Chapter09 File

Chapter 09
File
Dr. Lê Thanh Sach

Dr. Tran Tuan Anh
Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

Trung Tâm Kỹ Thuật Điện Toán 1
© 2016
Contents
 Why we need to use file?
 Model of a file
 File classification
 Mandatory operators
 Read and write a file
 Text file
 Read, write, read and write
 Binary file
 Read, write, read and write
 Functions for file processing
 Examples
 Conclusion
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Why we need to use file?
 When a program terminates execution, the associated data
variables will be cleared from the main memory (RAM) of
the computer.
 To prevent data loss when the program ends, the program needs to
save them as files to storage devices such as hard drives, CDs,
DVDs, etc.

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Model of a file
 A file is a sequence of data bytes, as shown in the figure,
ending with a special EOF
EOF (End Of File): is a special value, not identical to
any value of byte data.
EOF: The notation that the function reads the data
returns to indicate the end of the file.
 (In many system/complier EOF=-1)
… EOF
1 2 3 N
N bytes data in Model

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File classification
 Text file
 Readable and understandable by human
 Can open, read/change by some office programs like NOTEPAD.
 Binary file
 Created by some programming, Human cannot read and
understand directly by NOTEPAD
 Use for some specify programs.

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Mandatory operators
 (1) Declaration
 (2) Open
 Function: fopen, fgetc
 (3) Implement
 Read or/and write
 (4) Close
 Function: fclose,

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Mandatory operator
The marker of a file

1 2 3 N
… EOF
After open the file successfully, the marker will point to the first byte of the file

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Mandatory operator

1 2 3 N
… EOF
After reading 1 byte data, for example using: fgetc function

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Mandatory operator

1 2 3 N
… EOF
After one more byte

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Mandatory operator

1 2 3 N
… EOF
Read successfully N byte.
The next byte will return to EOF (-1)

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Text file: Read the file
Requirement
Input: text file

(readable)
Program: read the information

Program
from the file and save to the
buffer
Output: print to the

screen console

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Text file: Read
Idea
CH = Read a character
false
CH <> EOF
true
Save CH to buffer
CH = Read a character

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Text file: Read
(1) file pointer declaration
FILE* file_ptr = NULL;
Pointer to a file, a name
Data type: FILE

Defined in <stdio.h>
 Should include #include <stdio.h>
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Text file: Read
(2) Open file

file_ptr = fopen("test.txt", "r");
if(file_ptr == NULL){
perror(“opening Error: ");
system("pause");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
• Open file by using: fopen

• Name of the file: "test.txt”
• Open file for reading: ”r”  (read)
• Checking file_ptr is NULL or not
• = NULL cannot open file

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Text file: Read
(2) Open file
perror(“Error: ");
system("pause");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
"test.txt”: the program tries to find this file in the recent folder
which contains the cpp files, or in the directory of the PATH.
If we use the path, please use “\\” in stead of “\”; Because “\” is a
control character in string.
For instance: Using C:\\DATA\\Test.txt instead of: C:\DATA\Test.txt

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Text file: Read
(2) Open file - mode
Mode Description
r Only for reading
w For writing. If the file exists, the content will be removed.
a Open the existence file or create a new one, write the data at the end
of the file if it existed.
r+ Open the existence file to write or read. Do not create a new one if the
file does not exists.
w+ Open the existence file to write or read. Create a new one if it does not
exists.
a+ Open the existence file or create a new one, write the data at the end
of the file if it existed. Create a new one if it does not exists.

