Radiation and Slip Effects on MHD Flow of

Hybrid Nanofluid Between Two Coaxial

Cylinders in a Porous Medium

A thesis
submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree of
Master of Science in Mathematics

by
Muhammad Mansoor Sarfraz
CIIT/SP22-RMT-005/ATK

COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

Attock Campus
Fall 2023
 COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD
ATTOCK CAMPUS

FINAL APPROVAL

This thesis titled

Radiation and Slip Effects on MHD Flow of Hybrid Nanofluid
Between Two Coaxial Cylinders in a Porous Medium
submitted to the Department of Mathematics
by

Name Registration Number

Muhammad Mansoor Sarfraz CIIT/SP22-RMT-005/ATK

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of
Science in Mathematics has been accepted.

Supervisor:
Dr. Aamir Ali .............................................
Associate Professor
COMSATS University Islamabad
Attock Campus.
External Examiner:
Dr. ABC .............................................
Professor
Univeristy of Sargodha
Sargodha.

Head of the Department:

Dr. Ghulam Farid .............................................
Associate Professor
COMSATS University Islamabad
Attock Campus.

ii
 DECLARATION OF THE STUDENT

I, Muhammad Mansoor Sarfraz, Registration Number CIIT/SP22-RMT-

005/ATK, hereby solemnly declare that:

1. I have carried out the research work presented in this thesis during the stated
period of study under the guidance of my supervisor.

2. That this is my own work, and it is not copied from any other person’s
work (published or unpublished), and has not previously been submitted for
any degree at COMSATS University Islamabad(CUI), Attock Campus or
elsewhere.

3. That I have not taken any material from any source without properly declar-
ing the source and without proper citation.

4. I further confirm that I have read and understood the Higher Education
Commission (HEC) and CUI regulations on plagiarism.

5. That if any evidence to the contrary is found in this thesis. I shall be liable
to the punishment under the plagiarism rules of HEC and CUI.

Date: December 29, 2023 .........................................

Signature of the Student

iii
 COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD
ATTOCK CAMPUS, PAKISTAN.
Students Name: Muhammad Mansoor Sarfraz
Degree: MS Date of Graduation: Fall 2023
Thesis Title: Radiation and Slip Effects on MHD Flow of Hybrid Nanofluid Between
Two Coaxial Cylinders in a Porous Medium

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dedicated to my beloved parents

v
Contents

Abstract viii

Acknowledgements ix

1 Definitions and Terminologies 1

1.1 Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Types of Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Newtonian Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 Non-Newtonian Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.3 Ideal Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.4 Real Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.5 Compressible Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Nanofluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Hybrid Nanofluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.6 Coaxial Cylinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.7 Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.7.1 Conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.7.2 Convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.7.3 Thermal Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.8 Non-dimensional Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.8.1 Magnetic Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.8.2 Heat Source/Sink Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.8.3 Darcy Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.8.4 Grashof Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

vi
 1.8.5 Reynold Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.8.6 Brinkman Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.8.7 Radiation Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.9 Fluid Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.9.1 Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.9.2 Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.9.3 Kinematic Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.9.4 Electrical Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.9.5 Thermal Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.9.6 Heat Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.9.7 Thermal Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.10 Fundamental Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.10.1 Law of Conservation of Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.10.2 Law of Conservation of Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.10.3 Law of Conservation of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.11 Adam Bash-forth Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2 Introduction 13

3 Radiation and Slip Effects on MHD Flow of Hybrid Nanofluid

Between Two Coaxial Cylinders in a Porous Medium 20
3.1 Mathematical Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2 Graphical Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.3 Physical Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Bibliography 42

vii
Abstract

Mixing two or more types of nanoparticles with a base fluid creates hybrid nanoflu-
ids, which have many potential applications because of their versatile properties.
However, using these nanofluid also has some challenges that need to be over-
come by researchers. Compared to conventional nanofluids with only one type of
nanoparticle, hybrid nanofluids can achieve better thermal conductivity and heat
transfer by avoiding the limitations of single suspensions. In this paper, we ex-
amine the MHD flow of hybrid nanofluid between two coaxial cylinders filled with
porous medium affected by thermal radiation, convection, and viscous dissipation.
The cylinders are arranged in a way that one is fixed inside the other, and they
have a constant gap along their length. The outer cylinder rotates, while the inner
cylinder is stationary, and the porous medium fills the space between them. We
use kerosene oil as the base fluid and graphene oxide (GO) and copper (Cu) as the
nanomaterials for the hybrid nanofluid. We apply a uniform radial magnetic field
to study the flow and heat transfer characteristics. We convert the partial differ-
ential equations that govern the system in cylindrical coordinates into a system of
nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using dimensionless parameters. We
use the NDSolve command of Mathematica software, which is based on a multistep
predictor-corrector method, to solve the system of non-dimensional equations. We
graphically present the fluid velocity, temperature, pressure, skin friction, and Nus-
selt number under different conditions. We also tabulate and analyze the effects of
various physical factors on the skin friction and heat transfer rate at the surface. It
is observed that stronger magnetic field reduces the fluid velocity. The viscous dis-
sipation parameter and magnetic field parameter increases the temperature while
radiation parameter reduced the nanofluid temperature.

viii
Acknowledgements

Praise is to Almighty Allah, WHO is Lord of the world, the Answerer of prayers
and the Source of peace, whose blessing and exaltation flourished to the scared
wealth of knowledge.
Special praises and regards for His Last Messenger, Holy Prophet Hazrat
Muhammad (PBUH). Holy Prophet said that I AM the light, whoever follows
ME, will never be in the darkness.
I feel great pleasure in expressing my profound and heartiest gratitude to my
supervisor Dr. Aamir Ali, for his indispensable guidance, deep consideration,
affection and active co-operation that made possible this work to meet its end
successfully well in time.
I would also like to thank Head of Department and all respected teachers
at Department of Mathematics, CUI Attock for providing us healthy academic
environment.
At the end I would acknowledge the pleasant moments shared with my fellows
specially Naseer Hussain, Mudassir Ahmed, Muhammad Mobashar Iqbal and all
fellows.

Muhammad Mansoor Sarfraz

ix
Chapter 1

Definitions and Terminologies

This chapter provides an overview of fluid definitions, heat transfer types, non-
dimensional numbers, and fluid characteristics that are relevant to our topic. We
also talked about the fundamental laws and the Adam-Bashforth approach uti-
lizedin Mathematica commands.

1.1 Fluid
Something that has the ability to flow and conform to its container is called a
fluid. It may exist as a gas or a liquid. A fluid’s ability to pass freely between
its molecules permits the material to flow and alter form with ease. Examples of
fluids include: Water, oil, mercury, air , propane and other gases. Fluids are used
in many fields like Computer science: The term ”fluid” in computing may refer to
flexible or adaptive interfaces that react to user activities in real-time, as in the
idea of fluid user interfaces. The phrase ”heat transfer fluid” in thermodynamics
refers to materials such as coolants or refrigerants that transport heat from one
place to another during operations such as heating or cooling systems. The study
of fluid behavior and motion, including that of liquids and gases, is the focus of
the field of fluid mechanics in physics and engineering. It encompasses subjects
like fluid statics, which looks at fluids at rest, and fluid dynamics, which studies
how fluids move.

1
1.2 Types of Fluid
Based on their traits and actions, fluids can be classified into certain types:

1.2.1 Newtonian Fluids

These fluids exhibit a linear relationship between the resulting strain level and the
applied stress from shear. Water and the majority of gases are good examples
because their viscosities don’t change under various circumstances.

1.2.2 Non-Newtonian Fluids

The linear connection between stress and strain that Newtonian fluids display is
not followed by these fluids. Different circumstances affect their viscosity. Ketchup,
toothpaste, blood, and certain oils are a few examples.

1.2.3 Ideal Fluids

These are hypothetical fluids that are incompressible and have zero viscosity. Al-
though they don’t exist in reality, fluid mechanics theories are based on them.

1.2.4 Real Fluids

The viscosity of these fluids is a measurement of how resistant they are to defor-
mation under shear stress. Real fluids behave more complexly than ideal fluids
because of features like turbulence and boundary layers.

