication of polarity and talk battery. IDF-Intermediate Distribution Frame. Serves as a secon- 2. T/R; A/Al, LG/L; RG/RC
circuit to operate. Impact tool-terminates 22-24 gauge wires on 66B type dary feature distribution point to avoid long home run
LG/L-Lamp circuit to light the lamps to indicate line in blocks without soldering. Also can be used to loop cable pulls. 3. a. Single-for busy lamp field, buzzer leads.
wires on terminals and for "Bix" type blocks. Home run-a direct cable run from the KSU or MDF to b. One pa~r-tip .and ring, voltage, ground leads.
use. c. Two pan-for mtercom applications. Also for electronic
Bl/Rl-Term used to signify common audible circuit. Distribution post-when installed, provides as a guide for the telephone station location.
cross connect wiring. Bridge clips-provide metallic contact between terminals telephone systems.
5, Surge protectors protect from sudden surges in voltage. d. Three pair-for cross connecting from KSU to station key
3. Diagonal pliers, needle nose pliers, screw drivers, lamp on 66 type connecting blocks.
6. Tip and Ring, or dial tone-Dial tone is provided by the cen- bulb extractor, multi-meter, push drill, staple gun, sets.
2, It varies according to the size of the system.
tral office. These should always be carried for ease of repairing, 4. 25-pair; One; A binder consists of one 25-pair cable.
All lamp, signal, hold and other functions which rely upon troubleshooting and installing telephone equipment. 3. Pink-MDF.
Blue-Station cables. 5. See page 70!
electricity will not function without power.
4. 66B3-50-for intercoms, or for two feeder cables. Yellow-Miscellaneous/Intercom. 6. YBLIBLY,
66B4-25-for feature block from KSU. Purple-PBX extensions. 7. GNV (pair 1 & 2 are COT & COR).
66Ml-50-for two-station block cabling. White-Distribution.
66Ml-25-for one 25-pair cable for special applications. Orange-Demarcation/CO lines. 8. Ring of pair 9.
The 89B bracket is used to mount 66Ml-50 or 66Ml-25 type Green-CO cable. 9. Groups Color codes
blocks. 4. Blue. Because the 89B bracket provides adequate space for W BL
5. To provide guides for cross connect wire distribution, cable routing behind the 66Ml-50 blocks. R OR
BL GR
Y BR
V SL

Chapter 11 (ReView questions on page 76)