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Text file: Read
(3) Read all of the data in the file
void read_file(FILE* file_ptr, char* buffer){
int index = 0;
int ch = fgetc(file_ptr);
while(ch != EOF){
buffer[index] = ch;
ch = fgetc(file_ptr);
index += 1; CH = Read a character
}
buffer[index] = '\0'; CH <> EOF
false
}
true
fgetc: read a character Add CH to the buffer
CH = read a character
Suppose that the buffer size is large enough

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Text file: Read
void doc_tap_tin(FILE* file_ptr, char* buffer){
int index = 0;
while(ch != EOF){
if(index < MAX_LEN - 1){
buffer[index] = ch;
index += 1;
}
else break;
}
• Index lager than the size of
buffer[index] = '\0';
buffer: break
}
In the case we want to check the • Add the end index for the buffer
size of the buffer

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Text file: Read
 function fgetc:
 Input the pointer to the file
 Return the int data type
 If the return value is EOF:end of the file

 Else:
 fgetc return the character/value (maybe type casting to unsigned
char) (0, .., 255)

 Fgetc: set the marker at the next byte on the file to read the next
character.

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Text file: Read
(4) Close
• Close the file by using: fclose
fclose(file_ptr);
printf("%s", buffer);
• Print the buffer to the console

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Text file: read
An example program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define MAX_LEN 1024
int main(){
//Open file
perror(“Error: ");
system("pause");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
//Read file
char buffer[MAX_LEN];
In the
doc_tap_tin(file_ptr, buffer);
previous slide
//Close file
fclose(file_ptr);
printf("%s", buffer);
system("pause");
Trường Đại Họcreturn
Bách Khoa EXIT_SUCCESS; Lập trình C/C++
}
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Text file: read
Other functions
Function Description
fopen Open the process flow of a file
fclose Close the process flow of a file
fscanf Read the data type: char, int, float v.v. from the file.
fprintf Print the data type: char, int, float, v.v. to the file.
rewind Return the marker byte in the file to the beginning position to re-read
the file many times without re-open/re-close step.
fgets fgets (char* str, int num, FILE* stream)
Try to understand by your self
fputs Hàm fputs (const char* str, FILE* stream)
Try to understand by your self
All of the above function belong to stdio.h

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Text file: write
The progress is similar with reading
Step Read Write

(1) Declaration FILE *file_ptr FILE *file_ptr
(2) Open file_ptr = file_ptr =
fopen("test.txt", fopen("test.txt",
"r"); "w");
(4) Close fclose(file_ptr) fclose(file_ptr)
The difference is the step (3)

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Text file: write
Problem
 Suppose that we need to create a program to read and

write a file in the following format:
Nguyen Van A :9.8 , 7.2, 9.5

Tran Van B :4.0 , 5.3, 2.5
Phan Dinh C :8.7 , 7.9, 8.1
 Problem analysis:
 The content in a row: Name, 3 grade columns (real number). The
width of each column is fixed
 fprintf function have the same properties of printf (apply to write
the data to the file)  can use.

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Text file: write
Problem
 Problem analysis :
 Define the struct data type to manage the information of a student
typedef struct{
char name[20];
float math, physics, english;
} Student;

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Text file: write
Problem
 Problem analysis s:
 Declare the list of students:
Student list[] = {
{"Nguyen Van A", 9.8f, 7.2f, 9.5f},
{"Tran Van B", 4.0f, 5.3f, 2.5f},
{"Phan Dinh C", 8.7f, 7.9f, 8.1f},
};

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Text file: write
Problem
 Problem analysis:
 The main idea: scan each element in the list and write down to the
file.
for(int i=0; i< 3; i++){

fprintf(file_ptr, "%-15s:%-5.1f,%5.1f,%5.1f\n",
list[i].name,
list[i].math, list[i].physics, list[i].english);
}
file_ptr: file address

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Text file: write
Problem – An example
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define MAX_LEN 1024
typedef struct{
char name[20];
} Student;
int main(){
Student list[] = {
{"Nguyen Van A", 9.8f, 7.2f, 9.5f},
{"Tran Van B", 4.0f, 5.3f, 2.5f},
{"Phan Dinh C", 8.7f, 7.9f, 8.1f},
};

© 2016
Text file: write
Problem – An example
file_ptr = fopen("data.txt", "a");
perror(« Error: ");
system("pause");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
for(int i=0; i< 3; i++){
fprintf(file_ptr, "%-15s:%-5.1f,%5.1f,%5.1f\n",
list[i].name,
list[i].math, list[i].physics, list[i].english);
}
fclose(file_ptr);
system("pause");
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