1.2.5 Compressible Fluids

As opposed to liquids, gases have a high compressibility. The compressibility of
gases becomes important in conditions with high pressures or volume fluctuations.

1.3 Nanofluid
The process of dispersing nanoparticles in a base fluid, such as ethylene glycol,
water, or oil, results in the specialized fluid known as nanofluid. To improve the

2
thermophysical characteristics of the base fluid, these nanoparticleswhich usually
have sizes between one and one hundred nanometersare finely scattered through-
out. Typical nanoparticles found in nanofluids are the metallic nanoparticles, metal
oxide nanoparticles and Carbon-based nanoparticles.

1.4 Hybrid Nanofluid

A specific kind of nanofluid called a hybrid nanofluid is a suspension of nanopar-
ticles made of two or more distinct materials that contains nanoparticles of one or
more different components. Scattered among a base fluid, such water, oil, or ethy-
lene glycol, these components might differ in terms of content, size, form, or surface
characteristics. Examples of hybrid nanofluids are the Metal-Metal Oxide Hybrids,
Carbon-based Hybrids, Polymer-Metal Hybrids and Oxide-Metal Hybrids.

1.5 Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD)

A cross-disciplinary branch of study known as magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) ex-
amines how electrically conducting fluids like plasmas, liquid metals, and saltwater
behave when they are exposed to magnetic fields. It describes the motion of electri-
cally conducting fluids and their interaction with magnetic fields by fusing concepts
from fluid dynamics and electromagnetism. Examples of Magnetohydrodynamics
include Astrophysics, Fusion Research, Geophysics, Engineering Applications and
Plasma Technology.

1.6 Coaxial Cylinders

When two cylinders share an axis of rotation, this geometric arrangement is re-
ferred to as coaxial cylinders. One cylinder is positioned within another cylinder
in this design, and the gap between them is kept constant throughout. Certainly!
Here are some instances of coaxial cylinders in different settings:
1- Electric Cables: Coaxial cables are commonly made up of two coaxial cylinders

3
and are utilized in computer networks, television transmission, and telecommuni-
cations. An outer conductor (sometimes a shield) surrounds the dielectric insulat-
ing material that encloses the inner conductor. Together, they provide a coaxial
structure that facilitates effective signal transmission with the least amount of in-
terference.
2- Piston-Cylinder Arrangements: In some technical applications, coaxial cylinders
in a piston-cylinder layout are common, particularly in specific types of engines
or hydraulic systems. For example, in an automobile engine, the piston travels up
and down inside a cylinder bore, which is often in line with the crankshaft of the
engine.
3- Telescopic Systems: Coaxial cylinders are used in some telescopic systems, such
as those used in various kinds of optical equipment. The optical components (such
as lenses) of a telescope can be supported by a series of stacked cylinders, which
gives them the ability to expand and contract without losing alignment.
4- Machining and Drilling Equipment: Coaxial cylinders are a feature of several
drilling machines and machining equipment that make precision drilling or cutting
operations easier. A cylindrical chamber may be utilized to contain the tool bit,
enabling it to move and spin while staying in a coaxial position.

1.7 Heat Transfer

The passage of thermal energy from one material or object to another as a result of
a temperature differential is referred to as heat transfer. Heat transmission occurs
primarily through three channels:

1.7.1 Conduction
This transpires when heat moves between two things that are in direct touch with
one another or via a solid substance. For instance:
1- When a metal spoon is left in a hot cup of coffee, the heat transfers to your
hand.
2- When a metal rod is held one end in a flame, heat is transferred through it.

4
1.7.2 Convection
In fluids (liquids or gases), where warmer, less dense stuff rises and colder, denser
material sinks, this type of heat transfer takes place. Some instances are:
1- When water is brought to a boil, a convection current forms as the hotter water
rises and the cooler water falls.
2- use a radiator to continuously circulate warm air in a room as it rises, cools,
and then descends again.

1.7.3 Thermal Radiation

The transport of heat by electromagnetic waves is called radiation. It is capable
of traveling through a Hoover and doesn’t need a medium. As examples, consider:
1- Having the sensation of solar warmth on your skin, which comes from radiation
from the sun reaching Earth.
2- Food is cooked in a microwave oven by the radiation from the microwave source.
The heat flux is given by,

4σ ∗ ∂T 4
 
qr = − ∗ , (1.1)
3κ ∂y

where, σ ∗ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant and κ∗ is the absorption coefficient

If the temperature difference is very small, then the temperature T 4 can be ex-
panded about T∞ using Taylor series, as follows,

4
T4 = T∞ 3
+ 4T∞ 2
(T − T∞ ) + 6T∞ (T − T∞ )2 + ... (1.2)

Ignoring the higher order terms, we have,

4 3
T4 = T∞ + 4T∞ (T − T∞ ) ,
4 3 4 (1.3)
T4 = T∞ + 4T∞ T − 4T∞ ,
3 4
T4 = 4T∞ T − 3T∞ ,

Eq. (1.1) becomes,

16σ ∗ T∞
3
 
∂T
qr = − . (1.4)
3κ∗ ∂y

5
1.8 Non-dimensional Numbers

1.8.1 Magnetic Parameter

”Magnetic parameters” are a collection of traits or attributes that characterize
how materials behave and interact with magnetic fields. These characteristics
contribute in the comprehension of materials’ magnetic response and the range of
applications that they can find in the field of magnetism.
Mathematically,
b2 B02 σf
M2 = . (1.5)
µf

1.8.2 Heat Source/Sink Parameter

In heat transfer and thermal analysis, the term ”heat source/sink parameter”
is frequently used to describe systems that create or absorb heat. The ratio of
heat produced by an internal heat source to heat carried away by the fluid is
represented by the heat source parameter, which is a dimensionless number. The
heat sink parameter represents the ratio of heat distributed by the heat sink to
heat transferred away by the fluid.
Mathematically,
b2 Q0
Q= . (1.6)
κf

1.8.3 Darcy Number

The Darcy number (Da), sometimes known as the diameter squared, is a measure
of the relative impact of a medium’s permeability in relation to its cross-sectional
area in fluid dynamics in porous media. The number, which is named after Henry
Darcy, is produced by non-dimensionalizing the differential version of Darcy’s Law.
Mathematically,
K
Da = , (1.7)
b2

where, K is the medium’s permeability and b is the radius of outer cylinder.

6
1.8.4 Grashof Number
The Grashof number is a measure of how close the buoyancy to viscous forces are
while a fluid is in motion, is a dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics. It
commonly comes up when studying natural convection scenarios.
Mathematically,
gβT (Tb − Ta ) b3
Gr = , (1.8)
ν2

where, g is gravitational acceleration due to Earth, β is the coefficient of volume

expansion, Ta is the temperature of inner cylinder, Tb is the temperature of outer
cylinder, b is the radius of outer cylinder and ν is the kinematic viscosity.

1.8.5 Reynold Number

The Reynolds number (Re), a dimensionless term in fluid mechanics, assists in
predicting fluid flow patterns in different settings by computing the ratio of inertial
to viscous forces. At low Reynolds numbers, laminar flow is more frequent, whereas
turbulent flow is more common at high Reynolds numbers.
Mathematically,
b2 Ω2 ρf
Re = , (1.9)
µf

where, ρf is the density of the fluid, Ω is the angular velocity, b is the radius of
outer cylinder and µf is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid.

1.8.6 Brinkman Number

A viscous fluid in motion and heat transmission through a wall are related by
the dimensionless Brinkman number (Br). It is the ratio of heat transmitted by
molecular conduction to heat produced by viscous dissipation. that is, the ratio
of heat generation from viscous matter to heat from outside sources. The greater
its value, the larger the temperature rise and the slower the conduction of heat
caused by viscous dissipation.

7
Mathematically,
b2 Ω2 µf
Br = , (1.10)
κf (Tb − Ta )

where, µf is the dynamic viscosity of fluid, Ω is the flow velocity, κf is the thermal
conductivity of fluid, b is the radius of outer cylinder, Ta is the temperature of
inner cylinder and Tb is the temperature of outer cylinder.

