Assignment #: CS Assignment #01

Name: Muhammad Qadeer

Reg #: 21-NTU-AM-1169

Semester: 3rd

Department: Clothing (AM-B)

Date of submission October 7, 2022

Submitted to: Mr. Muhammad Nouman

NATIONAL TEXTILE UNIVERSITY FSD

1 | CS assignment #01
 Contents
Memory: .................................................................................................... 2
➢ Bytes and Addressable Memory .................................................... 2
➢ Types of Memory........................................................................... 3
➢ RAM............................................................................................... 3
➢ ROM .............................................................................................. 3
➢ Cache ............................................................................................. 3
➢ Flash Memory ................................................................................ 3
➢ CMOS............................................................................................. 3
➢ Memory Access Times ................................................................... 4
Adapters: ................................................................................................... 4
➢ Adapter Cards ................................................................................ 4
➢ USB Adapters ................................................................................. 4
➢ Buses ............................................................................................. 4
➢ Types of Buses ............................................................................... 4
➢ Power Supply and Batteries ........................................................... 4

Memory:
In computing, memory is a device or system that is used to store
information for immediate use in a computer or related computer hardware
and digital electronic devices.
Memory refers to the location of short-term data, while storage refers to
the location of data stored on a long-term basis. Memory is most often
referred to as the primary storage on a computer, such as RAM. Memory is
also where information is processed. It enables users to access data that is
stored for a short time.

➢ Bytes and Addressable Memory

Byte
A byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of
eight bits. Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a
single character of text in a computer and for this reason, it is the smallest
addressable unit of memory in many computer architectures.

2 | CS assignment #01
 Byte addressable memory:
Byte addressable memory supports accessing data in units that are
narrower than the bus. An eight-bit processor like the Intel 8008 addresses
eight bits, but as this is the full width of the bus, this is regarded as word-
addressable.
➢ Types of Memory
There are two types of memory are as follow;
Primary memory
Primary memory is a segment of computer memory that can be accessed
directly by the processor.
Secondary memory
Secondary memory is computer memory that is non-volatile, persistent,
and not immediately accessible by a computer or processor
➢ RAM
RAM (Random Access Memory) is the hardware in a computing device
where the operating system (OS), application programs, and data in current
use are kept so they can be quickly reached by the device's processor. RAM
is the main memory in a computer. It is much faster to read from and write
than other storage, such as a hard disk drive (HDD), solid-state drive (SSD),
or optical drive.
➢ ROM
Read-only memory is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers
and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM cannot be electronically
modified after the manufacture of the memory device.
➢ Cache
In computing, a cache is a hardware or software component that stores
data so that future requests for that data can be served faster; the data stored
in a cache might be the result of an earlier computation or a copy of data
stored elsewhere.
➢ Flash Memory
Flash memory is an electronic non-volatile computer memory storage
medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.
➢ CMOS
A complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) is a small
amount of memory on a computer motherboard that stores the Basic
Input/Output System (BIOS) settings. The BIOS is the software stored on
the memory chip on the motherboard.

3 | CS assignment #01
➢ Memory Access Times
Memory access time is how long it takes for a character in RAM to be
transferred to or from the CPU. Fast RAM chips have an access time of 10
nanoseconds (ns) or less. See SDRAM.
Adapters:
An adapter regarding computing can be either a hardware component
(device) or software that allows two or more incompatible devices to be
linked together for the purpose of transmitting and receiving data.

➢ Adapter Cards
An adapter card (also known as an expansion card) is simply a circuit
board you install into a computer to increase the capabilities of that
computer.
➢ USB Adapters
A USB adapter is a type of protocol converter that is used for converting
USB data signals to and from other communications standards. Commonly,
USB adapters are used to convert USB data to standard serial port data and
vice versa.
➢ Buses
A bus is a high-speed internal connection. Buses are used to send control
signals and data between the processor and other components.
➢ Types of Buses
There are three types of buses are as follow;
Address bus
carries memory addresses from the processor to other components such
as primary storage and input/output devices.
Data bus
carries the data between the processor and other components.
Control bus
carries control signals from the processor to other components.

➢ Power Supply and Batteries

Power supply
Power supply units are the backbone of any PC. These devices pull
power from your wall outlet and distribute it throughout your PC. Without
the right amount of power, your machine will not function how you need it
to — and it may not even turn on.

4 | CS assignment #01
Battery
All computers, including desktops and laptops, have a small battery
inside the motherboard that provides power to the CMOS (Complementary
Metal Oxide Semiconductor). This battery is known as a CMOS battery.
This battery provide power even while the computer is turned off. The chip
has the information about all the system's configuration, such as the hard
disk, date and time

5 | CS assignment #01