© 2016
Formatted text file: read
Problem
Read the formatted text file
Nguyen Van A :9.8 , 7.2, 9.5

Tran Van B :4.0 , 5.3, 2.5
Phan Dinh C :8.7 , 7.9, 8.1

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Operations
int main(){
Student list[100];
int size = 0;
FILE* file_ptr = NULL; 1. Pointer File declaration

mo_tap_tin(&file_ptr, "data.txt"); 2. Open file
size = doc_du_lieu(file_ptr, list); 3. Read formatted file
dong_tap_tin(file_ptr); 4. Close file
in_du_lieu(list, size); 5. Print out
system("pause");
}

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Operations
Data type and function prototype
typedef struct{
char name[20];
} Student;
void mo_tap_tin(FILE** file_ptr, char tap_tin[]);

void dong_tap_tin(FILE* file_ptr);
bool doc_ten(FILE* file_ptr, char* name, char end_char);

bool doc_diem(FILE* file_ptr, float *math, float *physics, float *english);
bool xoa_xuong_hang(FILE* file_ptr);
int doc_du_lieu(FILE* file_ptr, Student list[]);
void in_du_lieu(Student list[], int size);

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Operations
Open file for reading
void mo_tap_tin(FILE** file_ptr, char tap_tin[]){

*file_ptr = fopen(tap_tin, "r");
if(*file_ptr == NULL){
system("pause");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}

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Operations
Open and close file (read)
void mo_tap_tin(FILE** file_ptr, char tap_tin[]){

*file_ptr = fopen(tap_tin, "r");
if(*file_ptr == NULL){
system("pause");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
void dong_tap_tin(FILE* file_ptr){

fclose(file_ptr);
}

© 2016
Operations
int doc_du_lieu(FILE* file_ptr, Student list[]){
int size =0;
bool doc_tiep = true;
while(doc_tiep){
doc_tiep = doc_ten(file_ptr, list[size].name, ':');
if(!doc_tiep) break;
doc_tiep = doc_diem(file_ptr,
&list[size].math,
&list[size].physics, &list[size].english);
doc_tiep = xoa_xuong_hang(file_ptr);
size += 1;
}//while
return size;
Reading progress
}
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Operations
bool doc_ten(FILE* file_ptr, char* name, char end_char){

int i = 0;
while((ch != ':') && (ch != EOF)){
name[i] = ch;
i += 1;
}
name[i] = '\0';
if(ch == EOF) return false;

else return true;
}

© 2016
Operations
bool doc_diem(FILE* file_ptr,

float *math, float *physics, float *english){
int num = fscanf(file_ptr, "%f , %f, %f",
math,
physics,
english);
if(num != 3) return false;
else return true;
}

© 2016
Operations
bool xoa_xuong_hang(FILE* file_ptr){

int ch;
while((ch != EOF) && (ch == '\n') ){
}
if(ch == EOF) return false;
else{
fseek(file_ptr, -1, SEEK_CUR);
return true;
}
}

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Operations
void in_du_lieu(Student list[], int size){

for(int i=0; i< size; i++){
printf("%-20s:%-5.1f,%5.1f,%5.1f\n",
list[i].name,
list[i].math,
list[i].physics,
list[i].english);
}
}

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Read and write a file
 Two main operators
 Write
 Read.
 Write
 Using library:
 For text file: fprintf, fputs
 For binary file: fwrite
 Writing operation is little bit easier than read.