1.8.7 Radiation Parameter

The importance of radiative heat transfer in relation to other heat transfer modes
(conduction or convection) inside a system is frequently related to the radiation
parameter.
Mathematically,
4σ ∗ Tb3
Rd = . (1.11)
κ∗ κf

1.9 Fluid Properties

Fluid properties are the characteristics that describe the behavior and state of
fluids, which can be gases or liquids. These properties include:

1.9.1 Density
The mass of a substance per unit of volume is measured and referred to as density.
Mathematically,
m
ρ= , (1.12)
v

SI unit of density is kg/m3 or g/ (cm)3 .

1.9.2 Viscosity
A fluid’s internal friction or resistance to flow is referred to as its ”viscosity”. In
essence, it expresses the fluid’s ease of movement or deformation. Higher viscosity

8
fluids, like syrup or honey, are more difficult to flow through, whereas lower vis-
cosity fluids, like water or oil, are simpler to flow through.
Mathematically,
Shear stress
V iscosity = , (1.13)
Shear strain rate

SI unit of viscosity is kg/ms and dimensions are [M/LT ].

1.9.3 Kinematic Viscosity

A fluid’s resistance to flowing when subjected to gravity, accounting for density, is
measured by its kinematic viscosity. It relates particularly to the dynamic viscosity
to density ratio.
Mathematically,
µ
ν= , (1.14)
ρ

SI unit of kinematic viscosity is m2 /s and dimensions are [L2 /T ].

1.9.4 Electrical Conductivity

The capacity of a substance to carry an electric current is measured by its electrical
conductivity. High conductivity materials make it easier for electric current to flow,
whereas low conductivity materials make it more difficult for electric charges to
move. SI unit of electrical conductivity is S/m and it is denoted by σ.

1.9.5 Thermal Conductivity

The capacity of a substance to conduct heat is referred to as thermal conductivity.
It measures the degree to which heat may pass through a material. A substance
with a higher thermal conductivity may transmit heat more efficiently. SI unit of
thermal conductivity is W/mK and dimensions are [M L/T3 θ].

9
1.9.6 Heat Capacity
The amount of heat energy required to raise a substance’s temperature by a certain
amount is referred to as its ”heat capacity SI unit of heat capacity is J/K.

1.9.7 Thermal Expansion

The capacity of materials to alter in size, volume, or form in response to temper-
ature variations is known as thermal expansion. Due to variations in the average
distance between their atoms or molecules, most materials typically expand when
heated and shrink when cooled.

1.10 Fundamental Laws

We will review some of the fundamental rules that will be applied in order to
solve the flow problem in this section. These essential ideas play a pivotal role in
establishing the basis of fluid dynamics.

1.10.1 Law of Conservation of Mass

In an isolated system, mass can change forms but cannot be generated or destroyed.
The continuity equation in fluid mechanics can be used to represent the law of
conservation of mass in the differential form.
Mathematically,
∂ρ  →
−
+ ∇. ρ V = 0, (1.15)
∂t
for the fluids with constant density, the above Eq (1.15) becomes,

→
−
∇. V = 0, (1.16)

where, ρ is the density and V is the velocity.

1.10.2 Law of Conservation of Momentum

One of the main laws of physics, the conservation of momentum, stipulates that if
there are no outside forces acting on a system, its momentum remains constant.

10
It is embodied in the Law of Inertia or Newton’s First Law.
Mathematically,
→
−
dV →
−
ρ = −∇P + ∇.τ + ρ B , (1.17)
dt
→
−
where, ρ is the density, τ is the shear stress tensor, B is the body force and P is
the pressure.

1.10.3 Law of Conservation of Energy

According to the rule of conservation of energy, energy cannot be generated or
destroyed. Nevertheless, it is capable of changing into many forms. An isolated
system’s total energy always stays constant when accounting for all types of energy.
Mathematically,
dT
ρCp = τ.L − ∇q + ρr, (1.18)
dt
where, L is the velocity gradient, τ is Cauchy stress tensor, q = −k∇T is the
heat flow and r denotes radiant heating . When r is absent, the above equation
becomes,
dT
ρCp = τ.L + k∇2 T. (1.19)
dt

1.11 Adam Bash-forth Method

The Adams Bash-forth method is an explicit multi step method. This method is
justified by the following argument.
Consider the differential equation,

Y 0 (x) = f (x, (x)) . (1.20)

Take three nodes xi−2 , xi−1 , xi with step size h.

We find the coefficient C, C1 and C2 such that the approximating formula
Z h
V (x) dx ' CV (−2h) + C1 V (−h) + C2 V (0) , (1.21)
0

is exact for all polynomials of degree 2 or less,

Z h
V (x) = 1 ⇒ C + C1 + C2 = (1) dx = h, (1.22)
0

11
 Z h
1
V (x) = x ⇒ C (−2h) + C1 (−h) = (x) dx = h2 , (1.23)
0 2
Z h
2 2 2 1
x2 dx = h3 ,


V (x) = x ⇒ C (−2h) + C1 (−h) = (1.24)
0 3
simplify by removing the h coefficient from Eq. (1.23) and the h2 coefficient from
Eq. (1.24),
Z h
V (x) = 1 ⇒ C + C1 + C2 = (1) dx = h, (1.25)
0
1
V (x) = x ⇒ −2C − C1 = h, (1.26)
2
1
V (x) = x2 ⇒ 4C + C1 = h2 , (1.27)
3
adding Eqs. (1.26) and (1.27) gives,

5
C= h, (1.28)
12

putting the value of C in Eq. (1.27) gives,

16
C1 = − h, (1.29)
12

then from Eq. (1.25) we get,

23
C2 = h − C − C1 ⇒ C2 = h, (1.30)
12

so the approximating formula is,

Z h
5 16 23
V (x) dx ' hV (−2h) − hV (−h) + hV (0) . (1.31)
0 12 12 12

12
Chapter 2

Introduction

When two cylinders are arranged geometrically in such a way that one cylinder
is fixed into another, they are said to be coaxially symmetrical. In this configu-
ration, a consistent gap between the two cylinders is maintained over the entire
length of the cylinders. Coaxial cylinders are used in numerous different fields.
Examples of typical applications include: Coaxial cables are frequently utilized
for the transmission of electrical signals with high frequencies. The outer shield
protects against outside interference, while the inside conductor conducts the sig-
nal. In telecommunications, television broadcasting, computer networks, and other
data transmission systems, coaxial cables are frequently utilized Capacitors: Two
coaxial cylinders separated by a dielectric are used to build coaxial capacitors.
Electrical energy is stored in them and released as needed. Power electronics, ra-
dio frequency circuits, and energy storage technologies all use coaxial capacitors.
Cable connectors: A dependable and secure connection between coaxial cables or
devices is made possible by coaxial connectors. They are frequently found in RF
(radio frequency) systems, antennas, and audio and video equipment. The features
of the coaxial geometry, including effective signal transmission, interference shield-
ing, and accurate electromagnetic field management, make it a flexible design in a
variety of technological and scientific sectors. Energy resources have been increas-
ingly important to the development of human society in recent years. Therefore,
engineers and scientists are concentrating on using the most accessible solar energy
sources. To do this, scientists are creating sophisticated systems that use common
substances like kerosene oil, ethylene glycol, and water as coolants. These liquids