1. To provid~ a systematic rn,ethod of tracing wires within and
between ClrcUlts, and show the relationship of components.
2. Every component is shown.
3. To insure proper termination of wires.
4. a. Lamp.
b. A junction or merge of two or more wires.
c. A pick-up key contact. 79
78
5. To be aware of any modifications, special features. or
manufacturer recommendations.
 1 2
Table 1 STATION LAMP TROUBLES
Trouble/Complaint
No light on one pick-up key
at one station.
At one pick-up key.
No light one line, all key sets.
No lights 3 or 4 lines, all key sets.
Table 2 INCOMING CALL AND HOLD LAMP TROUBLES
Trouble/Complaint
No flashing lamp, one line, all
stations.
No flash on hold, all key sets
same line.
No flashing lamp, all lines, all
key sets.
No wink hold, all lines, all key
sets. See steps 2 thru 4.
Table 3 AUDIBLE SIGNALS INCOMING CALLS
Trouble/Complaint
No buzzer, all calls.
No buzzer, one line.
Table 4 CALL HOLDING TROUBLES
Trouble/Complaint
Can't hold one line, one key set.
Can't hold one line, all key sets.
Can't hold all lines, one key set.
80
rouble nalysis abies
Table 5 INCOMING & OUTGOING CALL TROUBLE
Trouble/Complaint Step Probable Cause Corrective Action
Step Probable Cause Corrective Action
No dial tone one line, one key Open TorR at station block. Repair line.
Open lamp. Replace lamp at pick-up key.
set. 2 Bad pick up key contact.
2 Open L or LG lead. Repair or use new lead. Clean and adjust key contacts.
3 Open T or R in mounting cord. Use spare lead. Replace cord.
3 Dirty contacts in key. Clean & adjust contacts.
Replace set.
4 Open lead in mounting cord. Find & use spare lead in cord-
Replace cord if possible. Must be con- No dial tone all lines, one key Bad receiver unit. Replace unit.
nector at both ends-Replace set. set. 2 Bad hand set cord. Replace cord.
KTU. Replace KTU. 3 Loose universal connector plug. Reset plug.
2 Open L or LG lead on block. Reterminate. L or LG lead. 4 Bad dial off normal contacts. Clean contacts or replace dial.
3 Blown fuse. Test & Replace fuse on KSU. 5 Pick up key contacts dirty or out of Clean contacts. Adjust contacts.
adjustment.
4 Bad slot on KSU. Change to spare slot.
6 Common T1-R1 open in telephone set. Check manufacturer's schematic of
Blown fuse on KSU. Replace fuse with one of same telephone set to locate T1-R1 trouble.
amperage rating.
No steady lamp one line, all KTU. Replace.
2 Check program card for proper seating. sets, wink hold OK.
3 Bad wiring on KSU. Check wiring. Use manufacturer
prints. Correct as necessary. No wink hold one line, all sets, 1 KTU. Replace.
4 Defective KSU Replace KSU. steady lamp OK. 2 Interrupter start lead. Check wiring on KSU.
3 Interrupter. Replace.
No lights any key set. Power supply. Check 10 VAC fuse-Test 1b VAC
output.
Step Probable Cause Corrective Action
2 Fuse on KSU. Replace.
1 KTU. Replace KTU. 3 Program card. Check seating.
2 Open L or LG lead on block. Test L&LG, Repair.
3 Program card not in slot or wrong pro- Correct as necessary. At times during conversation A or Ai lead going open causing false Question user about condition;
gram used. can't hear well and lamp starts hold when someone else tries to seize i.e., does light always stay on?
winking on line in use. line you are talking on because the Incoming or outgoing? Get story, then
4 Interrupter. Bad set of contacts. ReQlace inter- lamp goes out while you are talking. check for fault in KSU or system
rupter. wiring.
Power supply. Check for 110 VAC to power plant. 2 Check pick-up key and telephone set.
2 Fuse in power plant. Replace fuse. Goes on hold when hanging up Defective hook switch release sequence; Adjust hook-switch release sequence.
3 Interrupter. Replace interrupter. (false hold). ie., tiP & ring stay closed while A & Ai Telephone set print shows sequence.
leads open causing hold relay in KTU to Note: This condition occurs most fre-
4 Start lead for interrupter. Check manufacturer's wiring diagram
for start lead. operate. quently on 10 and 20 button sets.
No incoming calls but can call KTU. Replace.
out. 2 Wrong telephone number on line. Go to demarcation point and put test
set on known telephone number. Get
Step Probable Cause Corrective Action dial tone and call line in question.
When you hear ringing in test set,
1 Common buzzer. Replace or adjust. short tips and rings on demarcation
2 Open buzzer lead. Check feature block. block until you trip ringing correct
3 Interrupter. Replace. wiring.
4 Start lead. Check KSU wiring. No incoming calls but can call Central office problem. Use meter to test for 75 to 105 VAC
out. Line has correct telephone from CO. See step 2, but do not trip
KTU. Change KTU. number. ring. Just measure the AC from CO.
2 Not wired at station block to feature Wire as necessary. If low or no generator AC (ring), report
block. to repair service.
Note: Remember a ring cycle is 2
seconds of 75 to 105 VAC and 4
seconds silent - 48 VDC.
Step Probable Cause Corrective Action Get ring in the ear when an- Central office. Test line for silent trip battery - 48
swering incoming call. VDC. Call line in question. 00 not
Bad key contact. Clean and adjust key contacts. answer or trip ringing. Set meter to DC
2 Bad telephone set. Replace. and meas-ure - 48 VDC during silent
ring interval.
KTU. Replace KTU. Note 1: Remember a ring cycle is 2
2 Wiring. Check wiring. seconds of 75 to 105 VAC and 4
seconds of silent - 48 VDC trip
Hold key. Check operation of hold key and battery.
contacts. Note 2: AC going into your meter
while measuring DC will not hurt your
2 Line keys do not restore when hold key Check key release bar in telephone
meter.
released. set. Repair or replace set.
81
 Standard 56-type block layout showing colors and pin/wire numbers Connector layout with pin/wire numbers
(See page 70) (See page 74)

25-PAIR CABLE
RING (R) TIP (T)
SIDE SIDE

WIRE
66-type block with 25-pair
cable terminations
BASIC COLORS: BLUE
ORANGE
GREEN
BROWN
SLATE
TIP (T)
SIDE
I RING (Rj
SIDE
BLW-
OW - ' 2
;;!~
26 -WBL
27 -WO
OR WIRE GNW- 3 28 -WGN
PIN # COLOR
BRW- 4 29 -WBR
GROUP COLORS WHITE
WBL RED SLW - 5 30 -WSL
2
3
4
BLW
WO
OW
T CL
;::)
BLACK
YELLOW
VIOLET -BLW
5 WGN 0 -OW
0: WO - )Ii
6 GNW (CJ

7 WBR w
I-
EACH GROUP CONTAINS THE FIVE BASIC COLORS. WGN- Ii -GNW

8 BRW I
S THE BASIC COLOR IS ALWAYS THE RING (R) OF A PAIR.
WBR- II -BRW
FEMALE
9 WSL -SLW

t
WSL - t CONNECTOR
10 SLW
THE GROUP COLOR IS ALWAYS THE TIP (T) OF A PAIR
11 RBL
12 BLR
13 RO
14 OR CL
;::)
15 RGN 0
0:
16 GNR (CJ
0 MALE
17 RBR w CONNECTOR
0:
18 BRR
19 RSL
!i