 For text file: fprintf similar to printf:
 %s: for string, can set width,…
 %f: for number, can set the precision
 V.v

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 Write
 For binary file: fwrite.
 This function can describe the number or the size of each
element (the element maybe a struct or array)

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 Read
 Reading is often harder than writing
 A good reading function:
 Can work with many structures file (or when the structure of a
file is changed)
 With binary file:
 We do not know the length of the file
  So we need to read all of the element of the file (up to
EOF or reach the error)

 With text file:
 Depend on the structure

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Binary file: Read
Operation
int main(){
Student list[MAX_SIZE];
int size;
size = sinh_du_lieu_mau(list);
ghi_du_lieu(list, size, "stu_list.data");
in_du_lieu(list, size);
printf("\n\n");
system("pause");
}

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Binary file: Read
Operation
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
#define MAX_SIZE 100
typedef struct{
char name[20];
} Student;
int sinh_du_lieu_mau(Student *list);

void ghi_du_lieu(Student *list, int size, char* file);
void in_du_lieu(Student *list, int size);

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Binary file: Read
Operation
int sinh_du_lieu_mau(Student *list){

time_t t;
srand((unsigned int) time(&t));
for(char c='A'; c <= 'Z'; c++){
list[c - 'A'].name[0] = c;
list[c - 'A'].name[1] = '\0';
list[c - 'A'].math = ((float)rand()/RAND_MAX)*10;
list[c - 'A'].physics = ((float)rand()/RAND_MAX)*10;
list[c - 'A'].english = ((float)rand()/RAND_MAX)*10;
}
return ('Z' - 'A' + 1);
}

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Binary file: Read
Operation
void ghi_du_lieu(Student *list, int size, char* file){

file_ptr = fopen(file, "ab+");
if(file_ptr == NULL)
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
fwrite(list, sizeof(Student), size, file_ptr);

fclose(file_ptr);
}

© 2016
Binary file: Read
Operation
void in_du_lieu(Student *list, int size){

for(int i=0; i< size; i++){
printf("%-20s:%-5.1f,%-5.1f,%-5.1f\n",
list[i].name,
list[i].math,
list[i].physics,
list[i].english);
}
}

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Binary file: Read
Operation
Open file

file_ptr = fopen(file, "rb");
perror("Error in open file: ");
system("pause");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

© 2016
Binary file: Read
Operation
Read profiles
int c= 0;
int num = 0;
while(true){
num = fread(&list[c], sizeof(Student), 1, file_ptr);
if(num != 1){
break;
}
c++;
}
*size = c;

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Binary file: Read
Operation
Close file
fclose(file_ptr);

© 2016
Binary file: Read
Operation
void doc_du_lieu(Student *list, int *size, char* file){
file_ptr = fopen(file, "rb");
perror("Error in open file: ");
system("pause");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
int c= 0;
int num = 0;
while(true){
num = fread(&list[c], sizeof(Student), 1,
file_ptr);
if(num != 1){
break;
}
c++;
}
*size = c;
Trường Đại Họcfclose(file_ptr);
Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++
}
© 2016

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Chapter 09

Dr. Lê Thanh Sach

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

N bytes data in Model

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

 Use for some specify programs.

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

N bytes data in Model

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

N bytes data in Model

After reading 1 byte data, for example using: fgetc function

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

N bytes data in Model

After one more byte

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

N bytes data in Model

Read successfully N byte.

The next byte will return to EOF (-1)

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

Input: text file

Program: read the information

Output: print to the

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

FILE* file_ptr = NULL;

Pointer to a file, a name

Data type: FILE

FILE* file_ptr = NULL;

• Open file by using: fopen

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

For instance: Using C:\\DATA\\Test.txt instead of: C:\DATA\Test.txt

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

Suppose that the buffer size is large enough

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

 If the return value is EOF:end of the file

char) (0, .., 255)

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

• Print the buffer to the console

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

Step Read Write

(4) Close fclose(file_ptr) fclose(file_ptr)

The difference is the step (3)

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

 Suppose that we need to create a program to read and

Nguyen Van A :9.8 , 7.2, 9.5

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

for(int i=0; i< 3; i++){

file_ptr: file address

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

Read the formatted text file

Nguyen Van A :9.8 , 7.2, 9.5

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

FILE* file_ptr = NULL; 1. Pointer File declaration

Trường Đại Học Bách Khoa Lập trình C/C++

void ghi_du_lieu(Student list, int size, char file){