13
thermal conductivity is, however, not very high. In contrast, compared to liquids,
solid substances have a higher capacity for thermal transmission. As a result, to
dramatically improve these liquids thermal properties, researchers are incorporat-
ing solid particles with a size of a few nanometers into them. The type, size, form,
concentration, and base fluid that are used are all factors that affect the charac-
teristics of nanofluids. Base liquids (conventional liquids) are essential for thermal
transfer in industrial settings. Some fluids have a modest capacity for heat trans-
fer. Thus, the addition of the nanoparticles to it improves the heat transmission
mechanism. In 1995, Choi and Eastman [1] first introduced the term nanofluids,
which is the mixture of nanometer-sized particles into a base fluid. It is found
that nanofluids can be used in a wide range of electrical and automotive applica-
tions, including electronic cooling systems, automotive radiators, solar collectors,
bio-sensors, industrial heat exchangers, medical devices, etc., and that they have
better thermal conductivity than base fluids. After a thorough investigation of
convective transport in nanofluid by Buongiorno [2], other investigations on the
flow of nanofluid in different flow configurations were carried out [3 12]. Further
research was done on a number of nanoparticles, including copper, CNTs, titanium,
grid, iron, and lead, with various shapes, including spherical, blades, bridges, and
cylinders, in a variety of base fluids, including water, kerosene oil, ethylene glycol,
motor oil, etc. Ali et al. [13] presented the entropy generation phenomenon in
the peristaltic flow of nanofluid by considering copper nanoparticles in the water.
Sheikhzadeh et al. [14] numerically studied the mixed convection flow of nanofluid
between two coaxial cylinders. They consider the nanoparticles of aluminum oxide
immersed in water. Awais et al. [15] investigated the slip and hall effects on the
flow of nanofluid in a peristaltic flow. They consider the generalized complaint
walls of the channel and analyze the copper-water nanofluid fluid. The flow of
titanium oxide nanofluid between two concentric cylinders has been investigated
by Abdulrazzaq et al. [16]. Majeed et al. [17] presented the heat transfer analysis
of the flow of a magnetic nanofluid by considering the nanoparticles of magnetite
into three different base fluid, such as kerosene, refrigerant-134a, and water. The
flow of a nanofluid over a stretching surface with variable thickness has been pre-
sented by Ali et al. [18]. Gouran et al. [19] studied the nanofluid flow between

14
two concentric cylinders by considering the effects of thermal radiation. They pre-
sented both the analytic and numerical solutions to the problem. For nanofluid,
they consider the copper oxide nanoparticles in the water.
A new class of nanofluids called hybrid nanofluids has garnered a lot of atten-
tion from researchers because of its special thermal conduction properties, which
come from the combined action of many materials mixed together in a base liquid.
This innovation has emerged as a potential replacement for traditional nanofluids
by removing the disadvantages of single nanoparticle suspensions. Hybrid nanopar-
ticles combine the chemical and physical properties of several materials to provide
better heat transfer and more efficient thermal conductivity. Extremely versatile
and helpful in a range of contexts, hybrid nanofluids find application in lubricants,
heat exchangers, electrical applications, aircraft, transportation, pharmaceuticals,
cooling of electronic equipment, and the biomedical field. Hybrid nanofluids were
first proposed by Suresh et al. [20] in a seminal paper that stimulated more re-
search in this area. They noticed that better thermal conductivity and viscosity
were obtained by increasing the concentration of nanoparticles in the Al2 O3 − Cu
combination in water. Thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of Ag-MgO/
H2O hybrid nanofluid were experimentally measured and reported by Esfe et al.
[21]. Devi and Devi [22] numerically investigated the consequences of nanoparti-
cles of aluminum oxide and copper immersed in water on the flow over a porous
stretched sheet. Hayat and Nadeem [23] studied the hybrid nanofluid spinning in
three dimensions on a stretched surface by considering the nanoparticles of Ag-
CuO mixed in the water. A critical examination of the thermal conductivity of
hybrid nanofluids was presented by Sajid and Ali [24]. Ellahi et al. [25] examined
the two-phase flow of hybrid Newtonian nanofluids with heat transfer modifications
due to slip. In order to investigate the effects of hybrid nanofluids on peristaltic
flow, Ali et al. [26] conducted a numerical analysis taking slip circumstances and
TiO2-Cu/H2O nanoparticles into account. The hybrid nanofluid flow between two
coaxial cylinders is shown numerically by Alsaeedi et al. [27] taking into account
the GO-Cu nanoparticles present in the kerosene oil base fluid. Hayat et al. [28]
consider the lead and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the water to create a hy-
brid nanofluid between two coaxial cylinders. They present a comparative study

15
of nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid and conclude that hybrid nanofluid is dominant.
The study of electrically conducting fluids, often known as magnetohydrody-
namics, or MHD, includes a thorough examination of their magnetic characteris-
tics. Alfvin [29] created the three concepts that make up MHD in 1942: magneto
(magnetic intensity), hydro (water), and dynamics (in motion). In MHD, a hybrid
nanofluid can be utilized to regulate and manipulate the fluid’s behavior while a
magnetic field is present. The fluid’s flow and heat transmission properties can
be altered by using the magnetic field to magnetize the fluid’s nanoparticles. The
efficiency of numerous engineering applications, including heat exchangers, refrig-
eration systems, and power production systems, may be increased by the use of
hybrid nanofluids in MHD systems. Here, induced current creates a magnetic
field that produces the forces. MHD is important in astrophysics, engineering,
and geophysics. Such a characteristic contributes to the confinement of plasma
and liquid metal cooling in nuclear reactors. MHD has contributed to aerospace
vehicles as well. Among these magneto fluids, plasmas, liquid metals, salt wa-
ter, and electrolytes are a few examples. MHD’s core premise is that magnetic
fields may cause currents to flow through conductive fluids, polarizing the fluid
and changing the magnetic field. The fluid dynamics Navier-Stokes equations and
the electromagnetic Maxwell’s equations combine to provide the set of equations
that define MHD. Analytical or numerical solutions have been found for these
differential equations concurrently. Asghar et al. [30] presented the Hartmann
layer due to the magnetic field in the peristaltic flow of non-Newtonian Sisko fluid.
Ali et al. [31] investigated the three-dimensional MHD flow of Maxwell nanofluid
over a bi-directional stretching surface. Awais et al. [32] presented a study of the
ciliary-induced peristaltic flow of MHD hybrid nanofluid. Khan et al. [33] present
the analytical assessment of hybrid nanofluid flow induced by magnetic fields. A
sensitivity analysis of the MHD flow of nanofluid over a stretching surface has been
presented by Hussain et al. [34].
Convection is the movement of a fluid (gas or liquid) that results in the trans-
mission of heat through that fluid. The gradient in density produced by the differ-
ence in temperature within the fluid, which causes this movement, is to blame. In
other words, a fluid rises when heated because it expands and becomes less dense

16
than the fluid around it. In contrast, a fluid sinks when it is cooled because it
constricts and becomes denser than the fluid around it. Convection is the term
used to describe the movement of fluid caused by temperature variations. Many
natural phenomena, including weather patterns, ocean currents, and the movement
of magma in the Earth’s mantle, depend heavily on convection. Additionally, it
has several engineering uses, including in ovens and stovetops as well as cooling
systems for electronics. Convection is used in the computer to cool the electronic
parts of the device. Forced convection refers to the fluid motion caused by an
outside source. The motion of a fluid is solely caused by buoyancy in natural or
free convection, which is a process caused by density variations. Several studies of
the flow that is caused by convection for different flow configurations are presented
in the literature; some of them are [35-41]. Heat transfer, a branch of thermal
engineering, involves the use, modification, creation, and transfer of thermal en-
ergy between systems. There are a number of ways to transfer heat, including
conduction, convection, and radiation. A few examples of the many uses for heat
transfer include climate engineering, the chemical process industry, architecture,
greenhouse alters and the transfer of heat from the human body. Without the
need for a third medium, the process of transmitting energy from a single medium
to a different one is called radiation. The point of absorption is reached by the
radiation that radioactive elements produce in all directions. Waves or particles
can both be forms of radiation. Because thermal radiation is so widely used in the
engineering sector, like photo voltaic panels, windmills, nuclear power facilities,
and voltage supply, many researchers are attracted by its effects. Thermal radia-
tion, which takes the electromagnetic waves’ shape when a substance is heated, is
released from the surface. Shafeeurrahman and Srinivasacharya [42] investigated
the mixed convection flow of a nanofluid between two coaxial cylinders under the
effects of hall current and ion slip. Ali et al. [43] presented the MHD hybrid
nanofluid’s response to heat radiation throughout a stretched cylinder. Rehman et
al. [44] examined the process of flow of carbon nanotubes between two concentric
cylinders under the effects of thermal radiation. Bilal et al. [45] presented the
torsional flow of nanofluid between coaxial cylinders with the effects of nonlinear
thermal radiation.

