Ship Design

Engineering Design Process

The Method of Engineering Design
Need

Revision

Concepts

Verification Modification

Decision

Manufacture
The Method of Engineering Design

• Identification of Design Problem

• Concept Design
• Verification - Evaluation
– Technical Analysis
– Economic Analysis
– Human Factors
– Legal Factors

• Decision
• Manufacture & Implementation
 Concept Design
• Psychology of Creativity
– Definition of Problem
– Gathering Relevant Data
– Period of Incubation
– Generation of Ideas
– Verification and Modification
 Technical Analysis
• Verification of fundamental correctness
• Prediction of performance
• Establishment of guidelines for detailed
analysis
• Determination of design details
• Mathematical or experimental analysis
• Optimization
 Economic Analysis
• Cost
• Value Value

• Price Cost

Margin

Optimum Effort
 Human Factors
• Anthropometric
• Ergonometric
• Physiological
• Psychological
 Legal Factors
• Standards and Codes
• Contracts and Agreements
• Liability
 The Ship Design Process
• Engineering design: synthesis of a product
with respect to broad set of conflicting
requirements
• Decisions are often made with insufficient
data, assumptions, estimations
• There is never a single approach to a problem
→ there is an acceptable solution balancing
all considerations
 The Ship Design Process
• Complex engineering system’s development raises a
dilemma:
creativity vs conservatism
• Principles of inventiveness in ship design:
– Innovation should come out at the right moment
– Failed inventions should not be forgotten→some of these may
deserve reconsideration
– Shipowners do not like inventions
– One major invention should be involved in a design at a time
– An invention to be accepted in ship production needs to be
reliable
– Inventions to be accepted by shipowners should offer
substantial economic profit to offset risk aversion
 Characteristics of Ship Design
• Multidisciplinary nature
• Iterative nature
• Multiplicity of solutions
• Multiplicity of objectives
• Boundedness
• Approximation
 Common Sense Rules in Ship Design
• Priorities vs compromises
• Ship’s primary function must be considered
whilst settling conflicts
• Design features that ensure success in
meeting the primary function must govern the
design
• Big items should be located first
• Major structural components should be
integrated to the general layout
 Ship Life Cycle
• Definition of Requirement
• Determination of Data and Constraints
• Concept Design
• Preliminary Design
• Contract Design
• Detail Design
• Production
• Tests and Trials
• Service Ship Design
• Scrapping Cycle
 Identification of Design Problem –
Setting Design Requirements
• Starting points→ ship type, speed, payload,
range, operating conditions
• Basic design requirements:
• The vessel must have sufficient buoyancy
• The vessel must be buildable and maintainable
• The vessel must have sufficient seaworthiness as per
operational requirements
• Safety must be established to minimize the chance of
damage from fire, explosion, storm, collision or
grounding. In case of damage, the ship should have
features to save it from destruction.
Identification of Design Problem –
Setting Design Requirements
• Ships must be self sustainable
• A ship must be controllable in terms of speed and
heading
• A ship must have reasonably comfortable
accommodation for the crew with acceptable noise,
vibration levels and climate control
 Dimensional Constraints
• May impose a limit on length, beam, draft and
air draft
• Constraints on length
– Dimension of canals, docks → rerouting
– Maneuvering in narrow waterways → bow truster
• Constraints on breadth
– Canal or dock limitations
– Shore ramp sizes for access in ferries
 Dimensional Constraints
• Draught limit
– Depth of water at low spring tides in the ports or
approach
– For large tankers → depth of the ocean
• Air draught limit
– Ship’s ability to pass under bridges spanning the
seaway which forms the part of the projected
route →folding or telescopic masts
Dimensional Constraints
 Environmental Conditions
• Wind and sea states in which a ship is required to
operate are major factors to be considered during
design
• For merchant ships, sea states are not mentioned in
specifications
– Class notations define the operability; 100A1 → ability to
trade worldwide in ice free waters
– Ships intended for trading in sheltered waters→ reduced
strength may be permitted by classification societies
• For warships, service ships and floating production
vessels, it is essential to define the wind and sea states
of operability
 Design Requirements for Merchant
Ships
• Fundamental aim of a merchant ship owner is to
make profit from the initial investment
• The shipowner may describe a new ship with
respect to certain capabilities:
– Payload: cargo deadweight, FEU, TEU
– Range: endurance at some speed and operating
profile→ % of time at that speed
– Speed: at a certain % of available power
– Loading features: self unloading, heavy lift, etc..
– Statutory & regulatory items: class, notation, flag state
requirements, IMO (SOLAS, MARPOL) , ILO
 Feasibility Considerations for
Merchant Ship Investment
• Trading pattern:
– May the ship serve on all ports on the route?
– Are transit times satisfactory?
• Speed of ship:
– Is the ship speed competitive with respect to the route?
• Ship dimensions:
– Is the design suitable for the ports and the amount of intended
cargo?
• Machinery:
– Has the most effective solution been chosen?
• Revenue producing capability:
– Cargo capacity compared to fuel, provisions…
 Design Requirements for Passenger
Ships
• Cargo ship requirements do apply to
passenger ships
• Passenger satisfaction has highest priority
– Low vibration levels
– Low noise levels
– High air quality
– Reduced motions
– High quality interior
Design Requirements for Warships
• Warships have complex operating patterns with no obvious
economic criteria
– Build cost is crucial
– Running cost has lesser priority
• Performance of a warship depends on the flawless
operation of numerous complex inter related systems
– Detection systems
– Ammunition systems
– Communication systems
– Propulsion system
• Perception is crucial in warship design
– A deterrent look needs to be provided
• Reduced radar signature must be provided
Design Requirements for Warships
• Main requirement for a warship is to be
survivable (avoid or withstand) in combat!!!
• Typical standard for survivability:
– The ship should be able to continue fighting after
one hit by an anti ship cruise missile of one ton
warhead
– The ship should survive two ascm hits or one
torpedo hit under the keel