+
BLV - 21 46 -VBL
SLR
20
21 BKBL
Distinguishing Tip from Ri"ng ov - 47 -VO
22 BLBK GNV-I 48 -VGN
23 BKO BRV- 49 -VBR
CL
24 OBK ::J SLV -
0 50 -VSL
25 BKGN 0:
(CJ
26 GNBK y: VBL- -BLV
27 BKBR - - GROUP COLOR
BRBK
st
---.J VO - -OV
28 OJ GROUP COLOR - -
VGN- 48 -GNV

+
29 BKSL
30 SLBK VBR- 49 -BRV
- - BASIC COLOR
31 YBL VSL - 50 -SLV
32 BLY BASIC COLOR - -
33 YO CL
34 OY ::J
0 - - GROUP COLOR
35 YGN 0:
(CJ GROUP COLOR - -
36 GNY S
37 YBR 9
BRY
---.J
w - - BASIC COLOR
38
>-

+
39 YSL BASIC COLOR - -
40 SLY
41 VBL
42 BLV 25-PAIR CABLE
43 VO CL
::J
44 OV 0
0:
45 VGN (CJ
46 GNV I-
w
---.J
47 VBR 0
48 BRV :> GO
NOTE: RING SIDE OF THE CABLE CONNECTORS #1 THRU #25.

~
C
OJ
0- 49 VSL L
o
n ALL BASIC COLORS .ARE LONGER COLOR SECTIONS. Q
8. 50 SLV GO
NOTE: EACH WIRE HAS TWO COLORS ON IT. IF THE GROUP COL- ~
if OR IS LONGER THAN THE WIRE IS THE TIP (T). IF THE BASIC TIP SIDE OF THE CABLE CONNECTORS #26 THRU #50. ill
.c
iii' COLOR IS LONGER THAN THE WIRE IS THE RING (R). ALL GROUP COLORS ARE LONGER COLOR SECTIONS. o
ro u
~ .0
OJ
§:
CD

REFER TO STANDARD BLOCK LAYOUT ON PAGE 80 FOR

82 REVIEW OF BASIC & GROUP COLORS. 83
 A battery 64 Feature block 10, 13, 16, 43, 57 Power Supply (PIS) 10, 13
AIA' or A/A1 control leads 16 17 58 Fish hook 46 Pre-wire 42, 46
AC 14 ' , Fish tape 46 Planning sheet 41
Amperage 14, 15 Fuses 14 Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX) 9
Answers 78 Private branch exchange 9
Audible signal 64 Grounding 16 Push drill 33

B battery 64 Hardware, telephone 35 Resistance 14. 15

Backboard layout 37 Hold 23 Ring common (battery) 16
Base 25 Home run 52 Ring ground (RC/RG) 16
Bell 25 Hookswitch 25 Ring, CO line 17
Block diagrams 51 Ringer 25
Blocks, 66 type 35 Rotary dial 25
Bridging clips 53 ICM 18, 63, 64
Building code 45 Impact tool 33
Intercoms 18, 43, 63 Screwdrivers 33
Button telephone types 27
Interface jack 43 Staple gun 34
Intermediate Distribution Frame (IDF) 52 Station blocks, 66M1-50 36
Cable color code 69 Interrupter 10, 13, 16, 54 Station identification codes 26
Cable requirements 45 Station signaling 64
Central Office Ring (COR) 16 Surge protectors 16, 54
Central Office Tip (COT) 16 Key Service Unit (KSU) 10, 13, 42, 51
Color-coded backboards 53 Key systems 9
Color coded wire 69 Key Telephone Unit (KTU) 10, 13 Telephone, 1A1 key 9
Color codes 27, 69 Telephone, 1A2 key 9, 13, 23
Lamp circuits 54 Telephone, 565 type 24
Common audible (CA/CA) 16, 18, 69
Lamp Ground/Lamp (LG/L) 16, 17, 58 Telephone 2565 type 24
Common audible battery and ground (B1/R1) 16, 18
Line slots 18 Test set 31
Components 16, 25
Cover and handset 25 Location, choosing 42 Three-digit codes 26
Loops 69 Tip/Ring (T/R) 16, 17
Cross connections 43, 67
Tone dial 26
Tone sender unit 31
DC 14 Main Distribution Frame 51 Tool case 34
Diagonal pliers 32 Mechanical tone dial 26 Tools 31
Dial 25 Mounting 42, 51 Troubleshooting I analysis charts 80, 81
Distribution posts and rings 36, 37 Multi-meter 34
Dual-Tone-Multi-Frequency (DTMF) 26 Volt-ohm meter 15
Needle nose pliers 32 Voltage 14, 15
Electrical principals 14 Network 25 Voltmeters 15
Electricity 14
Electronic tone dials 26 Ohm's Law 15 Wiring diagrams 73

84