17
 A substance known as a porous medium has interconnected void spaces, or
pores, that permit the passage of fluids like air or water through them. A few
examples of porous media are biological tissues, rocks, soil, and topsoil. The size,
shape, and connectivity of the pores in a porous medium, as well as the charac-
teristics of the fluids passing through it, all affect the properties of the medium.
Porous media are useful in a variety of applications, such as filtering and purify-
ing fluids, reducing soil erosion, and improving oil recovery. They are essential
in many disciplines, including geology, hydrology, engineering, and biology. Nu-
merous fields of science and engineering are now conducting research to better
understand the intricate physical mechanisms that control how fluids behave in
porous media. The technical community is very interested in unstable convective
fluxes in porous media because they frequently occur in industrial, technological,
and ecological environments. Numerous technical applications, including the cool-
ing function of electronic devices, the reactor’s and combustion chamber’s cooling
flow, etc., are made possible by an understanding of these flows, which are brought
on by abrupt variations in the surface heat flow or temperature at the wall. Ali et
al. [46] demonstrated the revolving flow in a porous material channel. In between
two rotating cylinders made of porous material, Hamza [47] studied the influences
of suction and injection on the MHD movement. Ilyas et al. [48] investigated the
impact of heat flux on the mixed convection flow through an electrically conduct-
ing cone implanted in porous media. Ashraf et al. [49] presents the simultaneous
impacts of viscous dissipation and MHD on a cone submerged in a medium that
is porous.
The objective of the present work is to study the MHD flow rate of hybrid
nanofluid between a pair of coaxial cylinders that have porous media inside of
them. To reduce the fluids thermal conductivity, we have considered the hybrid
nanofluid in our research. We have also considered the consequences of thermal
radiation, convection, and viscous dissipation. We have first modeled the problem
in terms of fundamental laws and governing equations in cylindrical coordinates by
considering all the physical characteristics along with appropriate boundary con-
ditions. The governing equations are highly nonlinear and made non-dimensional

18
by imposing the non-dimensional variable similarity transformation, and the sim-
plified system of equations has been solved numerically utilizing the NDSolve com-
mand in Mathematica program. The impacts of emerging parameters have been
explained further by plotting graphs. The results for physical quantities at the
surface, like the rate of heat transfer and friction between the skin have been tab-
ulated, and the effects of various physical factors have been analyzed using bar
chart representation.

19
Chapter 3

Radiation and Slip Effects on

MHD Flow of Hybrid Nanofluid
Between Two Coaxial Cylinders
in a Porous Medium

In this chapter, we covered the problem’s geometry and the hybrid nanofluid’s
flow behavior. The non-dimensional variable similarity transformation is imposed
on the highly nonlinear governing equations, making them non-dimensional. The
Mathematica program’s NDSolve command has been used to solve the simplified
system of equations numerically. Additionally, using graphical representations,
we talked about how various factors affected the temperature profile, the velocity
profile, and the physical quantities.

3.1 Mathematical Formulation

We consider a 3D steady, incompressible MHD flow of hybrid nanofluids be-
tween two coaxial cylinders in a porous medium. For hybrid nanofluid, we consider
graphene oxide (GO) and copper (Cu) nanomaterials in a base fluid of kerosene
oil. Then, the fluid in the space between the two coaxial cylinders is examined.
The axes of both cylinders are considered parallel to the z−axis. Further, we

20
considered the effects of thermal radiation, convection, viscous dissipation, and a
constant magnetic field with strength B0 had been applied in the radial direction.
We consider the geometry of the cylinders in such a way that the outer cylinder
of radius r = b is rotating with constant angular velocity Ω, while the inner cylin-
der of radius r = a is fixed. The temperature of the inner cylinder is Ta , while
Tb is the temperature of the outer cylinder. The equations that govern the flow
are the continuity equation, the momentum equation, and the energy equation in
cylindrical coordinates, along with the boundary conditions. The geometry of the
problem is shown in the figure below:

Figure 3.1: Geometry of the problem

The velocity field in cylindrical coordinates is V = (vr , vθ , vz ).

Continuity equations is,

1 ∂ 1 ∂vθ ∂vz
(rvr ) + + = 0. (3.1)
r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z

Momentum equation of r-component is,

∂vr vθ2
 
∂vr vθ ∂vr ∂p
ρhnf vr + + vz − =−
∂r r ∂θ ∂z r ∂r
2 2
   
1 ∂ ∂vr 1 ∂ vr ∂ vr 2 ∂vθ vr vθ
+ µhnf r + 2 2 + 2
− 2 − 2 + µhnf . (3.2)
r ∂r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z r ∂θ r K

21
Momentum equation of θ-component is,

1 ∂ 2 vθ
     
∂vθ vθ ∂vθ ∂vθ vr vθ 1 ∂p 1 ∂ ∂vθ
ρhnf vr + + vz + =− + µhnf r + 2 2
∂r r ∂θ ∂z r r ∂θ r ∂r ∂r r ∂θ
 2 
∂ vθ 2 ∂vr vθ vθ
+ µhnf 2
+ 2 − 2 + µhnf − B0 σhnf vθ + g (ρβT )hnf (T − Ta ) .
∂z r ∂θ r K
(3.3)

Momentum equation of z-component is,

1 ∂ 2 vz ∂ 2 vz
     
∂vz vθ ∂vz ∂vz ∂p 1 ∂ ∂vz
ρhnf vr + + vz = − + µhnf r + 2 2 + .
∂r r ∂θ ∂z ∂z r ∂r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z 2
(3.4)

Energy equation is,

1 ∂ 2T ∂ 2T
     
∂T vθ ∂T ∂T 1 ∂ ∂T
(ρcp )hnf vr + + vz = κhnf r + 2 2 + 2
∂r r ∂θ ∂z r ∂r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z
∂qr
+ B02 σhnf v02 − + Q0 (T − Ta ) . (3.5)
∂r

Since, there is no slip boundary for a fixed inner cylinder, which satisfies vr = 0,
also because there is no flow along the z−axis gives vz = 0. So, using these
Presumptions, the velocity field becomes V = (0, vθ , 0). The following represents
the component forms of the governing equations for continuity, momentum, and
energy:

1 ∂
rvr = 0, (3.6)
r ∂r

vθ2 ∂p vθ
ρhnf = + µhnf , (3.7)
r ∂r K

∂ 2 vθ 1 ∂vθ vθ
 
vθ
µhnf + − 2 − B0 σhnf vθ + g(ρβT )hnf (T − Ta ) + µhnf = 0,
∂r2 r ∂r r K
(3.8)

∂p
= 0, (3.9)
∂z

∂ 2T
 
1 ∂T ∂qr
κhnf 2
+ + B02 σhnf vθ2 − + Q0 (T − Ta ) = 0. (3.10)
∂r r ∂r ∂r

22
 ∂p ∂p ∂vθ ∂vθ
Using ∂z
= 0, ∂θ
= 0 and ∂θ
= 0, ∂z
= 0 is noticed that p 6= p(z), p 6= p(θ) and
vθ 6= vθ (θ), vθ 6= vθ (z). Thus p = p(r) and vθ = vθ (r).
The boundary conditions of the problem are

vθ = 0, T = Ta , at r = a,

vθ = bΩ, T = Tb , at r = b. (3.11)

To transform the equations into non-dimensional form, we consider the following

dimension less variables:

r T − Ta vθ p(r) 16σ ∗ Tb3 ∂T

r∗ = , θ(r∗ ) = , f (r∗ ) = , p(r∗ ) = , qr = − . (3.12)
b Tb − Ta bΩ Ωµf 3κ∗ ∂r

Eq. (3.6) remains identically fulfilled following the usage of these dimensionless
variables in Eqs. (3.6) - (3.11), however Eqs. (3.7), (3.8), and (3.10) becomes:
with regards to hybrid nanofluid (Go+ Cu/Kerosene oil),

vθ2 ∂p vθ
ρhnf = + µhnf ,
r ∂r K
∗
2 2 2
b Ω f (r ) ∂µf Ωp (r∗ ) bΩf (r∗ )
⇒ ρhnf = + µ hnf ,
r∗ b ∂r∗ b K
ρf ρhnf b2 Ω2 f 2 (r∗ ) bΩf (r∗ ) µf Ω∂p (r∗ )
⇒ − µ hnf = ,
ρf r∗ b K b∂r∗
b ρf ρhnf b2 Ω2 f 2 (r∗ ) b µhnf bΩf (r∗ )
⇒ − = p0 (r∗ ) ,
µf Ω ρ f r∗ b µf Ω K
f 2 (r∗ ) A2
⇒ p0 (r∗ ) = A1 Re ∗
− f (r∗ ) . (3.13)
r Da

23
 ∂ 2 vθ 1 ∂vθ vθ
 
vθ
µhnf 2
+ − 2 − B0 σhnf vθ + g(ρβT )hnf (T − Ta ) + µhnf = 0,
∂r r ∂r r K
∗ ∗ ∗
 2 
∂ bΩf (r ) 1 ∂bΩf (r ) bΩf (r )
⇒ µhnf 2 + ∗ ∗b
− 2 − B02 σhnf bΩf (r∗ )
∂ (r b)∗ r b ∂r ∗
(r b)
bΩf (r∗ )
− g (ρβT )hnf θ (r∗ ) (Tb − Ta ) + µhnf = 0,
K 
f 0 (r∗ ) f (r∗ )
  
Ω µf µhnf 00 ∗ σf 2 2 ∗
⇒ f (r ) + − ∗2 − B0 σhnf b f (r )
b µf r∗ r σf
" #
∗
Ω b (ρβT )f µ µ
f hnf b 2
f (r )
+ − g (ρβT )hnf θ (r∗ ) (Tb − Ta ) + = 0,
b Ω (ρβT )f µf K
f 0 (r∗ ) f (r∗ ) A3 σf B02 b2 f (r∗ )
   
00 ∗
⇒ µf A2 f (r ) + − ∗2 −
r∗ r µf
" #
νf2 b2 b µ hnf b 2
f (r ∗
)
+ µf − 2 (ρβT )f A5 θ (r∗ ) (Tb − Ta ) + = 0,
ν f µ f b2 Ω µf K
f 0 (r∗ ) f (r∗ )
 
00 ∗ ∗ ∗ A2
⇒ A2 f (r ) + ∗
− ∗2
− A 3 M 2
f (r ) + A 5 Grθ (r ) + f (r∗ ) = 0.
r r Da
(3.14)

24
 ∂ 2T
 
1 ∂T ∂qr
κhnf 2
+ + B02 σhnf vθ2 − + Q0 (T − Ta ) = 0,
∂r r ∂r ∂r
κf κhnf ∂ 2 T ∂ −16σ ∗ Tb3 ∂T
   
1 ∂T σf σhnf 2 2 2 2 ∗
⇒ + + B0 b Ω f (r ) −
κf ∂r2 r ∂r σf ∂r 3κ∗ ∂r
+ Q0 (T − Ta ) = 0,
∂ (θ (r∗ ) (Tb − Ta ) + Ta ) 1 ∂ (θ (r∗ ) (Tb − Ta ) + Ta )
 2 
⇒ κf A4 + ∗
∂r∗2 b2 r b ∂r∗ b
−16σ ∗ Tb3 ∂ (θ (r∗ ) (Tb − Ta ) + Ta )
 
µf 2 2 2 2 ∗ ∂
+ A3 σf B0 b Ω f (r ) − ∗
µf ∂r b 3κ∗ ∂r∗ b
+ Q0 θ (r∗ ) (Tb − Ta ) = 0,
 00 ∗
1 θ0 (r∗ ) (Tb − Ta )

θ (r ) (Tb − Ta )
⇒ κf A4 2
+ ∗ 2
+ A3 M 2 µf Ω2 f 2 (r∗ )
b r b
 ∗ 3 2 ∗

4 4σ Tb ∂ (θ (r ) (Tb − Ta ) + Ta )
+ ∗ ∗2 2
+ Q0 θ (r∗ ) (Tb − Ta ) = 0,
3 κ ∂r b
 
(Tb − Ta ) 1 0 ∗
⇒ κf A4 θ (r ) + ∗ θ (r ) + A3 M 2 µf Ω2 f 2 (r∗ )
00 ∗
b2 r
 ∗ 3 00 ∗ 
4 4σ Tb θ (r ) (Tb − Ta )
+ + Q0 θ (r∗ ) (Tb − Ta ) = 0,
3 κ∗ b2
b2
   
(Tb − Ta ) 00 ∗ 1 0 ∗ 2 2 2 ∗
⇒ κf A4 θ (r ) + ∗ θ (r ) + A3 M µf Ω f (r )
b2 r κf (Tb − Ta )
  ∗ 3  2

(Tb − Ta ) 4 4σ Tb 00 ∗ ∗ b
+ κf θ (r ) + Q 0 θ (r ) = 0,
b2 3 κ∗ κf κf
1 4
⇒ A4 θ00 (r∗ ) + A4 ∗ θ0 (r∗ ) + A3 M 2 f 2 (r∗ ) Br + Rdθ00 (r∗ ) + Qθ (r∗ ) = 0,
  r 0 ∗
3
4 θ (r )
⇒ A4 + Rd θ00 (r∗ ) + A4 ∗ + A3 M 2 Brf 2 (r∗ ) + Qθ (r∗ ) = 0. (3.15)
3 r

The dimensionless form of the boundary conditions (3.11) are:

vθ = 0, vθ = bΩf (r∗ ) ⇒ 0 = bΩf (r∗ ) ⇒ f (r∗ ) = 0.

T − Ta Ta − Ta
T = Ta , θ (r∗ ) = ⇒ θ (r∗ ) = ⇒ θ (r∗ ) = 0.
Tb − Ta Tb − Ta
vθ = bΩ, vθ = bΩf (r∗ ) ⇒ bΩ = bΩf (r∗ ) ⇒ f (r∗ ) = 1.
T − Ta Tb − Ta
T = Tb , θ (r∗ ) = ⇒ θ (r∗ ) = ⇒ θ (r∗ ) = 1.
Tb − Ta Tb − Ta
f (r∗ ) = 0, θ (r∗ ) = 0, at r∗ = 0.25,

f (r∗ ) = 1, θ (r∗ ) = 1, at r∗ = 1. (3.16)

25
Similarly for nanofluid (Cu/Kerosene oil):

f 2 (r∗ ) A22
p0 (r∗ ) = A11 Re − f (r∗ ) , (3.17)
r∗ Da

f 0 (r∗ ) f (r∗ )
 
00 ∗ ∗ ∗ A22
A22 f (r ) + ∗
− ∗2
− A33 M 2
f (r ) + A55 Grθ (r ) + f (r∗ ) = 0,
r r Da
(3.18)

θ0 (r∗ )
 
4
A44 + Rd θ00 (r∗ ) + A44 ∗ + A33 M 2 Brf 2 (r∗ ) + Qθ (r∗ ) = 0. (3.19)
3 r

The dimensionless form of the boundary conditions (3.11) are:

f (r∗ ) = 0, θ (r∗ ) = 0, at r∗ = 0.25,

f (r∗ ) = 1, θ (r∗ ) = 1, at r∗ = 1. (3.20)

In above Eqs. (3.13)-(3.20), Re, Da, M.Gr, Rd, Brand Q are respectively, the mod-
ified Reynolds number, Darcy number, magnetic field parameter, Grashof number,
radiation parameter, Brinkman number, and heat source/sink parameter. These
dimensionless parameters are mathematically defined as:

σf µf Ω2 b2 ρf Ω2 b2 K
r
M = B0 b , Br = , Re = , Da = ,
µf κf (Tb − Ta ) µf b2
∗ 3 2 3
4σ T Q0 b µf gβT (Tb − Ta ) b
Rd = ∗ b , Q = , νf = , Gr = . (3.21)
κ κf κf ρf νf2

The expressions for A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 and A5 appearing in Eqs. (3.13) (3.15) due to

the hybrid nanofluid are given as:

ρhnf µhnf σhnf κhnf (ρβT )hnf

A1 = , A2 = , A3 = , A4 = , A5 = . (3.22)
ρf µf σf κf (ρβT )f

The expressions for A11 , A22 , A33 , A44 and A55 appearing in Eqs. (3.17) (3.19) due
to the nanofluid are given as:

ρnf µnf σnf κnf (ρβT )nf

A11 = , A22 = , A33 = , A44 = , A55 = . (3.23)
ρf µf σf κf (ρβT )f

26
 Table 1: The mathematical expression for thermophysical properties of hybrid
nanofluid.

Names Expression
Density ρhnf = (1 − φ1 ) (1 − φ2 ) ρf + φ1 ρs1 + φ2 ρs2 ,
µf
Viscosity µhnf = (1−φ1 )2.5 (1−φ2 )2.5
,
σs2 +2σnf −2φ2 (σnf −σs2 )
Electrical Conductivity σhnf = σs2 +2σnf +φ2 (σnf −σs2 )
σnf ,
κs2 +2κnf −2φ2 (κnf −κs2 )
Thermal Conductivity κhnf = κs2 +2κnf +φ2 (κnf −κs2 )
κnf ,

Heat Capacity (ρcp )nf = (1 − φ1 ) (1 − φ2 ) (ρcp )f + φ1 (ρcp )s1 + φ2 (ρcp )s2 ,

Thermal Expansion (ρβT )nf = (1 − φ1 ) (1 − φ2 ) (ρβT )f + φ1 (ρβT )s1 + φ2 (ρβT )s2 ,

Table 2: The mathematical expression for thermophysical properties of nanofluid.

Names Expression
Density ρnf = (1 − φ1 ) ρf + φ1 ρs1 ,
µf
Viscosity µnf = (1−φ1 )2.5
,
σs1 +2σf −2φ1 (σf −σs1 )
Electrical Conductivity σnf = σs1 +2σf +φ1 (σf −σs1 )
σf ,
κs1 +2κf −2φ1 (κf −κs1 )
Thermal Conductivity κnf = κs1 +2κf +φ1 (κf −κs1 )
κf ,

Heat Capacity (ρcp )nf = (1 − φ1 ) (ρcp )f + φ1 (ρcp )s1 ,

Thermal Expansion (ρβT )nf = (1 − φ1 ) (ρβT )f + φ1 (ρβT )s1 ,

Table 3: Numerical values of thermophysical properties of base fluid and nanopar-

ticles.

Properties ρ (kgm−3 ) κ (W m−1 K −1 ) cp (Jkg −1 K −1 ) σ (Sm−1 ) β (K −1 )

Kerosine Oil 783 0.145 2090 21 × 10−6 99 × 10−5
Copper 8933 401 385 5.96 × 107 1.67 × 10−5
Graphene Oil 1800 5000 717 6.3 × 107 28.4 × 10−5

27
3.2 Graphical Discussion
We used Mathematica’s NDSolve command to solve Eqs. (3.14)-(3.15) along-
side with the boundary conditions (3.16). Non-dimensional ordinary differential
equations can be resolved via NDSolve using a variety of implicit and explicit
techniques. Our selection was the methodology of Adam’s Bash-forth prediction
corrector. This approach is a linear multi step that makes use of prior knowledge
to increase efficiency. The predictor and the corrector are the two steps in it. The
predictor guesses the unknown function’s value at a new point by applying an
explicit approach such as the Euler method. The corrector interpolates the un-
known function using one way and utilities an implicit approach (e.g., trapezoidal
rule) to enhance the estimate based on the predicted value. Several variations of
the Adam’s Bash-forth predictor corrector methodology exist, based on the num-
ber of prior points and corrector steps utilized. The velocity f 0 (r∗ ) of nanofluid
(Cu/Kerosene oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO+Cu/Kerosene oil) is affected by the
magnetic field parameter M , as seen in Figure 3.2 and Figure 3.3. Both the veloc-
ity and magnetic field parameter show inverse behavior; that is, it falls off as M
increases. The Lorentz force is the cause of this drop in fluid velocity that occurs
as the magnetic field parameter increases. The force that a magnetic field applies
to an electric charge in motion is known as the Lorentz force. The fluid is slowed
down by a drag force that is created when the Lorentz force applies in the opposite
direction of the fluid flow. Higher values of the magnetic field parameter, which
expresses how strong the applied magnetic field is, have a more noticeable effect.
Compared to nanofluid, hybrid nanofluid has a higher electrical conductivity which
means it is more susceptible to the magnetic field. Therefore, the Lorentz force is
stronger for hybrid nanofluid than for nanofluid, and the drag force is more sig-
nificant. Thus, hybrid nanofluid demonstrates a more noticeable reduction in the
fluid velocity than nanofluid.

28
 Figure 3.2: Impact of M on nanofluid velocity.

Figure 3.3: Impact of M on hybrid nanofluid velocity.

Figure 3.4 shows that the effects of Darcy parameter Da on f 0 (r∗ ) velocity.
As the Darcy parameter value increases, the velocity profile exhibits an increasing
behavior. The permeability of the porous media, which influences the resistance
to fluid flow, is measured by the Darcy parameter. The permeability of the porous
material improves with an increase in the Darcy parameter, facilitating easier fluid
movement through the pores. This results in an increase in the hybrid nanofluid
velocity, as the drag force due to the medium that is porous decreases. The influ-
ence of Grashof number Gr on the velocity f 0 (r∗ ) of the fluid are shown in Figure
3.5. The velocity of the fluid increases by increasing the values of the Grashof
number. A dimensionless metric called the Grashof number is used to calculate
the fluid’s buoyant force to viscous force ratio. By increasing the Grashof number,

29
the buoyancy force becomes dominant, which creates an upward motion of the
fluid due to the density difference between the hot and cold regions. This results
in an increase in the hybrid nanofluid velocity, as the fluid moves faster towards
the surface.

Figure 3.4: Impact of Da on Velocity.

Figure 3.5: Impact of Gr on hybrid nanofluid velocity.

30
 The influence of volume fraction of nanoparticles on temperature θ0 (r∗ ) is
shown in Figure 3.6 hybrid nanofluid (GO+Cu/Kerosene oil). When the base
fluid’s nanoparticle concentration rises, the fluid’s temperature exhibits rising
behavior. Compared to nanofluid, these effects are more prominent for hybrid
nanofluid. In conclusion, hybrid nanofluid exhibits a more dominant overall be-
havior than nanofluid.

Figure 3.6: Impact of φ1 + φ2 on temperature of hybrid nanofluid.

31
 The effects of magnetic field parameter M on the temperature θ0 (r∗ ) of hybrid
nanofluid (GO + Cu/Kerosene oil) are shown in the Figure 3.7. It is observed that
with an increase in the magnetic field parameter, the temperature rises. The Joule
heating effect is what causes the temperature to rise when the parameter for the
magnetic field increases. Compared to nanofluid, hybrid nanofluid has a higher
electrical conductivity, which means it produces more heat when subjected to the
magnetic field. This leads to a higher temperature rise and a higher heat transfer
rate for hybrid nanofluid than for nanofluid.

Figure 3.7: Impact of M on temperature of hybrid nanofluid.

32
 The Figure 3.8 illustrates how the radiation parameter Rd changes the tem-
perature profile θ0 (r∗ ). The temperature of the fluid decreases when the radiation
parameter increases. The cause of the decline in temperature by raising the radia-
tion parameter is related to the heat transfer between the fluid and the surrounding
surfaces. The radiation heat exchange depends on the difference between the tem-
peratures of the fluid and the surfaces. When the radiation parameter is elevated,
it means that the fluid absorbs more heat from the radiation, and thus its temper-
ature increases. However, if the radiation parameter is low, it means that the fluid
emits more heat to the radiation, and thus its temperature decreases. Therefore, by
increasing the radiation parameter, the fluid becomes hotter than the surfaces, and
the heat transfer is reversed. The fluid loses heat to the surfaces, and the temper-
ature decreases. The fluctuation of Brinkman number Br on temperature. θ0 (r∗ )
is depicted in Figure 3.9. for hybrid nanofluid (GO + Cu/Kerosene oil). Temper-
ature increases by increasing the Brinkman number. The reason for increase in
temperature by increasing the Brinkman number is related to the heat conduction
and viscous dissipation in a fluid flow. The Brinkman number (a dimensionless
quantity) is the ratio of heat produced by viscous dissipation to heat produced
by viscous dissipation plus heat transferred by molecular conduction. The greater
its value, the larger the temperature rise and the slower the conduction of heat
caused by viscous dissipation. When there is a significant velocity change over
a short distance, as in lubrication, supersonic flow, or polymer processing, this
value is significant. Along with the other dimensionless numbers, the Brinkman
number has relationships with the Eckert number (which measures the ratio of
kinetic energy to enthalpy difference) and the Prandtl coefficient (which expresses
the acceleration dispersion to the diffusion of heat ratio). These figures may be
used to describe the fluid dynamics and heat transfer in various flow regimes.

33
 Figure 3.8: Impact of Rd on temperature.

Figure 3.9: Impact of Br on temperature.

The temperature profile’s θ0 (r∗ ) relationship with the heat source/sink param-
eter Q is depicted in Figure 3.10 and Figure 3.11 respectively. Positive values
of the parameter Q correlate to heat creation Q > 0, whereas negative values of
the parameter Q imply heat absorption Q < 0. The heat source/sink parameter
is also related to other dimensionless numbers, like the Reynolds number (Re),
which expresses the proportion of inertial to viscous forces and the Nusselt num-
ber (N u), which measures the ratio of convective heat transfer to conductive heat
transfer. It is clear from Fig. 9 (a) that increasing heat generation results a higher
temperature. The reason for increase in temperature by increasing the heat source
parameter is related to the heat generation on heat conduction in a fluid flow. The
heat source parameter is a dimensionless number that represents the ratio of heat

34
generated by an internal heat source and heat conducted away by the fluid. The
higher its value, the more heat is produced by the heat source and less heat is re-
moved by the fluid, and hence the higher the temperature rise. When we increase
the heat sink parameter the fluid’s temperature decreases. The heat transfer be-
tween the fluid and the heat sink is the cause of the temperature drop that occurs
when the heat sink parameter is increased. The proportion of heat dispersed by
the heat sink to heat transmitted away by the fluid is represented by the heat sink
parameter, which is a dimensionless quantity. The higher its value, the more heat
is removed by the heat sink and the less heat is retained by the fluid, and hence
the lower the temperature rise.

Figure 3.10: Impact of Q > 0 on temperature.

Figure 3.11: Impact of Q < 0 on temperature.

35
3.3 Physical Quantities
From an engineering standpoint, the physical values are crucial because they
illustrate the surface heat transfer rate and flow behavior. These are known as the
skin friction at the surface and the Nusselt number (rate of heat transmission at
the surface). Mathematically, these quantities are defined as:

2τb rqw
Cf = , N u = , (3.24)
ρf vθ2 (r) κf (Tb − Ta )

where,
   
∂vθ vθ ∂T
τb = µhnf − , qw = κhnf , (3.25)
∂r r r=b ∂r r=b

using Eq. (3.25) into (3.24), we get the following dimensionless form:

2A1 0
Cf = (f (1) − 1) , N u = A4 θ0 (1) . (3.26)
Re

Tables 4 presents the coefficient of skin friction and Nusselt number numerical
values for a range of emerging parameter values such as M , Gr, Da, Rd, Br, Q
and nanoparticles volume fraction φ. It is observed from the tabular values that
the coefficient of skin friction have increasing behavior for increasing the magnetic
field parameter, radiation parameter, and nanoparticles volume fraction, while it
decreases for Grashof number, Brinkman number, and Darcy parameter. Like-
wise, when the radiation parameter increases, the Nusselt number increases, but
the magnetic field parameter, Grashof number, Darcy number, Brinkman number
and volume percentages of nanoparticles displays a declining behavior.

36
 Table 4: Nusselt number and skin friction are computed in relation to certain
physical factors.

2A1
M Gr Da Rd Br Q φ = φ1 + φ2 Cf = Re
(f 0 (1) − 1) Nu = A4 θ0 (1)
2 2 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.07 0.279048 0.941213
3 1.28666 0.843523
4 2.31923 0.770917
5 3.26135 0.721944
2 0 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.07 0.68586 0.95783
1 0.482748 0.949696
2 0.279048 0.941213
3 0.0747178 0.932376
2 2 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.07 0.502691 0.950298
0.8 0.448196 0.948129
0.6 0.355303 0.944366
0.4 0.161254 0.93623
2 2 0.5 0 0.3 0.5 0.07 0.251261 0.595317
0.5 0.279048 0.941213
1.0 0.292487 1.1163
1.5 0.30037 1.22147
2 2 0.5 0.5 0 0.5 0.07 0.287575 1.08634
0.5 0.27333 0.843994
1.0 0.258916 0.599288
1.5 0.244327 0.352166

37
 2A1
M Gr Da Rd Br Q φ = φ1 + φ2 Cf = Re
(f 0 (1) − 1) Nu = A4 θ0 (1)
2 2 0.5 0.5 0.3 1 0.07 0.27409 0.865596
2 0.263707 0.708283
3 0.252647 0.542196
4 0.240839 0.366432
2 2 0.5 0.5 0.3 -1 0.07 0.293072 1.15697
-2 0.301774 1.29234
-3 0.31001 1.42158
-4 0.317818 1.54518
2 2 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 0 0.155755 0.942403
0.02 0.193574 0.934087
0.04 0.2289 0.926002
0.06 0.241815 0.918144

Figures 3.12 shows that bar chart representation of the coefficient of skin friction
at different numbers of M , Da, Gr and nanoparticles volume fraction φ. Figure
3.12 (a) shows that the coefficient of skin friction increases for raising the magnetic
field parameter. This increase in more in magnitude near the surface. Figure 3.12
(b) shows by increasing the value of Darcy parameter, the skin friction coefficient
decreases and this decrease is more away from the surface. Figure 3.12 (c) shows the
effects of Grashof number on the skin friction coefficient. Skin friction coefficient
decreases by increasing the Grashof number and this decrease is further near the
surface. Figure 3.12 (d) presents the effects of volume percentage of nanoparticle on
the coefficient of skin friction. When we increase the concentration of nanoparticles
in the base fluid, the coefficient of skin friction decreases.

38
 (a) M . (b) Da.

(c) Gr. (d) φ = φ1 + φ2 .

Figures 3.12: Impact of M, Da, Gr and φ on Nusselt number.

Figures 3.13 shows that bar chart representation of the Nusselt number for
various values of Rd, Br, Q, and nanoparticles volume fraction φ while Figures 3.13
(a) and (d) shows that the Nusselt number rises by growing the radiation parameter
and the heat sink parameter. Figures 3.13 (b), (c) and (e) shows the Nusselt
number decreases for increasing the Brinkman number, heat source parameter and
the amount of volume percentage of nanoparticles in the base fluid.

39
 (a) Rd. (b) Br.

(c) Q > 0. (d) Q < 0.

(e) φ = φ1 + φ2 .

Figures 3.13: Impact of Rd, Br, Q and φ on skin friction.

40
3.4 Conclusion
In this work, we have numerically investigated the results of three-dimensional
hybrid nanofluid between two coaxial cylinders. The consequences of magnetohy-
drodynamics, thermal radiation, porous medium, convection, and viscous dissipa-
tion are further taken into account. Following the implementation of similarity
transformations, the Adam’s Bash-forth approach is used to numerically solve the
simplified version of the non-dimensional system of ordinary differential equations.
Graphs are used to evaluate how various factors affect the temperature and veloc-
ity distributions. The study’s major conclusions are:
• Greater magnetic field strength lowers fluid velocity and raises temperature.
• Thermal radiation lowers the temperature.
• Higher Brinkman number increase the nanofluid temperature.
• Heat source increases the temperature, while heat sink decreases it.
• Both Cu and Go volume fractions raise the temperature.
• Velocity changes rapidly with Darcy parameter and Grashof number.
• Skin friction is higher with stronger magnetic fields, but lower with higher
Brinkman number, Darcy number, and Grashof number.
• Nusselt number is lower with higher magnetic field parameter and Brinkman
number, but higher with higher radiation parameter.

41
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